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1、关于英语语法独立主格结构讲解及习题第一页，本课件共有27页概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。第二页，本课件共有27页构成构成 名词名词(代词代词)/逻辑主语逻辑主语+现在分词、过去分词；现在分词、过去分词；Weather pe
2、rmitting,we will have a picnic tomorrow 名词名词(代词代词)/逻辑主语逻辑主语+形容词；形容词；The men moved slowly forward,neck deep in the water,with their officers guiding them 名词名词(代词代词)/逻辑主语逻辑主语+副词；副词；Nobody in,the thief took a lot of things away.There being+名词名词；there being nothing else to do,we went home 名词名词(代词代词)/逻辑主
3、语逻辑主语+不定式；不定式；She proposed a picnic,she herself to pay the railway tickets,and Mary to provide the food.名词名词(代词代词)/逻辑主语逻辑主语+介词短语介词短语；the teacher entered the classroom,book in hand It being+名词：名词：It being Xmas,the government office was closed 第三页，本课件共有27页一、一、独立主格的特点独立主格的特点 独立主格的特点独立主格的特点11独立主格结构的逻辑主语
4、语主句的主语不一致，她独立独立主格结构的逻辑主语语主句的主语不一致，她独立存在。存在。Leaves falling here and thereLeaves falling here and there,I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.树叶到处飘，我一下注意到已是深秋了。树叶到处飘，我一下注意到已是深秋了。(独立主格的主语是独立主格的主语是leaves,主句是主句是 I)Time permittingTime permitting,the restoration wo
5、rk could be done better.,the restoration work could be done better.时间允许的话，时间允许的话，回复工作可以做得更好。回复工作可以做得更好。(独立主格的主语是独立主格的主语是Time,主句是主句是the restoration work)22独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时置于独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时置于句中或句尾，用逗号将与主句其隔开句中或句尾，用逗号将与主句其隔开The plan successfully carried outThe plan successfully carried out,everything wo
6、rked out perfectly.,everything worked out perfectly.计划计划成功地完成了，一切进展顺利。成功地完成了，一切进展顺利。A number of officials followed the emperor,A number of officials followed the emperor,some to hold his robe,some to hold his robe,others to adjust his girdle,and so on.others to adjust his girdle,and so on.许多官员跟在皇帝后面
7、，有的拎着皇许多官员跟在皇帝后面，有的拎着皇帝的长袍，其他的则给他整理要带等。帝的长袍，其他的则给他整理要带等。第四页，本课件共有27页33独立主格结构中的独立主格结构中的being和和having been常可常可以省略以省略All the windows(being)openAll the windows(being)open,the air in the room is fresher.,the air in the room is fresher.所有的窗户所有的窗户开着，屋子里的空气更新鲜了。开着，屋子里的空气更新鲜了。All the tickets(having been)sold
8、 out,All the tickets(having been)sold out,we had to we had to wait for the next weekwait for the next weeks show.s show.所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等下周的演所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等下周的演出。出。44大多数独立主格结构可以用大多数独立主格结构可以用“with+宾语宾语+宾补宾补”结构代替。结构代替。He went of,gun in hand.He went of,gun in hand.他手里拿着枪出去了。他手里拿着枪出去了。(gun in hand可以用可以用wi
9、th a gun in his hand代替代替)The floor wet and The floor wet and slippery,we stayed outside.,we stayed outside.由于地板由于地板很湿很滑，我们呆在屋外。很湿很滑，我们呆在屋外。(The floor wet为无动词独立主格结构，可用为无动词独立主格结构，可用with the floor wet and slippery代替。代替。)第五页，本课件共有27页55独立主格有其特殊的使用场合，多用于书面，独立主格有其特殊的使用场合，多用于书面，尤其是描述性语言中，口语中不经常使用。尤其是描述性语言中，
10、口语中不经常使用。I Iris lay on the grassplot and her hands were crossed under her head.ris lay on the grassplot and her hands were crossed under her head.(口语口语)Iris lay on the grassplot,hands crossed under head.Iris lay on the grassplot,hands crossed under head.（书面）（书面）IrisIris头枕着手躺在草地上。头枕着手躺在草地上。The boy wa
11、s knocked over and blood streamed down his head.The boy was knocked over and blood streamed down his head.（口语）（口语）The boy The boy was knocked over,blood streaming down head.was knocked over,blood streaming down head.（书面）这个男孩被撞倒了，鲜血从（书面）这个男孩被撞倒了，鲜血从头上留下来。头上留下来。【注意注意】1.当独立主格结构中的当独立主格结构中的being done表示表示
12、“正在被做时正在被做时”，being不可以不可以被省略。被省略。2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it,there时，时，being不可以省略。不可以省略。第六页，本课件共有27页 独立主格结构的用独立主格结构的用法法 独立主格结构在句中往往做独立主格结构在句中往往做表表语，语，表时间、原因、条件、方式或表时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随状况。伴随状况。【注意注意】独立主格结构表示时间、条件或独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明
13、时，相当于一个并列句，状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。通常放于句末。第七页，本课件共有27页1.1.表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句The meal overThe meal over,we began to work again.,we began to work again.（=When the meal was over,we began to work again.）吃晚饭，我们又开始工作。吃晚饭，我们又开始工作。The homework donehe homework done,Jim decided to go and see the,
