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1、PETRO-CANADA AND THE PATENTED HT PURITY PROCESS BASE OIL MANUFACTURE加拿大石油专利精制处理 基础油 生产Lubricant base oils are produced in a series of steps which are designed toenhance certain desirable properties. For paraffinic oils, these include viscosityindex, oxidation resistance, thermal stability and low te
2、mperature fluidity.Starting from petroleum crude oil, the typical process for making a lubricantbase oil is as follows: Separation of lighter boiling materials, such as gasoline, diesel, etc. Distillation to give desired base oil viscosity grades Selective removal of impurities, such as aromatics an
3、d polar compounds Dewaxing to improve low temperature fluidity Finishing to improve oxidation resistance and heat stabilityGenerally both Solvent Refined and Hydrocracked base oils are manufacturedthis way, but differ in the processes used.润滑油基础油是经过一系列旨在提高某些特性的步骤后生产出来的。对石蜡基基础油来说，这些特性包括粘度指数，抗氧化性，热稳定性
4、和低温流动性。从原油开始，生产基润滑油基础油典型过程在以下几步：。轻沸点材料的分离，比如汽油，柴油等被分离出来；。蒸馏得到所需要的基础油粘度等级；。选择性去除杂质，比如：芳烃和极性化合物；。脱蜡以提高低温流动性；。最后提高抗氧性和热稳定性；通常溶剂精制和加氢裂化基础油的生产路径都是这样的，区别只是使用处理方法的不同。BASE OIL CLASSIFICATION基础油的分类Before reviewing how base oil is manufactured, we should explain theAmerican Petroleum Institutes (API) Base Oil
5、 Classification system. Forengine oils, the API system classifies base oils into five major groups, asshown below:上面回顾了基础油的生产过程，我们接下来说明API的基础油分类系统。针对发动机油，API分类系统中有五个主要的级别：Group I, or conventional base oils manufactured by Solvent Refining, make upmost of the base oil produced in the world today. Con
6、taining more than0.03 wt % Sulphur and less than 90 wt % Saturates, they are less pure thanHydroprocessed or Synthetic base oils. While these groups were originallyintended to be used for engine oils, their usage has expanded beyond thisarea.Group II and III base oils are manufactured by what the AP
7、I calls Hydroprocessingor Severe Hydroprocessing. These are just other names forPetro-Canadas Patented HT Purity Process. With Sulphur contents of lessthan 0.03 wt % and Saturates一类基础油或用溶剂精制生产的基础油，是今天世界上主要的基础油产品。包括含硫量超过3%和饱合烃含量小于90%，他们的纯度低于加氢或是合成油。尽管这一组最初是设计用于发动机油，但现在他们的使用拓展超过这一区域。二类油和三类油是用API称之为加氢处
8、理或是重加氢处理方法制造。硫含量低于0.03%饱合烃含量大于等于90%SOLVENT REFINING PROCESS 溶剂精制处理Initially, light oils such as gasoline, diesel, etc., are separated from crudepetroleum by atmospheric distillation. The resulting material is charged to avacuum distillation tower, where lubricant fractions of specific viscosity rang
9、esare taken off. These fractions are then treated individually in a solventextraction tower. A solvent such as furfural is mixed with them and extractsabout 70-85% of the aromatic material present. The solvent extracted lubefraction is then dewaxed by chilling to a low temperature, which removes muc
10、hof the wax. This improves the low temperature fluidity of the product. Finally,the dewaxed lube fractions are sometimes finished to improve their colour andstability, depending on the application requirements. One common method offinishing is mild hydrofinishing. This step should not be confused wi
