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1、2023年山西考研英语考试考前冲刺卷（8）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Text 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Bames has suggested that it is .as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly
2、 of brick a brick building. Certainly it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the. soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of th
3、e growing plants and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state.The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars - the base material from which the pla
4、nt body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, mayhave much less water than growing tissues. The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small
5、 part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined - in the presence of chlorophyll ( 叶落素 ) and with energy derived from light to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs ma
6、inly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas - water vapor -to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in
7、the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80°F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon
8、dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates.The primary idea of
9、the passage is（）Athe functions of carbon dioxide and waterBthe role of water in a growing plantCthe process of simple sugar formationDthe synthesis of water with carbon dioxide2.Text 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Bames has suggested that it is
10、.as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building. Certainly it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the. soil sol
11、ution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plants and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state.The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with
12、 a part of the water to form simple sugars - the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, mayhave much less water than growing tissues. The a
13、ctual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined - in the presence of chlorophyll ( 叶落素 ) and with energy derived from light to form
14、 sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits a
15、nother gas - water vapor -to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80°F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,
16、000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon di
17、oxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates.The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is（）Ato form sugarsBto derive energy from lightCto preserve waterDto combine carbon dioxide with water3.Text 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other mater
18、ials combined. C. R. Bames has suggested that it is .as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building. Certainly it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are us
19、able by the plant must be dissolved in the. soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plants and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state.The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is disso
20、lved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars - the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing,
21、 mayhave much less water than growing tissues. The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined - in the presence of chlorophyl
22、l ( 叶落素 ) and with energy derived from light to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permi
23、ts the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas - water vapor -to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80°F, saturated air
24、 would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrati
25、ons of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates.A growing plant needs water for all of the following except（）Aforming sugarsBsustaining woody stemsCkeeping greenDproducing carbon dioxide4.Text 4The question of whether war is inevitable
26、 is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, ’is distinguished from competition, defined as opposi
27、tion among social’entities independently striving for something that is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition which has been defined as a process by which social entitie
28、s function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable i
29、n a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle forexistence among animal species, o
30、nly the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in thecompetition for limited feeding areas and
31、for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the str
32、uggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competit
33、ion may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that（）Ait results in war in most casesBit induce
34、s efforts to expand territoryCit is a 'kind of opposition among social entitiesDit is essentially a struggle for existence5.Text 4The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to i
35、ntroduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, ’is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social’entities independently striving for something that is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aw
36、are of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation the process by which social entit
37、ies function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an esse
38、ntial and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle forexistence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as m
39、onkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in thecompetition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victim
40、s to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.Among nations there is competition
41、in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-li
42、ke conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.The passage is probably intended to answer tile question（）AIs war inevitableBWhy is there conflict and competitionCIs conflict desirableDCan competition lead to conflict6.Text 4The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has
43、 concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, ’is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social
44、’entities independently striving for something that is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the
45、 disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limi
46、ted resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle forexistence among animal species, only the fittest s
47、urvive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in thecompetition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy
48、 of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the comp
49、etition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.In the f