14、Jim decided to go and see the play.play.（=After the homework was done,Jim decided to go and see the play.）作业做完后，作业做完后，Jim决定去看戏决定去看戏2.2.表原因，相当一个于原因状语从句表原因，相当一个于原因状语从句Her shirt caught on a nailHer shirt caught on a nail,she could not move.,she could not move.（=Because her shirt was caught on a nail,）由
15、于他的衬衫挂在钉子上了，所）由于他的衬衫挂在钉子上了，所以她动不了。以她动不了。The window brokenhe window broken,the cold wind blew into,the cold wind blew into the room.the room.（=Because the window was broken,）由于窗户坏）由于窗户坏了，冷风吹进了这间房。了，冷风吹进了这间房。第八页，本课件共有27页3.3.表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句Weather permittingeather permitting,the football
16、 match will played on,the football match will played on Wednesday.Wednesday.（=If weather permits,）如果天气允许，足球比赛将在周）如果天气允许，足球比赛将在周三举行。三举行。The book written in simple Englishhe book written in simple English,it will be,it will be more popular.more popular.（=If the book is written in simple English,）如果这本）
17、如果这本书用简易英语写的，它会更畅销。书用简易英语写的，它会更畅销。4.4.表方式或伴随状语或补充说明表方式或伴随状语或补充说明She rushed into the room,he rushed into the room,a letter in her handa letter in her hand.（=,with a,with a letter in her handletter in her hand）她手里拿着封信冲了进来。她手里拿着封信冲了进来。Saddie sat alone,Saddie sat alone,head benthead bent.(=.(=,with his
18、head bent.)Saddie,with his head bent.)Saddie独自坐在那里，耷拉独自坐在那里，耷拉着脑袋着脑袋5.5.做定语，相当于一个定语从句做定语，相当于一个定语从句He was walking along the road without any street lights e was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.on its both sides.他走在一条他走在一条2便没有路灯的马路上便没有路灯的马路上第九页，本课件共有27页 非谓语动词独立主格结构。非
19、谓语动词独立主格结构。“名词或代词名词或代词+非谓语动词非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。1.不定式构成的独立主格结构不定式构成的独立主格结构往不定式构成的独立主格结构不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常作原因状语，有往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常作原因状语，有时做条件状语。时做条件状语。Lots of homework to doLots of homework to do,I have to
20、 stay home all have to stay home all day.day.由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。So many children to look afterSo many children to look after,the,the mother has to has to quit her job.quit her job.如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。辞掉她的工作。第十页，本课件共有27页2.动词动词+ing形式的独立主格结构动词形式的独立主格结构动词-ing形式的形式的句中作
21、状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就是不正确的。动词否则就是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在动词的主句的主语不一致时，就应在动词的-ing形式前形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结形式的独立主格结构，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的构，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作时逻辑主语发出动作执行者，分词表示的动作时逻辑主语发出的动作。的动作。We redoubled our efforts,each man working like
22、 two.我们加我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。The governor considering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。到他要通过的路上。The guide leading the way,we had no trouble getting out of the forest.在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。第十一页，本课件共有27页Thi
23、s done,we went home.做完这个，我们就回家了。做完这个，我们就回家了。All our savings gone,we started looking for jobs.积蓄用完后，我们都开积蓄用完后，我们都开始找工作。始找工作。More time and money given,we can finish the work in advance.如果如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完成这个工作。给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完成这个工作。3.过去分词形式的独立主格过去分词形式的独立主格结构过去分词形式的独立主格过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由是由“逻辑主语逻辑主语+过去分
24、词过去分词”构成。逻辑主语与动词之间为构成。逻辑主语与动词之间为动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一结构在句中作时间动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一结构在句中作时间状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。第十二页，本课件共有27页 其他形式的独立主格结构其他形式的独立主格结构1.逻辑主语逻辑主语+名词名词/形容词形容词/副词副词/介词短语介词短语A.A.逻辑主语逻辑主语+名词名词a.a.Many students joined in the Many students joined in the math competition,competition,
25、most of them children most of them children of no more than 10.of no more than 10.很多学生参加了这次数学竞赛，其中大多数人年仅很多学生参加了这次数学竞赛，其中大多数人年仅10岁岁。I I received many gifts,many gifts,many of them booksmany of them books.我收到很多书，其中很多事书籍我收到很多书，其中很多事书籍b.b.逻辑主语逻辑主语+形容词形容词This section of road slipperyThis section of road
26、slippery,every driver can never be too,every driver can never be too careful.careful.此路段很滑，所有司机都应小心谨慎。此路段很滑，所有司机都应小心谨慎。Arriving at the spot,they Arriving at the spot,they were all standing in surprise face to face,were all standing in surprise face to face,eyes wide openeyes wide open.一到一到现场，他们都面对面吃
