新高考英语二轮复习讲义高频解密08情态动词和虚拟语气(解析版).docx

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1、2021年新高考英语二轮复习讲义+典例训练高频解密08情态动词和虚拟语气考点详解【考纲解读】1 . 掌握 can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to, need, dare, be able to, used to等情态动词的基本用法。2 .掌握虚拟语气在非真实条件句、名词性从句及其他句型中的运用。【命题趋势】情态动词和虚拟语气为中学英语考纲要求的内容,并且是高考内容中的难点之一。预计 在以后的高考中,可能会对情态动词和虚拟语气进行考查,且还可能通过虚拟语气形式考查 某种时态的某个形式。考向1情态动词一、

2、 can, could 与 be able to1 .表示能力(体力、知识、技能)。mCan you lift this heavy box?(体力)寸Mary can speak three languages.(知识)寸Can you skate?(技能)此时可用be able to代替。can只有一般现在时和一般过去式;而be able to则有更多的时态。方I 11 not be able to come this afternoon.当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to,不能用can。如:He was able to go to the party yeste

3、rday evening in spite of the heavy rain.2 .表示请求和允许。方Can I go now?Yes, you can. / No, you can t. 此时可与 may 互换。在疑问句中还可用could, might代替,不是过去式,只是语气更委婉,不能用于肯定 句和答语中。kCould I come to see you tomorrow?寸You could have helped him.你本来应该帮助他的。表示“差点儿就要“。如:*1 could have died laughing.我差点儿笑死了。二、may / might用于表推测的用法表示

4、推测,两者都可用,只是might比may语气更不确定,表示的可能性更小。(1)在句型使用方面:两者均可用于肯定句和否定句,但用于疑问句时,may通常不用于句 首,但可用于疑问句的句中(如特殊疑问句等),而might尽管可以用于疑问句的句首,但不算普通, 通常会改用其他句式(如用could等)。如:bHe may might know the answer.他可能知道答案。寸He may might not believe you.他可能不会相信你。寸And who may might she be?那么她会是哪一位呢?(2)从时间关系看,对现在或将来情况作推测,后接动词原形;对正在进行的情况作

5、推测,后接be doing结构;对过去情况作推测,后接动词完成式。如:bHe may might tell his wife他也许会告诉他妻子。bHe may might be writing a letter.他可能在写信。寸She may might have read it in the papers.她可能在报上已读到过此事。(3) “might+完成式”除表示对过去的推测外,还有以下重要用法: 表示过去某事可能发生而实际上却并没发生。如:bit was really very dangerous. I might have killed myself.那真的是太危险了,我差点没 命了

6、。寸A lot of men died who might have been saved.很多人本来可以获救的却死了。表示委婉的批评或责备。如:bYou might have made greater progress.你的进步本来可更大一些的。寸You might at least have answered my letter.你至少可以回我一封信嘛。三、must表示推测的用法must表示很有把握的推测,其意为“一定会” “肯定会”,只用于肯定句,一般不用于 否定句或疑问句。表示对现在或未来的情况作推测,后接动词原形;表示对过去情况的推测, 接动词完成式。如:和must be the h

7、appiest woman on earth!我一定是世界上最幸福的女人了。寸No, he must be lying.不,他一定在撒谎百He must have mistaken my meaning.他一定误会了我的意思。考向3虚拟语气一、虚拟语气在条件句中的应用包含条件从句的句子称为条件句。条件句分为两类:一类是真实条件句,一类是虚拟条件 句。如果假设的情况很可能发生,就用真实条件句。If he has time, he wil come.如果他有时间,他会来的。-He wont succeed unless we plan well.他不会成功的,除非我们计划好。如果假设的情况发生的可

8、能性不大,则用虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句分为三种,见下表6f he had time now, he would(could, might)go with you.假设情况条件从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式与现在事实相反过去式(be的过去式常用were)would/should/might/could + 动词原形与将来事实相反(1)过去式(2)should +动词原形(3)were to +动词原形would/should/might/could + 动词原形与过去事实相反过去完成时(had +过去分词)would/should/might/could + 过去分词要是他现在有时间,他会和你一起去

9、的。(与现在事实相反)育If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would(could, might) have met the famous singer.如果你早来几分钟,你就会见到那个著名歌手了。(与过去事实相反)6f it were to snow this evening, they would not go out.如果今天晚上下雪,他们就不会出去。(与将来事实相反)二、几种特殊的虚拟条件从句1 .省略if形式的虚拟语气在if虚拟条件句中,若省略if,则将should, were, had前置,构成主谓倒装句式。寸Had I worke

