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1、TheAmericanRealism(1865-1918)ContentsContentsBackgroundDefinitionCharacteristics of RealismThe schools of American RealismI.Introduction1.ThereasonsforthecomingofAmericanrealism:1)TheCivilWar(1861-1865)taughtmenthatlifewasnotsogood,manwasnotandGodwasnot.ThewarmarkedachangeinthequalityofAmericanlife,
2、adeterioration,infact,ofAmericanmoralvalues.Itledpeopletoquestiontheassumptions:naturalgoodness,theoptimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.2)Americanindustrializationandurbanization城市化城市化withitsaccompanyingsocialdiseasesOversupply of labor,slumextremes of wealth and poverty.greedy materialism and
3、 political corruption3)“GildedAgean age of extremes of decline and progress,of poverty and dazzling wealth,of gloom and buoyant 持续上涨的hope4)TheageofRomanticismandTranscendentalismwasbyandlargeover.younger writers appeared on the scene,such as William Dean Howells,Henry James,Mark Twain,and so on,whic
4、h means the coming of new literary age,American realism.2.WhatisAmericanrealism?RealismoriginatedinFrance.Aliterarydoctrinethatcalledfor“realityandtruthinthedepictionofordinarylife.AmericanRealismcameinthelatterhalfofthenineteenthcenturyasareactionagainstRomanticism.Itstressestruthfultreatmentofmate
5、rial.Itfocusesoncommonnessofthelivesofthecommonpeople,andemphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.emphasis on psychologyoptimistic tone details pragmatic,practical slow-moving plot 3.Characteristics of Realism4.TheschoolsofAmericanRealism:1)F
6、rontier Humor2)Midwestern realism3)Cosmopolitan Novelist4)Regionalism(local color)5)NaturalismFrontierHumorIt is the vital and exuberant literature that was generated by the westward expansion of the United States in the late 18th and the 19th centuries.Frontier humor appears mainly in tall tales of
7、 exaggerated feats of strength,rough practical jokes(especially on sophisticated Easterners and greenhorns),and tales of encounters with panthers,bears,and snakes.These tales are filled with rough,homely wisdom.MidwesternRealismIt just refers to William Dean Howellss realism because he came from the
8、 American Midwest and carefully interweaved the life and emotions of ordinary middle-class there in his works.Also because he was the champion of realism,having helped to publish many realistic local color writings by Bret Harte,Mark Twain,George Washington Cable,and others.CosmopolitanNovelists(世界小
9、说世界小说)Henry James s fame rested largely upon his handling of his major fictional theme,the international theme,that is the meeting of America and Europe,American innocence in contact and contrast with cosmopolitan European decadence,and the moral and psychological complications arising there from.So
10、 he was called the cosmopolitan novelist.Henry James(1843-1916)Regionalism(local colorism)Generally,the writings of local colorists are concerned with thelifeofasmall,well-definedregionorprovince.The characteristic setting is the isolated small town.Local colorists were consciously nostalgic histori
11、ans of a vanishing way of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.MarkTwain is a local colorist.Mark Twain(1835-1910)NaturalismNaturalism applies the principles of scientific determinism to fiction and drama.It views human beings as animals in the natural world responding to environ
12、mental forces and internal stresses and drives,over none of which they have control and none of which they fully understand.Themajorfeaturesofnaturalism:(1)Humansarecontrolledbylawsofheredityandenvironment.CharactersFrequently ill-educated or lower-class characters whose lives are governed by the fo
13、rces of heredity,instinct,and passion.(2)Theuniverseiscold,godless,indifferentandhostiletohumandesires.Amansaidtotheuniverse:Sir,Iexist!However,repliedtheuniverse,Thefacthasnotcreatedinmeasenseofobligation.-StephenCrane(3)Naturalisticwritersarepessimistic.They choose their subjects from the lower ranks of the society,and portray misery and poverty of the“underdogs who demonstrably victims of society and nature.Jack London(1876-1916)Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)Stephen Crane(1871-1900)