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1、Culture Teaching in ELTBy:Wilson Kong8 December,2012A Quiz on Cross-cultural Knowledge See whether you can work out the appropriate equivalents of the following.See whether you can work out the appropriate equivalents of the following.您想要些什么您想要些什么?千里之行，始于足下千里之行，始于足下这是我应该做的。这是我应该做的。他妈的，天真闷。他妈的，天真闷。Ac
2、hilles heelAchilles heelkeep up with the keep up with the JonesesJonesesSome prefer turnips Some prefer turnips and other pears.and other pears.Is it all right to look into an Is it all right to look into an Englishmans eye when talking Englishmans eye when talking with him?with him?Can I help you?C
3、an I help you?Rome is not built in one day.Rome is not built in one day.With pleasure.With pleasure.Shit,its really stuffy.Shit,its really stuffy.致命伤致命伤与人攀比萝卜青菜，各有所爱。YesContentsChapter One:The Relationship btw.Culture and Chapter One:The Relationship btw.Culture and LanguageLanguageChapter Two:The N
4、ecessity to Combine Culture and Chapter Two:The Necessity to Combine Culture and Language in ELTLanguage in ELTChapter Three:Focus of Culture Teaching in ELTChapter Three:Focus of Culture Teaching in ELTChapter Four:Current Situation&Problems in Chapter Four:Current Situation&Problems in Culture Tea
5、ching in ELTCulture Teaching in ELTChapter Five:Objectives of Culture Teaching in ELTChapter Five:Objectives of Culture Teaching in ELTChapter Six:Culture Teaching Principles to FollowChapter Six:Culture Teaching Principles to FollowChapter Seven:Approaches of Culture TeachingChapter Seven:Approache
6、s of Culture TeachingChapter Eight:Contents of Culture TeachingChapter Eight:Contents of Culture TeachingChapter Nine:Assessment on Cultural Knowledge Chapter Nine:Assessment on Cultural Knowledge and Skills in Examinationsand Skills in ExaminationsChapter One:The Relationship btw.Culture and Langua
7、geThe relationship btw.culture and language,is not an issue of which came first,like that of egg and chicken,but an issue of the extent to which they are integrated.The Relationship btw.Culture and LanguageLanguage reflects culture and language and culture are inseparable.(Samovar&Porter,1982)On the
8、 one hand,language is part of culture and its deeply embedded in culture.(Brown,1987)On the other hand,culture is an integral part of language as well.Some Quotations If we teach language without teaching at the If we teach language without teaching at the same time the culture in which it operates,
9、we same time the culture in which it operates,we are teaching meaningless symbols or symbols to are teaching meaningless symbols or symbols to which the student attaches the wrong meaning.which the student attaches the wrong meaning.(PolitzerPolitzer,1959),1959)ByramByram et al(1994)argued that only
10、 when the et al(1994)argued that only when the cultural context is understood can the language cultural context is understood can the language rooted in the context be thoroughly rooted in the context be thoroughly prehensible.Misunderstandings are-likely to occur Misunderstandings are-likely to occ
11、ur between members of different cultures;-between members of different cultures;-differences are real and we must learn to deal differences are real and we must learn to deal with them in any situation in which two cultures with them in any situation in which two cultures come into contact.(Brown,19
12、87)come into contact.(Brown,1987)Chapter Two:The Necessity to Combine Culture and Language in ELTAs time goes by,the social function of language As time goes by,the social function of language has been well recognized for the reasons of has been well recognized for the reasons of economic cooperatio
13、n,academic exchange,economic cooperation,academic exchange,travel and the like.English as a major tool of travel and the like.English as a major tool of international communication has played a vital international communication has played a vital role.role.If people learn for use/communication,langu