27、惊的站着，眼睛瞪得大大的现场，他们都面对面吃惊的站着，眼睛瞪得大大的c.c.逻辑主语逻辑主语+副词副词Music overMusic over,all the audience stood up with fits of applause.,all the audience stood up with fits of applause.音乐一音乐一结束，所有的观众都站了起来报以热烈的掌声结束，所有的观众都站了起来报以热烈的掌声。Nobody inNobody in,I had to wait.had to wait.没人在，没人在，我只好等着我只好等着d.d.逻辑主语逻辑主语+介词短语介词短语
28、Many experts attended the conference,Many experts attended the conference,most of them from the most of them from the States.States.很多专家参加了此次会议，其中很多人来自美国很多专家参加了此次会议，其中很多人来自美国。The boy went off,The boy went off,a a pinwheel in his handpinwheel in his hand.小男孩手里拿着风车走了小男孩手里拿着风车走了第十三页，本课件共有27页B.With/ith/
29、without+宾宾+宾补宾补a.With/without+ith/without+名词名词/代词代词+形容词形容词 表原因或伴随表原因或伴随Hearing the tiger roaring,Hearing the tiger roaring,I felt frightened,felt frightened,with my face palewith my face pale.听到老虎的叫声，我的脸都吓白了听到老虎的叫声，我的脸都吓白了。With so many people presentWith so many people present,I felt nervous.felt ne
30、rvous.这么多人来到现场，我感到很紧张这么多人来到现场，我感到很紧张b.With/without+ith/without+名词名词/代词代词+副副 伴随伴随/原因原因/时间时间With all children abroad,With all children abroad,I at times feel very lonely.at times feel very lonely.我所有孩子都在国外，我所有孩子都在国外，我时不时觉得很孤独我时不时觉得很孤独。With With the exam over exam over,we had a long time to rest.,we ha
31、d a long time to rest.考完试，我们有有很长一考完试，我们有有很长一段时间休息段时间休息c.With/without+ith/without+名词名词/代词代词+介短介短 原因状语或定语原因状语或定语With the white skirt on youWith the white skirt on you,you look smarter.,you look smarter.穿上白色的裙子，你看上去更漂亮。穿上白色的裙子，你看上去更漂亮。The river with grass and flowers on both sides run through our The r
32、iver with grass and flowers on both sides run through our schoolyard.schoolyard.这条两岸都长满鲜花绿草的小河从我们校园里穿过这条两岸都长满鲜花绿草的小河从我们校园里穿过第十四页，本课件共有27页d.With/without+ith/without+名词名词/代词代词+不定式不定式 条件或原因条件或原因With the boy to lead the wayWith the boy to lead the way,we will find the cave easily.,we will find the cave
33、easily.有这个有这个男孩带路，我们很容易就能找到那个洞穴。男孩带路，我们很容易就能找到那个洞穴。With so much work to doWith so much work to do,I can cant spare a minute.t spare a minute.这个多活要干，我一这个多活要干，我一分钟都挤不出来分钟都挤不出来e.With/without+ith/without+名词名词/代词代词+doing 伴随或原因伴随或原因Without anyone noticingWithout anyone noticing,I stole into the room.stole
34、 into the room.没人看见，我悄悄没人看见，我悄悄地溜进了屋子地溜进了屋子。With so man With so man people speaking speaking,I couldn couldnt settle down to my work.t settle down to my work.这么多人说话，我无法安心工作这么多人说话，我无法安心工作f.With/without+ith/without+名词名词/代词代词+done 方式或原因方式或原因With the door shutWith the door shut,I spent the whole day pre
35、paring.spent the whole day preparing.光上门，我光上门，我准备了一整天。准备了一整天。With all my savings With all my savings used up up,I had to borrow.,I had to borrow.用完所有的钱，我现在得用完所有的钱，我现在得去借了去借了第十五页，本课件共有27页独立主格结构的区分及注意事项。独立主格结构的区分及注意事项。1.分词结构、独立主格结构作状语的注意事项。分词结构、独立主格结构作状语的注意事项。(1)(1)使用分词短语、独立主格结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意，它们使用分词短语、
36、独立主格结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意，它们与主句之间不应有从属连词与主句之间不应有从属连词(如如when,if,as soon as,as,while等等)或并列或并列连词连词(and,but,or等等)(2)(2)在使用独立主格结构、分词作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主在使用独立主格结构、分词作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。语同这些结构的逻辑关系。a.a.当句子主语语状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，当句子主语语状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，改状语可用分词或从句表示。改状语可用分词或从句表示。When we see from the top Wh
37、en we see from the top floor,we can find the garden more beautifulfloor,we can find the garden more beautifulSeeing Seeing from from the top of the floor,we can find the garden more top of the floor,we can find the garden more beautiful.beautiful.从顶楼上看，花园要漂亮得多。从顶楼上看，花园要漂亮得多。b.b.若句子主语语状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主
38、谓或动宾关系且若句子主语语状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自己的逻辑主语时，该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立状语内有自己的逻辑主语时，该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立主格结构或从句。主格结构或从句。If time permit,weIf time permit,wed better have a rest at d better have a rest at this weekend.this weekend.Time permitting,we,wed better have a rest at this d better have a rest at this week
