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1、186IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID,VOL.1,NO.2,SEPTEMBER 2010Next-Generation Monitoring,Analysis,and Controlfor the Future Smart Control CenterPei Zhang,Senior Member,IEEE,Fangxing Li,Senior Member,IEEE,and Navin Bhatt,Fellow,IEEEAbstractThispaperproposesavisionofnext-generationmoni-toring,analysis,a
2、ndcontrolfunctionsfortomorrowssmartpowersystem control centers.The paper first reviews the present con-trol center technology and then presents the vision of the next-generation monitoring,analysis,and control functions.The paperalso identifies the technology and infrastructure gaps that must befill
3、ed,and develops a roadmap to realize the proposed vision.Thissmart control center vision is expected to be a critical part of thefuture smart transmission grid.Index TermsPower system control,power system monitoring,power system operation,smart control center,smart grid.I.INTRODUCTIONPOWER SYSTEM op
4、erators need to operate the transmis-sion system under increasingly complex conditions.Theformulations of power markets and open access policies haveintroduced a variety of challenges in system operations.Re-newablegeneration,energystorage,demandresponse,andelec-tric vehicles introduce further compl
5、exity to system operation.The current monitoring,analysis,and control technology fortransmission networks may not be able to meet these increas-ingly diverse future challenges.Looking ahead,we can see thatenhancing the functionalities of system operation will be nec-essary to maintain and improve po
6、wer system reliability andpower quality.Energy research organizations have made considerableprogress in formulating and promoting a vision for of the futuresmart power grids 116.The IntelliGridSM program,initiated by the Electric PowerResearch Institute(EPRI),is creating the technical foundationfor
7、a smart power grid that links electricity with communica-tions and computer control to achieve tremendous gains in re-liability,capacity,and customer services 4,5.This programprovides methodologies,tools and recommendations for openstandards and requirement-based technologies with the imple-mentatio
8、n of advanced metering,distribution automation,de-mand response,and wide-area measurements.A key programManuscript received September 21,2009;revised May 10,2010;acceptedJune 07,2010.Date of publication July 26,2010;date of current version Au-gust 20,2010.The work of F.Li was supported in part by th
9、e National ScienceFoundation(NSF)under Grant CNS-0831466.Paper no.TSG-00004-2009.P.Zhang is with the Electric Power Research Institute(EPRI),Palo Alto,CA94304-1338 USA(e-mail:).F.LiiswiththeDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,University of Tennessee,Knoxville TN 37996 USA(e-mail:fli6
10、utk.edu).N.Bhatt,retired,was with American Electric Power(AEP),Columbus,OH43215-2372 USA(e-mail:Navin.bhattieee.org).Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available onlineat http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org.Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TSG.2010.2053855goal is to enable interop
11、erability among advanced technologiesof the the power system.TheSmartGridsprogram,setupbytheEuropeanTechnologyPlatform(ETP)in 2005,created a joint vision for the Europeannetworks for the year 2020 and beyond 6,7.The objectivefeatures identified for Europes electricity networks are flexi-bility to cu
12、stomers requests,accessibility to network users andrenewable power sources,reliability for security and quality ofpower supply,and economics to provide the best value and themost efficient energy management.A Smart Grid Task Force was established by the U.S.De-partment of Energy(DoE)under Title XIII
13、 of the Energy In-dependence and Security Act of 2007.In its Grid 2030 vision,the objective is to construct the 21st-century electric system toprovide abundant,affordable,clean,efficient,and reliable elec-tric power anytime,anywhere 1.The expected achievementsthrough smart grid development will not
14、merely enhance re-liability,efficiency,and security of the nations electric grid,but contribute to the climate change strategic goal of reducingcarbon emissions.There are also noteworthy research and development ac-tivities underway in both the industry and academia 816.References 8 and 9 present sm
15、art grids for future powerdelivery.Reference 10 discusses the integration issue in thesmart grid.Reference 11 presents interesting and promisingconcepts such as energy internet.Specific technologies such assmart metering infrastructure were presented in 12.A majority of above activities focus on dis
16、tribution and de-mand-side systems,while little focus is placed on transmissiongrids.Emerging technologies,such as the synchrophasor tech-nology,open up opportunities to improve monitoring,analysis,and control functions.In the last few years,several countrieshave installed phasor monitoring units(PM