14、age If people learn for use/communication,language learning without cultural integration may lead to learning without cultural integration may lead to obstacles in communication.obstacles in communication.One cannot communicate effectively with One cannot communicate effectively with foreigners with
15、out the knowledge of their foreigners without the knowledge of their culture.culture.Cultural Reasons for Inefficient CommunicationDifferent cultures have difference norms,values,and Different cultures have difference norms,values,and schema,which may for sure have influence on their schema,which ma
16、y for sure have influence on their languages.languages.As As DunnetDunnet et al(1986)stated:et al(1986)stated:1.Language can not be translated word for word.All 1.Language can not be translated word for word.All language have idiomatic expressions,which carry language have idiomatic expressions,whic
17、h carry connotations that are above and beyond the meanings connotations that are above and beyond the meanings of the separate words themselves.of the separate words themselves.(e.g.,keep up with the Joneses)(e.g.,keep up with the Joneses)2.The tone of a speakers voice carries meaning.All 2.The ton
18、e of a speakers voice carries meaning.All languages have different tune or intonation.Similarly,languages have different tune or intonation.Similarly,the degree of loudness/softness used by a speaker is a the degree of loudness/softness used by a speaker is a characteristic of the language itself.ch
19、aracteristic of the language itself.(e.g.,the four tones in Chinese)(e.g.,the four tones in Chinese)Cultural Reasons for Inefficient Communication 3.Each culture or language employs gestures,3.Each culture or language employs gestures,body movements that convey meanings.body movements that convey me
20、anings.Gestures and body movements are not Gestures and body movements are not necessarily the same for all languages.necessarily the same for all languages.(Can you find some gestures used by Chinese(Can you find some gestures used by Chinese and English respectively?)and English respectively?)4.We
21、 also understand that different 4.We also understand that different grammatical elements for describing all grammatical elements for describing all languages are different.languages are different.(e.g.,model verbs in English)(e.g.,model verbs in English)Cultural Reasons for Inefficient Communication
22、5.All cultures have taboo topics.Part of knowing 5.All cultures have taboo topics.Part of knowing a language is knowing what one can and can a language is knowing what one can and can not say to whom on what occasions.not say to whom on what occasions.(e.g.,asking for a ladys age is an English(e.g.,
23、asking for a ladys age is an English taboo,250 is a Chinese taboo when used to taboo,250 is a Chinese taboo when used to address people)address people)6.In personal relationships,the term for 6.In personal relationships,the term for addressing people varies considerably among addressing people varie
24、s considerably among languages.languages.(e.g.,Xiao and Lao used in Chinese;Mrs.,Miss,(e.g.,Xiao and Lao used in Chinese;Mrs.,Miss,and Ms.used in English)and Ms.used in English)The Fifth Skill?Some linguists attach great importance to Some linguists attach great importance to culture in language tea
25、ching by viewing the culture in language teaching by viewing the knowledge of culture as the fifth skill to knowledge of culture as the fifth skill to language learners.language learners.Culture in language teaching is not an Culture in language teaching is not an expendable fifth skill,-,to the tea
26、ching of expendable fifth skill,-,to the teaching of speaking,listening,reading,and writing.It is speaking,listening,reading,and writing.It is always in the background,right from day one.always in the background,right from day one.(KarmschKarmsch,1993),1993)Chapter Three:Focus of Culture Teaching in
27、 ELTAs far as culture learning/teaching is concerned,both native and target cultures are involved.The same is true with both resemblances and differences.Resemblances and Differences btw.Native and Target CulturesAccording to one survey,different languages and cultures amazingly resemble each other.