11、thPetro-Canadas Patented HT Purity Process, as conditions of temperature and pressure in hydrofinishing are mild and less effective. The API classifies the products of Solvent Refining as Group I base oils.最开始，轻油如汽油，柴油等，被从原油中通过汽提分离出来，其余材料被装入真空蒸馏塔。在这里润滑油馏分被按照指定的粘度范围分开。这些馏分再在一个溶剂抽提塔中进行专门的处理。用糠醛等溶剂和它们混
12、合后去除其中75-85%的芳烃。溶剂精制后润滑油馏分进行低温冷落脱腊，以脱去大部分的石蜡。这可以提高产品的低温流动性。最后，依照应用的要求，脱腊润滑油的馏分有时要修整提高他们的色度和稳定性。修整的常见方法是轻度（补充）加氢精制。这一步与加拿大石油专用HT精制过程不会混淆的。因为在加氢精制中的温度和压力条件都是轻微和作用不大的。API溶剂精制的产品等级做为一类基础油。PETRO-CANADAS HT SEVERE HYDROCRACKING PROCESS加拿大石油深度加氢裂解工艺In Petro-Canadas HT Severe Hydrocracking process, the elim
13、ination ofaromatics and polar compounds is achieved by reacting the feedstock withhydrogen, in the presence of a catalyst at high temperatures and pressures.Several different reactions occur in this process, the principal ones being: Removal of polar compounds, containing sulphur, nitrogen and oxyge
14、n Conversion of aromatic hydrocarbons to saturated cyclic hydrocarbons Breaking up of heavy polycyclo-paraffins to lighter saturated hydrocarbonsThese reactions take place at temperatures as high as 400C , pressuresaround 3000 psi and in the presence of a catalyst. The hydrocarbonmolecules that are
15、formed are very stable and this makes them ideal for useas lubricant base oils. They are classified by the API as Group II base oils.There are two stages in the Petro-Canada Severe Hydrocracking process.The first one removes unwanted polar compounds and converts the aromaticcomponents to saturated h
16、ydrocarbons. After separation into desired viscositygrades by vacuum distillation, batches of waxy lube base oil are chill dewaxed.These are then passed through a second high pressure hydro-treater foradditional saturation. This final step maximizes base oil stability, by removingthe last traces of
17、aromatic and polar molecules.在加拿大石油HT深度加氢裂解工艺中，通过氢气与物料在高温高压环境和催化剂作用下的反应，芳烃和极性化合物的去除是很完美的。此工艺中发生一系列不同的反应，最主要的是：。极性化合物的去除，包括硫，氮和氧；。芳烃转化为饱合环状烃；。打破重稠环链烷烃为较轻饱合烃；上述反应发生在400度高温和接近3000帕，和催化剂的作用下。这些成形后的烃分子是非常稳定的理想的润滑油基础油成份。他们是API二类油的级别。在加拿大石油深度加氢裂化工艺中分为二段：首先去除无用的极性化合物，转换芳烃为饱合烃，裂解后经减压蒸馏得到需要的粘度等级，成批石蜡润滑油基础油被冷榨
18、脱蜡。然后经过一个高压加氢装置补充饱合。最后一步通过去除最后少量的芳烃和极性分子来尽可能提高基础油的稳定性。HT SEVERE HYDROCRACKING/HYDROISOMERIZATION 深度加氢裂解和异构化In 1996, Petro-Canada completed a new base oil manufacturing unit to run inparallel with its existing base oil plant. This new unit utilizes the HT SevereHydrocracking process, but replaces the
19、 chill dewaxing step with the moremodern and efficient wax conversion process . HydroIsomerization.The HydroIsomerization process employs a special catalyst to selectivelyisomerize wax (n-paraffin mixture) to high VI, low pour point, iso-paraffiniclube oil. The process yields base oils with higher V
20、Is and improved yields,compared to previous conventional dewaxing techniques. The process iscapable of giving 130 VI base fluids, in a single pass. More usually, it is set up to produce high viscosity index (Group II) base oils with VIs ranging from 95 to 105 or unconventional (Group II+ and III) ba
