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1、二氧化碳的物理和化学特性1 二氧化碳的物理化学性质二氧化碳在油田上应用于采油,是基于它的临界温度和临界压力低,有类似于丙烷的物理性质,易于压缩,可以超临界态或液态输送,较其它气体如氮气、甲烷易于膨胀、降粘、萃取石油,从而获得较高的石油采收率,因而得到油田上的广泛应用。1、二氧化碳的一般性质在常温常压下,二氧化碳为无色无嗅的气体,分子量为44.01,其比重约为空气的 1.53 倍,偏心因子为0.225。二氧化碳的临界温度为31.06,临界压力为 7.35MPa,临界点密度为 0.4678g/mL,临界点粘度为 0.03335mPa.s,临界压缩因子为 0.275,临界比容为 2.135L/kg。
2、在压力为 1atm、温度为 0时,二氧化碳的密度为1.98kg/m3;导热系数为 0.0126 千卡/米时度;动力粘度系数为 13810-6泊。在不同条件下,二氧化碳也可以气、液、固三种状态存在,固态二氧化碳也叫干冰。二氧化碳化学性质不活泼,既不可燃,也不助燃,无毒,但具有腐蚀性。它与强碱有强烈的作用,能生成碳酸盐,在一定条件及催化剂作用下,二氧化碳还能参加很多化学反应,表现出良好的化学活性。2、二氧化碳与驱油有关的特性(1)二氧化碳的密度随压力的升高而增加,随温度的升高而降低。在许多油藏条件下,二氧化碳的密度与油藏原油相似,视特定的温度、压力或石油组成的不同,二氧化碳的密度可高于或低于油藏原
3、油,但通常高于气顶气。(2)二氧化碳的粘度随压力的升高而增加,随温度的升高而降低。二氧化碳的粘度比油藏原油的粘度要低。(3)二氧化碳的压缩因子随温度的升高而增加,当压力较低时,随压力的升高而降低,而当压力较高时,则随压力的升高而增加。(4)从二氧化碳的 P-T 相图得到:二氧化碳的蒸汽压曲线始于气-液-固三相点,终于临界点。三相点上,温度为-56.42,压力为0.519MPa,气-液-固三相呈平衡状态。临界点对应的温度为31.16,压力为 7.16MPa;在临界点附近,气液两相形成连续的流体相区,它既不同于一般的液相,也不同于一般的气相。(5)二氧化碳可溶于水,它在水中的溶解度随压力升高而增加
4、,随温度2 的升高而降低。水中的含盐量也会影响二氧化碳的溶解度,含盐量愈高,溶解度愈低。二氧化碳很容易溶于原油中,且其溶解性随压力的增加而增强,但当压力降低时,又会从原油中脱出。二氧化碳溶于原油中,会引起原油膨胀,粘度降低,密度改变,同时降低界面张力。(6)二氧化碳的化学性质二氧化碳与水混合形成碳酸:H2O+CO2=H2CO3其混合液的稳定 PH值在 3.2-3.7,当二氧化碳的浓度从0 增大到 4.3m3/m3时,水溶液的 PH值从 7 降到 3.2,即使二氧化碳浓度非常高,PH值仍保持在3.2。其腐蚀性不大,如碳酸对软钢的腐蚀率约等于加有缓蚀剂的15%盐酸腐蚀率的 1/10,所以二氧化碳的
5、一般油水井作业,无需使用缓蚀剂;但若长期使用,如在二氧化碳驱的管道输送和注入中,则需进行二氧化碳脱水处理,或对注入井、采油井管阀件进行防腐处理。另一方面,亦可利用它的酸性,提高储层的渗透率,用碳酸水对地层增产增注,如 16 m3的碳酸水可溶解 165kg 碳酸镁和 91kg 硅酸盐。另外,碳酸水可阻止铁、铝氢氧化物胶凝沉淀,控制低渗流率储油层的粘土膨胀,起到增注和保护储层的作用。但含二氧化碳的油、水从油井产出时,由于压力降低,导致二氧化碳溢出,可能出现温度降低、碳酸盐沉淀,因此必须注意采取油井防冻、防结蜡、防结垢等有效措施。3 压力(MPa)-56.42-25-20-15-10-50502.4
6、424E-092.1332E-092.091E-092.0506E-092.0115E-091.9741E-091.9377E-091.903E-090.1010.00250260.00217390.00212980.00208770.00204700.00200780.00197010.001933911.17446000.02363280.02298790.02238780.02182710.02130110.02080580.02033662.51.17729001.05720001.03445001.01007000.06518210.06243720.06004950.0579371
7、51.18186001.06594001.04444001.02165000.99730100.97097700.94209100.90967807.51.18627001.07402001.05357001.03207001.00935000.98513700.95910000.9307470101.19053001.08156001.06200001.04157001.02015000.99757200.97361600.9480030151.19864001.09531001.07719001.05845001.03903001.01883000.99777800.9757430201.