17、Us)on their elec-trical systems.The following countries are reported to haveinstalled and integrated PMU for research or are developingprototypes 1728:Brazil 17,Baltic 18,China 19,20,France 21,Japan 22,Korea 23,Mexico 24,Norway 25,Scandinavia 26,and the United States 27,28.Most of theapplications im
18、plemented can be categorized into the followingareas.Monitoring:Visualization solutions improving operatordisplays and allowing detection of instabilities 2936.Analysis:event analysis,reliability awareness,and assess-ment 3742.Control:stability control,fault location,and adaptive re-laying 4354.Ther
19、e is a critical need to develop a clear vision of the powersystem operation of the future.Given that vision,we can create1949-3053/$26.00 2010 IEEEZHANG et al.:NEXT-GENERATION MONITORING,ANALYSIS,AND CONTROL FOR FUTURE SMART CONTROL CENTER187the alignment necessary to inspire passion,investment,andp
20、rogress toward an advanced grid for the 21st century.Toachieve the vision,we need a roadmap to integrate technolo-gies,to break down the barriers,and to develop and deploythe necessary technologies.Reference 60 is a recent effort indeveloping future smart transmission systems,including theoverall fr
21、amework and three components in the framework,namely substations,control centers,and transmission networks.This paper,as a companion of 60,discusses details relatedto the present status of the control centers and a vision androadmap towards the future smart control centers.In this paper,the present
22、technologies of monitoring,assess-ment,and control in power system control centers are brieflyreviewed in Section II.Then the main characteristics of thefuture smart transmission grid and the vision of the futuremonitoring,assessment and control functions are described inSection III.The discussion c
23、ompares the vision with the presenttechnologyandidentifiesthetechnologyandinfrastructuregapsthatmustbefilledtofullyimplementthefuturevision.Next,thepaper presents a roadmap towards the prospective monitoring,assessment and control technologies in future control centersin Section IV.The conclusions a
24、re presented in Section V.II.REVIEW OFPRESENTTECHNOLOGIESThere are three main functions in power system operation:monitoring,analysis,and control.If we use human system op-erators as a metaphor,the monitoring functions are the opera-tors eyes,the analysis functions are the operators brains,andthe co
25、ntrol functions are the operators hands.The present power system operation,especially monitoring,analysis,and control functions,were initially developed in the1960s.The technologies invented at that time have led to com-puterized one-line diagram visualization,state estimation,andcontingency analysi
26、s.The typical present technology of moni-toring,analysis,and control is briefly summarized here.The monitoringsystemis basedon rawdata oroutput fromstate estimation,which is subject to a considerable delay atthe scale of tens of seconds to minutes.It is usually basedon the local information of a con
27、trol area.Interaction withneighboring systems is limited.Computer-aided visualiza-tions are available,but only in one-line diagrams withoutcustomization.Thesecurityassessmentisbasedoncontingencyscreening,which is essentially a steady-state power flowanalysis.Voltage stability analysis is simulation-
28、based,which depends on the accuracy of the models and theperformance of the state estimator.The protection and control system is mostly based on localinformation.Some recent work considering global impactusing special protection schemes(SPS)is based on offlinestudies to adjust control strategies.In
29、general,the coordi-nation of different protection and control systems is lim-ited.The process of system restoration is mainly baseduponoperatorsexperienceandresultsfromofflinestudies.As shown in Fig.1,the current system operation at controlcentersisreactive.Operatorseyesarereadingtherawdata,withlimi
30、ted informationprovidedto thebrains.The brainsare tryingFig.1.Current control center and its functions.Fig.2.Future control center and its infrastructure and functions.to comprehend the current situation,generally based on past ex-perience and preliminary assumptions.Such limited function-ality may
31、not be adequate to meet the needs of an increasinglycomplex and stressed power grid.The growth of new energy resources,the emerging transmis-sion and substation technologies,and advances in communi-cation and computing infrastructures 5559 require powersystem engineers to re-think how to perform rea
32、l-time moni-toring,analysis,and control.III.VISION OFNEXT-GENERATIONMONITORING,ASSESSMENTANDCONTROL FORFUTURECONTROLCENTERSWe propose a vision to design and develop the next-genera-tion monitoring,analysis,and control technologies to move theindustry towards a smarter transmission grid.As shown in F
33、ig.2,the vision for future control centers,alsoreferred to as smart control centers,can be a critical part of theoverall framework of the future smart grid.This vision has thefollowing five key characteristics:human-centered;comprehensive;proactive;coordinated;self-healing.A.Human-Centered Online Mo
