《12. 现实主义.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《12. 现实主义.ppt（22页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、TheAmericanRealism(1865-1918)ContentsContentsBackgroundDefinitionRepresentative WritersFeaturesI.Introduction1.ThereasonsforthecomingofAmericanrealism:1)TheCivilWar(1861-1865)taughtmenthatlifewasnotsogood,manwasnotandGodwasnot.ThewarmarkedachangeinthequalityofAmericanlife,adeterioration,infact,ofAme
2、ricanmoralvalues.Itledpeopletoquestiontheassumptions:naturalgoodness,theoptimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.2)Americanindustrializationandurbanization城市化城市化withitsaccompanyingsocialdiseasesOversupply of labor,slumextremes of wealth and poverty.greedy materialism and political corruption3)“Gil
3、dedAgean age of extremes of decline and progress,of poverty and dazzling wealth,of gloom and buoyant 持续上涨的hope4)TheageofRomanticismandTranscendentalismwasbyandlargeover.younger writers appeared on the scene,such as William Dean Howells,Henry James,Mark Twain,and so on,which means the coming of new l
4、iterary age,American realism.2.WhatisAmericanrealism?RealismoriginatedinFrance.Aliterarydoctrinethatcalledfor“realityandtruthinthedepictionofordinarylife.AmericanRealismcameinthelatterhalfofthenineteenthcenturyasareactionagainstRomanticism.Itstressestruthfultreatmentofmaterial.Itfocusesoncommonnesso
5、fthelivesofthecommonpeople,andemphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.emphasis on psychologyoptimistic tone details pragmatic,practical slow-moving plot 3.Characteristics of Realism3.TheschoolsofAmericanRealism:1)Frontier Humor2)Midwestern r
6、ealism3)Cosmopolitan Novelist4)Regionalism(local color)5)NaturalismFrontierHumorIt is the vital and exuberant literature that was generated by the westward expansion of the United States in the late 18th and the 19th centuries.Frontier humor appears mainly in tall tales of exaggerated feats of stren
7、gth,rough practical jokes(especially on sophisticated Easterners and greenhorns),and tales of encounters with panthers,bears,and snakes.These tales are filled with rough,homely wisdom.MidwesternRealismIt just refers to William Dean Howellss realism because he came from the American midwest and caref
8、ully interweaved the life and emotions of ordinary middle-class there in his works.Also because he was the champion of realism,having helped to publish many realistic local color writings by Bret Harte,Mark Twain,George Washington Cable,and others.CosmopolitanNovelists(世界小说世界小说)Henry James s fame re
9、sted largely upon his handling of his major fictional theme,the international theme,that is the meeting of America and Europe,American innocence in contact and contrast with cosmopolitan European decadence,and the moral and psychological complications arising there from.So he was called the cosmopol
10、itan novelist.Henry James(1843-1916)Regionalism(local colorism)Generally,the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small,well-definedregionorprovince.The characteristic setting is the isolated small town.Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way
11、of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.MarkTwain is a local colorist.Mark Twain(1835-1910)NaturalismNaturalism applies the principles of scientific determinism to fiction and drama.It views human beings as animals in the natural world responding to environmental forces and inter
12、nal stresses and drives,over none of which they have control and none of which they fully understand.Themajorfeaturesofnaturalism:(1)Humansarecontrolledbylawsofheredityandenvironment.CharactersFrequently ill-educated or lower-class characters whose lives are governed by the forces of heredity,instin
13、ct,and passion.(2)Theuniverseiscold,godless,indifferentandhostiletohumandesires.Amansaidtotheuniverse:Sir,Iexist!However,repliedtheuniverse,ThefacthasnotcreatedinmeAsenseofobligation.-StephenCrane(3)Naturalisticwritersarepessimistic.They choose their subjects from the lower ranks of the society,and portray misery and poverty of the“underdogs who demonstrably victims of society and nature.Jack London(1876-1916)Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)2.4.5 Stephen Crane (1871-1900)1894,The Red Badge of Courage;How Felt in American Civil War;Reported in wars of Cuba and in Greece.