21、se fluids with VIs ranging from 115 to 130. A further process feature is the flexibility it offers to produce base oils with ultra low pour points . lower than - 25C.Petro-Canada employs HydroIsomerization dewaxing in conjunction with HTSevere Hydrocracking and as a result its base oils have the fol
22、lowing attractivefeatures: Very High Viscosity Index (100 to 130) Low Volatility Excellent Oxidation Resistance High Thermal Stability Excellent Low Temperature Fluidity Low ToxicityThese features give performance characteristics very similar to lubricantsbased on poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), a type of
23、synthetic.1996年，加拿大石油完成的一套新的基础油生产单元运行与原有的基础油装置作比较，新单元采用深度加氢裂解工艺，并用更加现代和先进石蜡转换工艺-加氢异构化来代替原有冷榨脱蜡工艺。加氢异构化工艺采用一种特殊催化剂选择性异构化石蜡（正构烷烃状态）得到高粘度指数，低倾点，异构烷烃润滑油。与上述传统的脱蜡技术相比，这一工艺产出的基础油具有更高的粘度指数和更高的产量。该工艺可以一次加工生产出粘度指数高达130的液态基础油。通常情况下，可以生产粘度指数范围从95-115二类高粘度指数基础油或优异的II+/III类基础油（指数115-130）。进一步工艺特点是灵活性，可以提供超低倾点，低至-
24、25度以下的基础油。加拿大石油采用加氢异构化脱蜡和深度加氢裂解一起使用，因此他的基础油具有以下优秀的性能：。很高的粘度指数（100-130）。低挥发性。优异的抗氧化性；。优良的热稳定性；。优秀的低温流动性；。低毒性；这些特征提供的性能和表现与PAO，合成基础油非常接近。COMPARISON OF THE PRODUCTS OF PATENTED HT PURITY PROCESS AND SOLVENT REFINING 专用精制工艺与溶剂精制产品的比较 BASE OILSThere are significant differences in certain characteristics
25、between HTSeverely Hydrocracked and Solvent Refined base oils. The main reason forthe difference lies in the virtual elimination of aromatic molecules (less than0.5%) in our HT Purity Process. HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils aretermed “99.5+% Pure”. In comparison, the aromatics content of Solvent
26、Refined oils is somewhere between 10-30% so Solvent Refined base oils areconsiderably less pure.Characteristic Significant DifferenceCOLOUR HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils are clear and colourlessVISCOSITY INDEX HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils have high VIs so they thin-out less at high temper
27、atures.OXIDATION RESISTANCE HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils respond very well to anti-oxidants and so have superior resistance to oxidation and a longer lubricant life in finished products.THERMAL STABILITY HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils have very good resistance to heat.CARBON RESIDUE HT Sev
28、erely Hydrocracked base oils produce low residues.DEMULSIBILITY HT Severely Hydrocracked oils separate readily from water.LOW TOXICITY HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils have low toxicity, due to a virtual absence of impurities.Petro-Canada White Oils are pure enough to be used in cosmetics and phar
29、maceuticals.BIODEGRADABILITY HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils have biodegradability characteristics.。基础油在深度加氢裂解和溶剂精制基础油之间在某些性能上有得多重要的差异。差异的主要的原因在于在我们的专有工艺中明显去除芳烃分子（芳烃含量小于0.5%）。HT深度加氢裂解基础油被称为“99.5%纯油”。相比较而言，溶剂精制油的芳烃含量在10-30%之间，因此溶剂精制基础油非常不纯的。特性显著差异：。颜色：深度加氢裂解基础油无色透明的；。粘度指数：深度加氢裂解基础油具有高粘度指数，因此高温油的粘度变化较小。抗氧化性：深度加氢裂解基础油对抗氧剂的感受性好，因此有良好的抗氧化性，以及相应延长成品油的润滑生命总期。热稳定性：深度加氢裂解基础油有良好的抗热性。残炭：深度加氢裂解基础油产品低残炭；。抗乳化性：深度加氢裂解基础油可以很快的与水分离；。低毒性：深度加氢裂解基础油具有低毒性。得益于有害成分的显著减少。该工艺所产白油足够纯净以用于化妆品和医药。生物降解能力深度加氢裂解基础油具有生物降解能力。