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1、九、动词动词的基本形式 绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词后要加S或es,其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同:规则动词变化表原形动词结尾情况现在时单三人称现在分词/动名词过去式和过去分词一般情况+s+ing+eds, x, ch, sh, o结尾+es+ing+ed辅音字母+y结尾yf i, +es+ingyf i, +ed重读闭音节 一元一铺结尾+s双写辅音字 母,+ing双写辅音字母,+ed不发音的e结尾+s去掉e, +ing+die结尾+sie-0-y, +ing+d2不规则动词变化表如：
2、Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。4.助动词shall和will的用法: 助动词shall/will构成般将来时；should/would构成过去将来时。如：We shall/will be rich, if we succeed.我们将很富有,如果我们成功的话。They will be rich, if they succeed.他们将很富有,如果他们成功的话。They said they would be rich
3、, if they succeeded.他们说他们将很富有,如果他们成功的话。shall用在第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中，来征求意见，表示“要不要如：Shall I go now?要我现在就走吗？Shall the reporters wait outside or what?要记者们在外面等还是怎样?shall用于所有人称，表示说话人的决心、保证、许诺、威胁、警告、命令等强烈的感情。如:You shall have an answer by tomorrow.到了明天,你会得到答复的。The enemy shall not pass.决不允许敌人过去。The ceremony shall n
4、ot be postponed/put off.仪式不会推迟的。would可以表示过去的习惯，类似used to如：He would come to see me on Sunday when he was here.他这里的时候，星期天就来看我。wil可以表示“愿意、肯、会、固执”等意义，而非将来如：1 will pay you for it.我会付给你钱买下它的。will可以表示倾向、习惯（总是会，老是等意思），在否定句中可以表示不肯、不能”等意思:如:Boys will be boys.男孩子总归是男孩子。Oi 1 and water will not mix.油和水是不会混合在一起的。
5、Th i s mach i ne wont work.这台机器不工作了坏了。These things will happen.这样的事情总是会发生的。5再论助动词1. be have和d。（主要的助动词）在否定句和疑问句中，be与do的用法遵从助动词的下列规则：否定句中，助动词+not如：He isnt coming.他不来了。It did not matter.没关系。疑问句中，主语+助动词如:Was he waiting?他当时在等吗?Does she see us?她看到我们了吗?have在疑问句及否定句中的位置一般与助动词相同如:Has he (got )to go?他一定得走吗?但有
6、时也用do/did形式如：Does he have to go?他一定得走吗？bo与带to的动词不定式连用如:They are to wait for us at the station.将在车站等我们。have后也可接带I。的动词不定式，但有两种结构除外。do与不带I。的不定式(即动词原形)连用： 如：Did he write?他写信了吗? be have和do作助动词使用时，需要带分词或不定式，但在答句或评语等中常省略。如：一Have you seen t-你看见了吗？一Yes, I have (seen it) 一是的，(我看见了)。在be, have和do作普通动词使用而有自己本身的意
7、思，如have有“拥有”的意思、do有“干/从事” 的意思等时，它们只能是句子中唯一的动词： 如：He is lazy.他很懒惰。He has no job.他没有工作。He does nothing.他什么事也不干。在这种情况下，do与助动词do/did连用：如:What do you do in the evening?你一般晚上做什么?have可以用两种方法进行变化，即用助动词do/did或不用：如:Have you (got) time?/Do you have time?你有空吗?2. can, could, may, might, must, ought, wi 11, would
8、, shal I 和 should 是情态动词，也称情态助动词。情态动词的第三人称单数后不加s如：Imust我必须he must他必须I can我可以he can他可以它们在构成否定形式和疑问形式时均遵循助动词的规则 eg.will notought notwill he?bught he. ?它们没有真正的过去时态。情态动词有四种过去形式，即could, might, should和would,但用途有 限。情态动词没有不定式或分词形式，所以不能用r进行时态。除ought之外其他情态动词后一律跟不带to的动词不定式（即动词原形）如：You should pay. /You ought to
9、pay.你应该付钱。情态动词后面应带动词原形（而非分词等），但有时该动词可省略：如：一Can you understand? -你明白吗?一Yes, I can （understand）-是的（,我明白）。3. need, dare和used （半情态动词） 当need和dare作助动词时，可遵循情态动词的句式，后面跟不带to的动词不定式如：He need not wait.他不用等。但也可与do/did形式连用，这时后面要接带to的动词不定式：如：He doesnt dare to interrupt.他不敢插嘴。They didnt need to wait.他们不需要等。注意：need和
10、dare也可作普通动词用，有词形变化，并可与分词连用：如:He needs help.他需要帮助。They dared me to jurmp.他们激将我，要我跳下去。used有时说成used t。,只指过去的事。它的否定式和疑问式常常遵循助动词的规则如：1 used not/usedn* t to go.我一向不去。虽然严格来讲used不带不定式，但经常可以听到didnt use to和did he/she等+use to?的形式。6分析助动词和情态动词的异同1 .相同点：都可构成疑问句，并且都能用在肯定或否定的简略式回答中。如：Was the car going beyond the sp
11、eed 1 iniit?车是否在超速行驶？Yes. i t was.是的,在超速行驶。都可与not连用构成否定句。如:At first, it didnt sell very well.初,它的销路不好。都能构成反意疑问句。如：You didnt let me drive, did you?你没有让我开车，对吗? 都可以在so或neither （nor）句型中，代替前面的动词（短语）。如：You can, t do it, nor can I, nor can anybody elseo不能那样做,我也不能,任何人都不能。2 .不同点谓语中只能有一个情态动词，但可有多个助动词。如：He was
12、 being trained to be a doctor.他时正接受培训,要成为一名医生。情态动词情态动词是表示能力、义务、必须、猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词。1can1 .表能力：can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。如：I can climb this pole.我能爬这根杆子。He is only four , but he can read.他只有 4 岁，但已认得字了。Fire can, t destroy gold.火烧不毁金子。因为can不能和其他助动词连用，所以表示将来式时用wi 11 be able to如：You will be able to