34、nitoringHuman-centered is the key characteristic of the next-genera-tion monitoring functions in the future smart control centers.In188IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID,VOL.1,NO.2,SEPTEMBER 2010thiscontext,human-centeredhastwomeanings:information-di-rected and customized.1)From Data-Intensive to Infor
35、mation-Directed:The next-generation monitoring functions shall provide operators usefulinformation rather than raw data.With more and more deploy-ment of monitoring devices(e.g.,equipment health sensors andPMUs),we now have more data available to help system opera-tors monitor the power system condi
36、tion in real time.However,moredatadoesnotnecessarilymeanmoreinformation.Weneedto transform the huge volume of data into useful information.It is the operators responsibility to define what information isneeded.For example,the protection system at substations can recorddisturbanceevents.Ratherthanpro
37、vidingsystemoperatorswiththeentirevolumeofrecordeddata,informationonspecifictypesoffaultscanbeprovidedtosystemoperators.Providingsuchin-formation would savea great amount of time for operators.Thisinformation can be further utilized in dynamic security assess-ment to help system operators analyze sy
38、stem stability issuesand develop optimal remedial strategies.As more and more sensors are deployed at substations andtransmission lines,the sensor data can be analyzed for onlinedetermination of equipment health rather than sending thesensor data to system operators.Providing system operatorswith th
39、e potential component failure information can helpthem foresee the system problem and develop a proactivemitigation plan.2)From Limited Customization to More Flexibility:Sincethe informationis presented to system operatorswhoare humanbeings,the monitoring functions shall employ advanced visual-izati
40、on techniques with the goal of helping each operator to di-gest information quickly.We need to recognize that each operator is unique andhas his/her own preference for digesting the information.The present monitoring technology in control centers adoptsstandard humanmachine interface and does not of
41、fer muchflexibility for customization.The next-generation monitoringfunctions shall offer customization capabilities so that indi-vidual operators can easily configure the humanmachineinterface based on their visualization preference.With theapplication of the customized monitoring functions,systemo
42、perators will be more effective in understanding the currentoperating conditions,identifying abnormal operating condi-tions,foreseeing potential problems in the near future,and soon.In summary,the human-centered monitoring functions canhelp system operators improve real-time situational awareness.B.
43、Comprehensive and Proactive Online AnalysisComprehensive and proactive are the two key characteristicsof the next-generation online analysis functions.In this context,comprehensive has a twofold meaning.i)The next-generation online analysis functions shall helpsystem operators determine“comprehensiv
44、e”operatingboundaries in real time.Comprehensive operating bound-ariesincludeboththermallimitsandstability(voltagesta-bility and transient stability)limits.ii)The next-generation online analysis functions shall applya“comprehensive”approach to help system operators de-termine the operating boundarie
45、s.“Comprehensive ap-proach”means combination of a simulation-based ap-proach and a measurement-based approach.1)Combine Steady-State Security Assessment With DynamicSecurity Assessment:At present,online analysis at control cen-ters typically performs steady-state contingency analysis.Eachcrediblecon
46、tingencyeventisanalyzedusingpowerflowstudies.The thermal and voltage violations are then identified.The future control centers shall carry out both steady-stateand dynamic security assessment in real time to help systemoperators determine the comprehensive operating boundaries.The comprehensive oper
47、ating boundaries include thermallimits,voltage stability limits,small-signal stability limits,andtransient stability limits.2)Combine Simulation-Based Analysis With Measurement-Based Analysis:The next-generation online analysis functionsshall apply a comprehensive set of approaches to help systemope
48、rators calculate the operating boundaries.A comprehensiveset of approaches includes both simulation-based approachesand measurement-based approaches.The accuracy of simulation-based analysis fully depends onthe accuracy of modeling the generation,load,and transmissionfacilities.Uncertainties in thes
49、e factors can reduce the accuracyof results of simulation-based approach.Inaccurate results maylead operators to make incorrect decisions.Moreover,the sim-ulation-based approach also relies on the state estimator to pro-vide steady-state solution for further analysis.In extreme oper-ating conditions
50、 when the state estimator fails to converge,thesimulation-based approach also fails to help operators developthe mitigation plans to handle the problems.The wide implementation of disturbance monitoring tech-nologies,such as PMUs,opens the door to new opportunitiesfor measurement-based analysis.The