10、d harder, I would have succeeded.如果我当时努力学习的话,我就会成功的。bWere she my daughter(Should she be my daughter), I wouldnt allow her to study abroad. 如果她是我的女儿的话,我就不让她出国学习了。2 .混合虚拟语气若主句和从句所表示的时间不一致,就构成了混合虚拟语气或错综虚拟语气,此时, 主句和从句的时态形式根据实际的时间概念来定。Rf she had followed the doctors words, she would feel better now.如果当初她

11、听从了医生的建议,现在就会好多了。3 .含蓄虚拟语气有时候假设的条件不是通过条件从句表达,而是隐含在某些介词短语中,如without.,连词but for, otherwise, or等中。寸Without music(=If there were no music), the world would be dull.世界若无音乐将会很枯燥。才 Im really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go there with you.(otherwise=if I were not so busy)我真的是太忙了,不然我就会同你一道去了。三、虚拟语气

12、在宾语从句中的应用.动词wish后的宾语从句。表示现在的情况,从句谓语用过去式;表示过去的情况,从句谓语用过去完成式;表示将 来的情况,从句谓语用would/should/could/might +动词原形。wish I were ten years younger now.我希望我现在年轻十岁。寸I wish I had met him yesterday.我昨天能遇到他就好了。3I wish I would be a scientist.我希望将来成为科学家。(2018 江苏卷单项填空)There is a good social life in the village, and I wi

13、sh I a second chance to become more involved.A. hadB. will haveC. would have hadD. have had【参考答案】A【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:在这个村里有很好的社交生活,并且我希望我再有机会 去更多的参与。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句,表示与现在事实相反的愿望,所以从句用 一般过去时。故选A。2.在表示请求、建议、命令、要求等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语用“should +动词原形,should可省略。常见的这类动词有:suggest, recommend, insist, order,require, adv

14、ise, demand, command, ask, request, propose等。寸He suggested that we (should) be here in time.他建议我们及时至lj那儿。mThe doctor advised that he (should) change his job.医生劝他换工作。1 .(2018 江苏卷单项填空)It,s strange that hehave taken the books without the owners permission.A. wouldB. shouldC. couldD. might【参考答案】B【答案解析】考

15、查虚拟语气。句意:真奇怪,他竟然没有主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在句 型It is important/necessary/strange/impossible/natural that.“中,其中由 that 引导的主语从句通 常用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气,其中的should可以省略。故选B。2 . (2016 全国新课标卷 II 短文改错)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.【参考答案】删除can或can改为should【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。动词suggest作为建议讲的时候,后面的

16、宾语从句要使用虚拟 语气” (should+)动词原形”,所以本句可以删除can或can改为should o.在 wouldrather后的宾语从句中,谓语常用过去式来表示现在或将来的情况,用过去完成式表示过去的 情况。方I would rather you told me the truth.我愿意你跟我讲真话。苜1 would rather you had been present.我倒愿意你当时在场。3 .在It is (about/high) time+that从句中,谓语动词常用过去式或should+动词原 形”表示虚拟语气,注意should不可省略。bits high time t

17、hat we devoted ourselves to environmental protection.是我们致力于环境保护的时候了。4 . as if, as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气,与现在事实相反用一 般过去时;与过去事实相反用过去完成时。寸They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.他们谈啊谈好像永远不会再见面一样。6.if only引导的感叹句中,用虚拟语气表示愿望。寸Look at the trouble were in.If only we had taken our teach

18、ers advice!看看我们所处的困境,要是我们接受老师的建议就好了!1 .(2017江苏卷)not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.A. It wereB. Were itC. It wasD. Was it【参考答案】B【试题解析】考查虚拟语气和倒装。虚拟语气中,be动词统一用were;虚拟语气的省略形 式主要是把if省略,同时把were/should/had提前,即Were /Should/ Had I,故选Bo句意: 要不是老师们的支持,该学生是无法克服她自己

19、的困难的。2. (2017天津卷) 一Do you have Bettys phone number?一Yes. Otherwise, I able to reach her yesterday.A. hadnt beenB. wouldnt have beenC. werentD. wouldnt be【参考答案】B【试题解析】句意:你有贝蒂的电话号码吗? 有。否则我昨天就联系不到她了。根 据标志词otherwise,否则相当于一个条件状语从句:If I hadn*t have her phone number,即对 过去的虚拟的条件状语从句,可以判断出主句用wouldnl have don

20、e表示对过去情况的虚拟, 故选Bo难点详解错综时间条件句的虚拟语气当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,被称为”错综时 间条件句”,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。才If you had followed the doctors advice, you would be better now.如果你当时听医生建议的话,你现在就好多了。1. (2018 天津卷单项填空)If we the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying ourholiday on the beachA. had caughtB. caughtC.