8、20629001.10765001.09065001.07320001.05525001.03676001.01767000.9979430251.21352001.11888001.10279001.08636001.06956001.05236001.03473001.0166500301.22039001.12921001.11389001.09829001.08242001.06624001.04974001.0329200351.22694001.13880001.12412001.10924001.09413001.07879001.06321001.0473800401.2332
9、1001.14776001.13365001.11936001.10490001.09027001.07544001.0604400451.23921001.15619001.14256001.12880001.11490001.10087001.08669001.0723700501.24499001.16415001.15095001.13765001.12425001.11073001.09711001.0833800601.25591001.17888001.16642001.15390001.14132001.12867001.11596001.1031900701.26612001
10、.19231001.18046001.16857001.15666001.14471001.13272001.1207100温度()表一 二氧化碳在不同温度条件下的密度值(g/cm3)4 续表 1压力(MPa)102030405060708001.8695E-091.8057E-091.7461E-091.6903E-091.638E-091.5889E-091.5426E-091.4989E-090.1010.00189900.00183340.00177180.00171440.00166070.00161020.00156280.001518110.01989600.01907700.0
11、1833160.01765400.01702960.01645280.01591790.01541982.50.05604370.05276570.04998350.04758650.04547470.04359260.04189770.040358550.87196000.13965000.12341100.11257200.10445500.09797550.09259520.08800507.50.89932700.82103200.66596000.22872900.19217100.17145400.15703800.1460340100.92035000.85641700.7718
12、1100.62384600.37960300.28584700.24457700.2190950150.95259300.90226100.84495100.77775200.69649600.59995400.50198200.4227730200.97750800.93426700.88738700.83624800.78028800.71941400.65488000.5900410250.99808400.95940000.91848000.87517700.82945100.78147100.73175200.6812950301.01574000.98031600.94339200
13、.90496500.86511100.82402000.78203000.7396460351.03129000.99834300.96434400.92933500.89341600.85675700.81960700.7822920401.04523001.01425000.98251700.95008000.91703800.88353900.84977400.8159780451.05790001.02854000.99862200.96821200.93739700.90629900.87507200.8438970501.06954001.04153001.01312000.984
14、36400.95533900.92614800.89691800.8677930601.09036001.06452001.03849001.01229000.98600000.95968700.93344000.9073560701.10867001.08452001.06028001.03600001.01173000.98751200.96342200.9395260温 度()表一 二氧化碳在不同温度条件下的密度值(g/cm3)5 续表 2压力(MPa)9010011012013014015020001.4576E-091.4185E-091.3815E-091.3464E-091.31
15、3E-091.2812E-091.2509E-091.1187E-090.1010.00147590.00143600.00139830.00136240.00132840.00129610.00126530.001130910.01495460.01451870.01410930.01372390.01336020.01301630.01269060.01128792.50.03895090.03765590.03645860.03534660.03431010.03334060.03243090.028598350.08401020.08048060.07732440.07447480.0
16、7188150.06950540.06731610.05844787.50.13717300.12978000.12345600.11794400.11307000.10871100.10477400.0894814100.20092300.18692200.17560200.16614400.15805000.15099800.14476600.1215580150.36678200.32753800.29872000.27648100.25861500.24381400.23125600.1879610200.52939500.47638100.43220700.39620400.3668
17、7900.34271600.32248300.2555300250.63154600.58410600.54032300.50102000.46644700.43638800.41036000.3217900300.69753000.65644200.61712100.58018300.54604800.51492000.48680800.3842250350.74520300.70877200.67343500.63958300.60753400.57750600.54961800.4409200400.78241900.74938000.71714600.68597800.65610000
18、.62768700.60085800.4911250450.81297100.78249900.75268200.72370700.69573800.66890800.64331600.5351200500.83892400.81047000.78258100.75539900.72904900.70363300.67923200.5736820600.88153600.85608200.83109100.80665300.78284600.75973900.73738600.6379190700.91589400.89259700.86970400.84727800.82537300.80403700.78331000.6895650温 度()表一 二氧化碳在不同温度条件下的密度值(g/cm3)