13、 skate after you have practiced it two or three limes.你练习两三次后 就会溜冰了。2 .表可能性：多用于否定与疑问结构中，但也可用在肯定句中。如:Can the news be true?这消息可能是真的吗?It can, t be true.它不可能是真的。What can he possibly mean?他可能是什么意思？can用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性（一时的可能）。如：A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.Attending the ball can b
14、e very exciting.The road can be blocked.这条路可能会不通的。may在肯定句中表示现实的可能性。The road may be blocked.这条路可能不通了。3 .表示允许（和may意思相近）常见于口语。如：Can （May） I come in ?我能进来吗?Can I smoke here ?我可以在这里抽烟吗?2could的用法1 .表过去的可能和许可，（多用于间接引语中）如：At that time we thought the story could notbe true.那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。Father said I coul
15、d swim in the river.爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。2 .表过去的能力如：I could swim when I was only six.我刚六岁就能游泳。Could在肯定句中表示过去的能力时，常表抽象的一般的能力。He could be very naughty when he was achild.他小时候会是很顽皮的。3 .表“允许”。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法Could I use your bike?Yes, you can.r m afraid I couldn, t give you an answer today.恐怕我今天不能回答你。The teache
16、r said you could go to the store for sweels.老师说你可以去商店买糖。4 . Could/can+have done结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定:could加完成式还用于 肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。如:Can they have won the basketball match?他们赢了那场篮球赛吗?What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很伤心。You could have completed the task a lit
17、tle earlier.你本来能早点完成任务的。（但事实上并没有提 前完成任务）I could have passed my examination easily but 1 made too many stupid mistakes.我本可以轻易通 过考试，但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。如表具体做某一件事的能力时，则须用be able to。He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章。Can表示一贯的能力，be able to表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力I can, t swim. But
18、 I am sure I wi11 be ableto swim through more practicing.The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out.When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank.may的用法.表示请求、可以、允许。如：You may drive the tractor.你可以开那台拖拉机。1 .当回答由may引起的问题时，否定答语要用must not,表示“不许可”“不应该”“不行二如：May I come in?Yes,
19、 you may.No,you can* tNo, you may not .No , you mustn* tNo , you * d better not.2 . may /might推测性用法可能如：He may be right.He may not come today （可能不）He may /might come tomorrow.注意：只用于肯定和否定句中，不用于疑问句中。3 . might比may可能性更小如：He might get a job.He may get a job.4 . may no可能不 can not不可能如：He may not comeHo can,
20、 t come.表建议（可和as well连用）如：You may （might） as wel 1 stay where you are.你还是原地待着好。（may as we 11 有”还是的好”的含义）5 .表祝愿如：May you be happy!4might1 .表过去的“可能”和“允许”多用于间接引语。如：She said that he might take her dictionary.她说他可以拿她的词典去用。除在间接引语中外，might一般不表示过去的“可能”与“许可表过去的“可能”可用could,表过去 的“许可可用 were (weis) al lowed to。2
21、.表现在的“可能”,其可能性要比may小。如：Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.电熨斗会有危险，它 可能电着人。3. may (might) + have +done表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“想必”、“也许是”的意思。如：It may have been true.这事也许是真的。He might not have settled the question.他可能尚未解决那个问题。5must的主要用法1. 表示必须、必要如：We must do everything step by
22、stop .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。如：Why must you always bother m。？为什么你偏要打扰我呢。2. must be +表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。(只用在肯定句中)如:He must be an honest boy.他一定是个诚实的男孩。This must be your room.这一定是你的房间。3. must的否定式有两个：当回答由must引起的问题时，否定答复要用needn t或don t have to表 示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时，就用must noto如：Must
23、 I go tomorrow?明天我必须去吗？Yes, please.是的，请吧！No , you needn* t.不，你不必去。4. must +have +过去分词的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“一定”、“准是” 的意思。否定和疑问句用can.,如：She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。5. have to的含义与must是很接近的，只是have to比较强调客观需要，must着重说明主观看法。如：I must clean the room.（主观想法）I have to clean the room.（客观