28、The part which is similar to each other accounts for about 90%,while approximately only 10%is different.Where shall be the focus?In ELT,both Chinese students and teachers In ELT,both Chinese students and teachers know better of their own native culture than the know better of their own native cultur
29、e than the target culture.target culture.Resemblances are far more than differences in Resemblances are far more than differences in different cultures and languages as well.different cultures and languages as well.Therefore,the focus should naturally go to the Therefore,the focus should naturally g
30、o to the target culture teaching,with more attention to target culture teaching,with more attention to be paid to the differences.be paid to the differences.Chapter Four:Current Situation&Problems in Culture Teaching in ELTOn the students side:Chinese students knowledge competence is much higher tha
31、n their communicative competence.High grade,low ability.The situation doesnt match the current globalised world and daily-increasing cross-cultural communication.On the Teachers SideSome teachers are not ready for culture Some teachers are not ready for culture teaching either in cultural teaching a
32、wareness or teaching either in cultural teaching awareness or in qualifications themselves.in qualifications themselves.They are faced with a dilemma:They are faced with a dilemma:-if they abandon culture teaching in ELT,their-if they abandon culture teaching in ELT,their students will keep on being
33、 knowledgably students will keep on being knowledgably intelligent while communicatively slow;intelligent while communicatively slow;-if they have the awareness to cultivate-if they have the awareness to cultivate students cultural comprehension,most of them students cultural comprehension,most of t
34、hem are not ready and disqualified themselves.are not ready and disqualified themselves.In Respect of AssessmentThe part of cultural knowledge in assessing students linguistic skills during an examination is far beyond enough,if it isnt nil.Chapter Five:Objectives of Culture Teaching in ELTTo carry
35、out teaching of culture in a scientific and systematic way,we need to decide general cultural objectives in ELT from the very beginning and throughout the teaching process.The Suggested 7 Cultural ObjectivesThe suggested seven cultural objectives based on the The suggested seven cultural objectives
36、based on the framework by framework by TomalinTomalin&StemplesikStemplesik(1993)are as (1993)are as follows:follows:1.Develop an understanding of the tact that all people 1.Develop an understanding of the tact that all people exhibit culturally-conditioned behaviors.exhibit culturally-conditioned be
37、haviors.2.Develop an understanding that social variables such 2.Develop an understanding that social variables such as age,sex,social class,and place of residence influence as age,sex,social class,and place of residence influence the ways in which people speak and behave.the ways in which people spe
38、ak and behave.3.Be aware of conventional behavior in common 3.Be aware of conventional behavior in common situations in the target culture.situations in the target culture.4.Be aware of cultural connotations of words and 4.Be aware of cultural connotations of words and phrases in the target language
39、.phrases in the target language.5.Develop the ability to evaluate and refine 5.Develop the ability to evaluate and refine generalisationsgeneralisations about the target culture.about the target culture.6.Develop the necessary skills to locate and 6.Develop the necessary skills to locate and organis
40、eorganise information about the target culture.information about the target culture.7.Stimulate students intellectual curiosity about the 7.Stimulate students intellectual curiosity about the target culture,and encourage empathy towards its target culture,and encourage empathy towards its people.peo
41、ple.Chapter Six:Culture Teaching Principles to FollowAt least the following five principles shall be followed during culture teaching in ELT.1.Systematisation2.Practicality3.Moderation4.Interaction5.InterestSystematisationCultural knowledge in language teaching is less Cultural knowledge in language
42、 teaching is less systematic itself.systematic itself.The two feasible options to achieve The two feasible options to achieve systematisationsystematisation can be:can be:-either to make the cultural knowledge within-either to make the cultural knowledge within the frame of the language teaching tex
43、tbooks;the frame of the language teaching textbooks;-or to establish systematic cultural framework-or to establish systematic cultural framework of your own.of your own.Attention:The two options are not contradictory.Attention:The two options are not contradictory.However,they can be reconciled.Howe
44、ver,they can be reconciled.PracticalityThe ultimate purpose for language learning is to The ultimate purpose for language learning is to communicate with the target people,hence it is communicate with the target people,hence it is natural to follow the principle of practicality natural to follow the
45、 principle of practicality during culture teaching.during culture teaching.Knowledge about target culture will have to be Knowledge about target culture will have to be connected with students communication to connected with students communication to make sense.For example,knowledge about make sense
46、.For example,knowledge about Shakespeares status in Englishmens hearts Shakespeares status in Englishmens hearts doesnt mean too much for a Chinese students doesnt mean too much for a Chinese students communication in Emunication in English.ModerationIn view of the fact that school students are less
47、 In view of the fact that school students are less comprehensive than adults,its not difficult to comprehensive than adults,its not difficult to understand why we recommend moderation as understand why we recommend moderation as one of the principles to follow during culture one of the principles to
48、 follow during culture teaching.teaching.No doubt there is amount of cultural knowledge No doubt there is amount of cultural knowledge out of students interest and comprehension.out of students interest and comprehension.Just dont go to the other extreme.Just dont go to the other extreme.For instanc
49、e,catch-22,a word of American style For instance,catch-22,a word of American style black black humourhumour with complicated background,with complicated background,meaning a paradoxical dilemma/antinomy,may meaning a paradoxical dilemma/antinomy,may not be appropriate for a teacher to make a not be
50、appropriate for a teacher to make a student comprehend and learn to use.student comprehend and learn to use.InteractionInteraction will be a helpful principle to help student develop communicative skills.Interaction may also cultivate students curiosity.When students get themselves involved,the lang