21、 have caughtD. would catch【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:如果我们昨天赶上飞机的话,现在我们正在海滩享受我们的 假日了。根据时间状语yesterday可知I,从句表示与过去事实相反,故用had + v-ed。故选A。【名师点睛】本题考查虚拟语气。虚拟语气重要做题原则:根据题干中主句或从句中动词形 式判断所考查的动词的虚拟时间,一般要保持一致,但要注意错综时间虚拟语气要根据各自 所表示的虚拟时间做出调整。本题就是错综条件虚拟语气,从句与过去事实相反,故用had + v-ed,主句与现在事实相反。2. (2016 江苏卷单项填空)If it for his invi

22、tation the other day, I should not be herenow.A. had not beenB. should not beC. were not to beD. should not have been【参考答案】A【答案解析】本句属于错综条件句的虚拟语气。if从句表示与过去事实相反,所以使用过去 完成时,主句表示与现在事实相反,所以使用”情态动词+动词原形”。句意:如果不是因 为前几天他的邀请,我现在就不会在这里了。故A正确。3. (2015 天津)1 wish I at my sisters wedding last Tuesday, but I was o

23、n a business trip inNew York then.A. will beB. would beC. have beenD. had been【参考答案】D【试题解析】句意:上个周二我本希望参加我姐姐的婚礼,但那时我在纽约出差。本题考查 wish引导的宾语从句,表示与过去事实相反的愿望,从句用had +过去分词。根据句意可 知选D。检测训练(高考真题+名校检测)一、单项选择(2017全国卷)Whale breathe through lungs just as we humans do, so they come up forair.A. mayB.canC.mightD.mus

24、t【答案】D【详解】考查情态动词词义辨析。句意:鲸通过肺呼吸,就跟我们人类一样,所以它们必须浮上水面 呼吸空气。A. may可以,也许;B.can可以(有能力),可能;C.might也许,语气较弱; D.must必须,一定。根据语境,鲸由于用肺呼吸,它一定要浮出水面,没有其它可能,故 选D。2. (2014广西卷)Although you find bargains in London, its not generally a cheap place toshop.A.shouldB.needC.mustD.can【答案】D【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意:尽管你能在伦敦找到便宜货,但是一般不是

25、购物便宜的地方。A. should应该;B.need需要;C.must必须;D.can能。can用在否定句和疑问句中可以表 示具体的可能性,用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性,本句中在伦敦可能能买到便宜货就是 理论上的可能性,用can表示。故选D。3. (2020江苏卷)If I hadn9t been faced with so many barriers, I where I am.A.wont beB.wouldnt have been C.wouldnt beD.shouldnt have been【答案】C【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:如果我没有面对那么多的障碍,我现在就不会在这里。分析句

26、子成分 可知,此处是错综时间虚拟语气,根据空后where 1am可知,此处是与现在事实相反的假设, 主句谓语动词应使用would/could/might/should+doo故选C。4. (2020天津卷)Jim says we stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy .A.mustB.canC.needD.should【答案】B【详解】考查情态动词。句意:吉姆说我们可以住在他的房子里,只要我们保持它干净整洁。A. must 必须;B. can 能,可以;C. need 需要;D. should 应该。根据后面的“as l

27、ong as we leave it clean and tidy”可知,Jim许可我们待在他的房子里,即:我们“能,可以“待在他的房子里。故选B。 5(2020天津卷)You have scolded him for his poor performance. After all, he haddone his best.A.mustB.shouldC.mustntD.shouldnt【答案】D【详解】考查情态动词+ have done。句意:你本不应该因为他表现不好而责骂他。毕竟,他已经尽力 了。根据前后句关系可知此处表示“本不该”是shouldn have done指做了本不该做的事,m

28、ust have done表示对过去发生的事情的肯定性推测;should have done表示应当做某事而实际上 未做;mustnt不和have done连用。故选D。6. (2016北京卷)(2016北京)1 love the weekend, because I get up early on Saturdaysand Sundays.A.needntB. mustntC.wouldntD.shouldnt【答案】A【解析】考查情态动词。句意:我喜欢周末,因为周六和周日我不需要早起。A. neednt不需要;B. mustnt 禁止;C. wouldnt 不愿;D. shouldnt 不