24、需要）另外,have to能用于更多时态：如：We had to be there at ten .我们得在十点钟到那里。We will have to reconsider the whole thing.这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。have to的否定式:don t have to do表示“不必做”之意。6ought to的用法1. Ought to后接动词原形,表义务,但不及must那样具有信心如：You don t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.你气色不好,应该去看病。2. Ought to用于否定句，其否定形式可缩略为
25、oughtnt如：You oughtnT t to smoke so much.你不应该抽这么多烟。3. Ought t。也可以用于疑问句如：Ought you to smoke so much?你应该抽这样多烟吗?4. Ought to在间接引语中表过去时形式不变如：He said you ought to tell the police.他说你应该去报告警察。7shall的用法1 .用于第一人称征求对方的意见如：What shall I wear on the journey?我路上穿什么好呢？Shall we dance?我们跳舞好吗?2 . shall用于第二、三人称时表允诺，警告，命
26、令，威胁，（现已少见）如：She shal 1 get her share.她可以得到她的一份。You shal 1 have it back lomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回。8should情态动词should 一般不应被认为是情态动词shall的过去式，主要用法有：1 .用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和如：What should we do now?我们现在该怎么办?2 .表示应该、必须，常与musl换用。如：We shou 1 d （must） master a foreign languageat least.我们应当至少掌握一门外语。3 . “should+b
27、e+表语”的结构，表示推测或惊奇。如:They should be back by now.他们现在应该回来了吧。I am sorry that she should be so careless.我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心。4 . “should+have+过去分词”的结构，表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为；其否定则表示发生了 不应该发生的行为。其同义结构“ought to have +过去分词”，表示过去“早应该”“本当”之意，语气 较强。如：I should have thought of that.这一点我是应当想到的。（但没想到）They should not have left
28、 so soon.他们不应当走得这么早。（但已走了）5 .在“It is natural （strange, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ） that”句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词要用should +动词原形”表示“理所当然”“奇怪” “必要”“惊异”等的 意思。在lest （以免）、for fear （that）（以防）、in case （以备万一）等之后也要用should+动词原形; 在 advise, sugest, order, demand, request 等的从句中 should+do”如：It is
29、necessary that ho （should） be sent there at once.有必要马上派他到那里去。It is strange that he should say so.他会说这样的话真是奇怪。Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.我们马上走吧,以免赶不上火车。9will和would的用法1 .表示意志，决心或愿望。如:Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.我们一定 要支持全世界人
30、民争取和平的斗争。He wou 1 d not let me try it .他不肯让我去试。2 . will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为。如：He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.他会经常一连几个小时坐在 那儿观看来往的车辆。He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.他在北京时,常来看望我。3 .用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would的语气比will委碗如:Would/wi 11 you kindly te
31、ll me the way to the station?请问到火车站怎么走？4 .表可能性如:This will be the book you are looking for.这可能就是你要找的书。She would be about 60 when she died.他死时大概 60 岁。10need和dare的用法情态动词need实义动词need现在时You need (not) doYou(don t)need to doHe need(not)doHe needs (doesnJ t need) to do过去式/You needed (di dnJ t need) to doHe
32、 needed (di dnJ t need) to do将来时You need(not)doYou will (not)need to doHe need(not)doHe will(not)need to do情态动词dare实义动词dare肯定句现在时dareto少用dare/dares to do过去式dare to少用dared to do否iE句现在时daren3 t/dare not dodo/does not dare(to)do过去式dared not dodid not dare(to)do疑问句现在时Dare he do?Do you/Does he dear(to)do
33、?过去式Dared he do?Did he dare(to)doneednt have v-ed表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要如：You needn,t have waken me up; I dont have to go to work today.11表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句He must/may be in the room, isnt he?He can, t be in the room, is he?He must have finished the work, hasnt he?He may have done the work last night
34、, didn,t he?12情态动词+行为动词进行式情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + vTng形式)，表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。如：He must be playing basketball in the room.She may be staying at home.13 情态动词+行为动词完成进行式情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是原形过去式过去分词原形过去式过去分词be (am, is)wasbeenfallfellfallenbe(are)werebeenfeelfeltfeltb