39、end.weekend.时间允许的话，这周末我们最好休息一下。时间允许的话，这周末我们最好休息一下。第十六页，本课件共有27页(3)分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，也可能是主分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，也可能是主句的其他成分。句的其他成分。Looking for my watch in the room,it had taken me a long time.在屋里找手表花了我很长时间。在屋里找手表花了我很长时间。(4)有些分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语。有些分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语。When planting these flowers,care mus
40、t be taken not to damage the root.(我们我们)种花时种花时必须小心不要把根弄坏了。必须小心不要把根弄坏了。2.2.独立主格结构没有所有格形式。独立主格结构没有所有格形式。The chief editor arriving,we began the meeting.The chief editor arriving,we began the meeting.主编来了，我们开主编来了，我们开始开会。始开会。3.独立主格结构中，当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时，不及物动词用独立主格结构中，当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。现在分词，
41、及物动词用过去分词。He lay there,his teeth set,his fists clenched,his eyes He lay there,his teeth set,his fists clenched,his eyes looking looking straight up.up.他躺在那里，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视他躺在那里，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。上方。第十七页，本课件共有27页4.独立成分。独立成分。(1)(1)有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用语。有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用语。这些短语有：
42、这些短语有：generally speakinggenerally speaking一般来说，一般来说，frankly speaking坦白说，坦白说，strictly speaking严格来说，严格来说，talking of谈到，谈到，speaking of说到，说到，judging from由由判断，判断，taking all things into considerationtaking all things into consideration把一切考虑把一切考虑在内，在内，considering that考虑到，考虑到，allowing for考虑到考虑到,putting it mi
43、ldly说的说的温和些温和些Danny has too much homework considering that he is young.Danny has too much homework considering that he is young.考虑到考虑到Danny还小，他的作业也太多了还小，他的作业也太多了。(2)(2)有些固定短语是带有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有独立成分。这些短语有：to be honestto be honest老实说，老实说，to be sure确实，确实，to
44、tell you the truth说实话，说实话，to cut a long story short长话短说，长话短说，to be frank 坦率地说，坦率地说，to make matter/things worse更糟糕的是更糟糕的是To make things worse,many of the men have gone off to cities in To make things worse,many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay,leaving women from nearby villa
45、ges to search of higher pay,leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with carry on with the work.work.更糟的是，许多男人都到城市里找高薪的工作区更糟的是，许多男人都到城市里找高薪的工作区了，留下附近村庄的妇女积蓄承担修复工作了，留下附近村庄的妇女积蓄承担修复工作。第十八页，本课件共有27页5.5.独立主格结构的时态问题独立主格结构的时态问题 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在位于动作之前。动作发生在位于动作
46、之前。The listeners having taken their seats,the concert The listeners having taken their seats,the concert began.began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。Tome having been late over and over,his boss was Tome having been late over and over,his boss was very disappointed.Tomvery disappointed.Tom总是迟到，他的老板很失望。总是迟到
47、，他的老板很失望。第十九页，本课件共有27页四点注意四点注意1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。词。如：After class was over(=Class being over/Class over),the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。2.不能省略不能省略being(having been)的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结的
48、情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的构中的being（或（或having been）不能省略。）不能省略。(1)独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday,we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2)在There being+名词的结构中。如：There being no bus,we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。3.通常不用物主代词或冠词在通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+介词短语介词短语”构成的独立主构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。格结构
49、中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom,book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom,with a book in her hand.4.独立主格结构没有所有格形式独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving,we began the meeting.主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)第二十页，本课件共有27页1 1The thief stood before the po
50、licemanThe thief stood before the policeman，_ _ admitting what he had doneadmitting what he had done A Awith his drooping head Bwith his drooping head Bdrooping his head drooping his head C Craising his head Draising his head Dwith his head down with his head down 2 2_ _，he cant go out for a walk as