29、应该。根据常识及前一句 I love the weekend 可知,周六、周日不用早起,故选A。7. (2016浙江卷)George too far. His coffee is still warm.A.must have goneB.might have goneC.cant have goneD.neednt have gone【答案】C【详解】考查情态动词+have doneo句意:乔治不可能走得太远。他的咖啡仍然是温的。cant have done 一定不可能做了某事;must have done过去一定做了某事;might have done过去可能做了某 事;neednt hav

30、e done过去本不必做某事。故选C。8. (2011 辽宁卷)If you go, at least wait until the storm is over.A.canB.mayC.mustD.will【答案】C【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意:如果你非得走,至少得等到暴风雨停了。A.can能;B.may也许;C.must 必须,非得;D.will 愿意。由空后 at least wait until the storm is over 可知,此处使用 must表示“非得走”。故选C。9. (2013天津卷)No one be more generous; he has a heart of

31、 gold.A.couldB.mustC.dareD.need【答案】A【解析】选A 考查情态动词。句意:没有人比他更慷慨;他有一颗金子般的心。could“可能”,用 在否定句中表示推测;mus俨必须、dare“胆敢,敢于、need“需要”。根据句意可知应选A。 10. (2011 陕西卷)-Will you read me a story, Mummy?OK. You have one if you go to bed as soon as possible.A.mightB.mustC.couldD.shall【答案】D【分析】考查情态动词。句意:妈妈,给我讲个故事好吗? 好,如果你尽快上

32、床睡觉,我就 给你讲一个。might表示或许;must表示“必须;could表示“可能;shall在此处表示“允 诺”,符合句意,故选择D项。11. (2016天津卷)(2016天津)It was really annoying; I get access to the data bank youhad recommended.A.wouldntB.couldntC.shouldntD.neednt【答案】B【详解】考查情态动词。句意:这真是令人生气的;我不能进入你推荐的数据库。A. wouldnt不愿 意;B. couldnt 不能;C. shouldnt 不应该;D. neednt 不必。

33、故选 B。12. (2013安徽卷)I to my cousins birthday party last night, but I was not available.A.wentB.had goneC.would have goneD.would go【答案】C【解析】选c,考查虚拟语气。句意为:昨晚,我本该去参加我表弟的生日聚会,但我没有时间。would have done”本该做(但未做)(2015重庆卷)You be Carol. You havent changed a bit after all these years.A.mustB.canC.willD.shall【答案】A【

34、详解】考查情态动词。句意:你肯定是卡罗,这些年你一点也没有变化。must表示对现在的肯定 推测;can表示推测,表示可能性;will表示意愿;shall表示表示决心、命令或指示。根据 下文“这些年你一点用没有改变”可知,前文表示肯定性推测。故选A。13. (2015浙江卷)It was so noisy that we hear ourselves speak.A.couldntB.shouldntC.mustntD.neednt【答案】A【解析】考查情态动词。句意:太吵了,以致我们不能够听到我们在说什么? A的意思是不能,B的 意思是不应该,C的意思是禁止,D的意思是不需要。该题用到了一个s

35、o +形容词+ that的Yes, you can. ( No, I m afraid not.).表示客观可能性(客观原因形成的能力)。bThey ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead. This hall can hold 500 people at least.3 .表示推测(惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度),用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。寸Can this be true?bfhis can t be done by him. How can this be true?1. (2018 北京卷单项填空)In todays

36、information age, the loss of data cause seriousproblems for a company.A. needB. shouldC. canD. must【参考答案】C【答案解析】考查情态动词。句意:在今天的信息时代,数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成 严重的问题。数据丢失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况,即“客观可能性、故该空应用 情态动词can。C选项正确。其余情态动词均没有该用法。need需要;should应该,竟然; must必须,肯定。2. (2017 北京卷单项填空)Samuel, the tallest boy in our class,e

37、asily reach the books on the top shelf.A. mustB. shouldC. canD. need【参考答案】C【答案解析 1考查情态动词。can表示能力,意为“能够”。故答案为C。句意:塞缪尔 我们班个子最高的男孩能够轻松地够到架子顶层上的书。二、may, might1.表示请求和允许。might比may语气更委婉,而不是过去式。否定回答时可用can t或mustn 3表示 “不可以,禁止寸Might/ May I smoke in this room?No, you mustn t.bMay/Might I take this book out of

38、the room?Yes, you can. (No, you can t / mustn t.)句式,此处句式表示“如此以至于”,因此推断此处表示“不能够”。故选A。15. (2015天津卷)I have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates hereare very friendly to me.A.mightntB. mustntC.needntD. couldnt【答案】c【详解】考查情态动词。句意:我来新学校之前本没有必要担心,因为在这里我的同学对我非常友好。 needn*t have done本没有必要