35、eatbeatbeatenfindfoundfoundbecomebecamebecomeflyflewflownbeginbeganbegunforgetforgotforgot/forgblowblewblownfreezefrozefrozenbreakbrokebrokengetgotgotbringbroughtbroughtgivegavegivenbuildbuiltbuiltgowentgonebuyboughtboughtgrowgrewgrowncancouldhanghung/hangedhung/hangedcatchcaughtcaughthave(has)hadha
36、dchoosechosechosenhearheardheardcomecamecomehidehidhiddencostcostcosthithithitcutcutcutholdheldhelddigdugdughurthurthurtdodiddonekeepkeptkeptdrawdrewdrawnknowknewknowndrinkdrankdrunklaylaidlaiddrivedrovedrivenlearnlearnt/Iearlearnt/Ieareatateeatenleaveleftleft系动词1概念及特点连系动词，即系动词，是个表示谓语关系的动词。它必须后接表语通常
37、为名词或形容词。连系动词的功能主要是把表语（名词、形容词、某些副词、非谓词、介词短语、从句）和它的主语联系在 一起，说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它有自己的但不完全的词义，不能在句中独立作谓语，必须和后面 的表语一起构成句子的谓语。它是虚词。2系动词分类1.状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be 一词。如：He is a teacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）否正在进行或一直在进行。如：They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.He may / might have been buying stamps
38、in the post office when you saw him. 14 used to +v, be used to +v-ing fll be used to +vused to +v意为“过去常常”，“过去一直”； be used to +v-ing/ n (名词)意为“习惯于”； be used to +v意为“被用来(做某事)1. used to只表示过去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。 如：He used to smoke. Now he doesn, t.H。 s quite used to hard work /working har
39、d.The knife is used to cut bread. 15 用作情态动词的其他短语 would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, hadbetler, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。如：The soldier would sooner die than surrender.The brave soldier would as soon dieas yield to such an enemy.I* d rather walk th
40、an take a bus.If you do, t 1 ike to swim, you may just as wel1 stay at home.这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon 后 可跟that引导的从句，that常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设 用过去完成时。如：I would rather you came on Sunday.I would sooner you hadn, t asked me to speak yesterda
41、y.2 .持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand。如:He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3 .表像系动词：用来表示“看起来像“这一概念,主要有seem, appear, looko如：He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。4 .感官系动词：主要有 feel, smell, sound, tasteo如:This
42、 kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5 .变化系动词：这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, lum fal ( asleep), get, go, come, run。如：He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。6 .终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out,表达“证实”“变成之意。如：The Iu
43、mor proved false.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果).使役动词：let, have, make使,让 Let/mcike somebody do sth如：The teacher lets/makes them clean the classroom after school. Make sb/sth adj.如：The story makes me happy.The color makes it look bea
44、utiful.Have somebody do sth让某人做某事如：My mother haves me make the bed.Have sth done让某物被如：I have my hair cut/washed.3特例有些动词它们既可以用作实义动词，乂可以用作连系动词。另外be还可用作助动词。它们的用法不同， 词义和句型结构也有所不同。如：Look at the blackboard, please.请看黑板。（look 用作实义动词）He looks a little tired.他略显疲倦。（look用作连系动词）They are at work.他们在工作。（are用作连系动
45、词）They are working.他们正在工作。（are用作助动词，帮助构成现在进行时）及物动词和不及物动词英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可把动词分成不及物动词与和及物动词。1不及物动词不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如I。, of ,at 后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语。如：listen to, look at.1 . look看（vi.）+宾语（即不能直接加宾语）.如：Look! She is singing.Look carefully!（注意:carefully是副词，不是名词，故不作宾语）look
46、 at （看）+宾语如：Look at me carefully! （me 是代词，作宾语）.分清及物不及物动词分清动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题。动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况：主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于：”主+谓+宾”；主+谓+双宾”；主+谓 +宾+宾补”结构。如：He reached Paris the day before yesterday.Please hand me the book over there.They asked me to go fishing with them.类彳以的还有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell主要用作不及物的