39、做某事,表示实际上已经做了某事。根据后一句for my classmates here are very friendly to me.”可知,同学对我非常友好所以我本没必要但心。 mightnt也许不;mustnt不允许;couldnt不可能。故选C。16. (2015四川卷)You be careful with the camera. It costs!A.mustB.mayC.canD.will【答案】A【解析】考查情态动词。句意:你一定得小心摆弄相机,它很贵。根据下文的it costs可知,照相机 很昂贵,故选A。17. (2015陕西卷)You feel all the train

40、ing a waste of time, but Fm a hundred percentsure later youll begrateful you did it.A.shouldB.needC.shallD.may【答案】D【分析】考查情态动词。句意:你可能觉得所有的训练都是浪费时间,但是我有100%的把握你以后 会感激它的。should应该;need需要;shall将会;may (不确定)可能。根据下文“但是我 有100%的把握你以后会感激它的。”可推断,此处表示“不太确定的可能性”,用may,所以 选D。18. (2015福建卷)一Sorry, Mum! I failed the j

41、ob interview again.一Oh, its too bad. You have made full preparations.A.mustB.canC.wouldD.should【答案】D【详解】考查情态动词+have done结构。句意:一对不起,妈妈,我面试又失败了。一噢,那太糟糕 了,你应该做好充分准备的。A.must必须;B.can可以;C.would将会;D.should应该。这 里是情态+have done的结构的虚拟语气,can+have+done”表示对过去行为的怀疑,用于疑问 句,译成“可能做过吗?could+have+done,表示对过去事情的假设,意思是本来能

42、够做某事而没有做;must+have+done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测,译成“一定做过某事”, 该结构只用于肯定句;should+have+done意思是“本来应该做某事,而实际没做“。故选D 19. (2007江苏卷)一She looks very happy. She have passed the exam.一I guess so Its not difficult after all.A.shouldB.couldC.mightD.must【答案】D【详解】试题分析:考查情态动词+ have doneo句意:她看起来很高兴。她一定通过了考试。我猜是这样。毕竟它并不难。A. shoul

43、d have done本应该做某事,而实际上没做;B. could have done表示对过去某种情况的怀疑或不确定;C. might have done表示过去可能发生,但 实际没发生;D.must have done表示对过去发生的事情的非常有把握的肯定猜测。本句中根 据she looks very happy可知她看起来很开心,所以下文是很肯定的猜测,她肯定通过了考试。 故选择Do(2014重庆卷)Ive ordered some pizza, so we worry about cooking when we gethome tired.A.cantB.dare notC.needn

44、tD.may not【答案】C【详解】考查情态动词的基本用法。句意:我已经点了一些披萨,所以我们回家累了就不用担心做饭 了 o A. cant表示无能力;B. dare not表示“无勇气”;C. neednt意为无必要;D. may not 表示“推断: 因为买了比萨饼,无必要担心回家后疲劳还要做饭。故选择C项。20. (2017全国卷)My brother lent me the money,I couldnt have afforded the trip.B.OtherwiseA. FurthermoreC.MoreoverC.Moreover.Nevertheless【答案】B【详解】

45、本题考查副词辨析。句意:我哥借钱给我了,否则我不可能有能力支付这旅行的费用。A.furthermore 还有;B.otherwise 否则;C.moreover 还有;D.nevertheless 然而。根据句意可 知,这里含有对过去情况假设的虚拟语气,用otherwise相当于“if my brother hadnt lent me the money (要是我哥没有借钱给我): 故选B。21. (2014.重庆卷)It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I it?A.had doneB.have d

46、oneC.didD.am doing【答案】A【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:John打坏了窗户,为什么跟“我”谈话?好像是“我”打坏了窗户似的。 题中broke表明打坏窗户”发生在“过去:as if/though后面的从句用had done表示对“过去” 的虚拟。故A项正确。22. (2016浙江卷)Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths since their highest in 2005.A.had not fallenB.would not fallC.did not fall

47、D.would not have fallen【答案】D【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:如果政府和科学家不共同努力,与艾滋病相关的死亡就不会从2005 年的最高点下降。根据句意可知,使用虚拟语气表示与过去相反的事实,if条件句用had done, 省略if,将had提前,主句用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟,故选D。23. (2019江苏卷)What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we a good time together.A.hadB.will haveC.would have had D.had had【答案】C【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:真遗憾!你错过了这次观光,否则,我们本应该在一起度过一段愉快 时光的。根据上文可知,是对过去事情的虚拟,是与过去事实相反的假设。其句子结构为: 从句:If+主语+过去完成时+其他,主句:主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他

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