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1、会计学1托福阅读专题托福阅读专题(zhunt)插入题插入题第一页，共21页。Introduction1.1.设置设置(shzh)(shzh)在文章的倒数第二题在文章的倒数第二题2.2.出题会确保不会因为这个缺失的句子而影响到全出题会确保不会因为这个缺失的句子而影响到全文的大意，缺少的这个句子是可有可无的文的大意，缺少的这个句子是可有可无的3.3.出题原理：指代线索出题原理：指代线索/逻辑线索逻辑线索/组织结构和语义组织结构和语义线索线索第2页/共21页第二页，共21页。Tipsvv做句子做句子(j zi)(j zi)插入题必须先读句子插入题必须先读句子(j zi)(j zi)而非先而非先读段落
2、读段落vv找线索词并积极对插入句上下文做预测找线索词并积极对插入句上下文做预测 vv vv从第一个小黑方块前一句话开始读，逐一代入进行从第一个小黑方块前一句话开始读，逐一代入进行验证验证 vv vv插入句必须满足前后两条线索，先前再后。（先用插入句必须满足前后两条线索，先前再后。（先用前线索再看后线索）前线索再看后线索）第3页/共21页第三页，共21页。n nSome companies in the power industry are aware of this Some companies in the power industry are aware of this wider pos
3、sibility and are planning sizable wind-farm projects wider possibility and are planning sizable wind-farm projects in states other than California.in states other than California.n n有些有些(yuxi)(yuxi)能源行业的公司意识到了这个更大的可能能源行业的公司意识到了这个更大的可能性，正在计划在美国除了加州以外的州建立大型的风力性，正在计划在美国除了加州以外的州建立大型的风力发电站项目。发电站项目。Since
4、1980,the use of wind to produce electricity has been growing rapidly.In 1994 there were nearly 20,000 wind turbines worldwide,most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3,000 megawatts of electricity.Most were in Denmark(which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind tur
5、bines)and California(where 17,000 machines produced 1 percent of the states electricity,enough to meet the residential needs of a city as large as San Francisco).In principle,all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three statesNorth Dakota,
6、South Dakota,and Texas.第4页/共21页第四页，共21页。Clue 1指代指代(zh di)关系关系n n指代词指代词(dic)(dic)（the,this,these,theirthe,this,these,their，such,such,another,other,they,itanother,other,they,it）必然有所指代）必然有所指代n n指代词指代词(dic)(dic)后边若有名词短语，则向前寻找名词短语后边若有名词短语，则向前寻找名词短语的同义改写，指代词的同义改写，指代词(dic)(dic)必然有所指代必然有所指代n n小黑方块附近出现指代词小黑方
7、块附近出现指代词(dic)(dic)，则注意是否有所指代，则注意是否有所指代，若无指代，插入句往往放在代词若无指代，插入句往往放在代词(dic)(dic)前的方块前的方块n n插入句中出现插入语或从句，重点读主干插入句中出现插入语或从句，重点读主干n n定冠词定冠词the the 用于重复上文提到的事物用于重复上文提到的事物第5页/共21页第五页，共21页。n nWhat do you remember about your life before you were What do you remember about your life before you were three?Few p
8、eople can remember anything that three?Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early yearshappened to them in their early yearsAdults Adults memories of the next few years also tend to be scantymemories of the next few years also tend to be scantyMost people remember only a f
9、ew events-usually ones Most people remember only a few events-usually ones that were meaningful and distinctivethat were meaningful and distinctive，such as being such as being hospitalized or a siblings birth.hospitalized or a siblings birth.n nLook at the four squares that indicate where the Look a
10、t the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.following sentence could be added to the passage.n nOther important occasions are school Other important occasions are school graduations and weddings.graduations and weddings.第6页/共21页第六页，共21页。n n Cases in wh
11、ich many species become extinct within a Cases in which many species become extinct within a geologically short interval of time are called mass extinctions.geologically short interval of time are called mass extinctions.There was There was one such event at the end of the Cretaceous period one such
12、 event at the end of the Cretaceous period(around 70 million years ago).There was another,even larger,(around 70 million years ago).There was another,even larger,mass extinction at the end of the Permian period(around 250 mass extinction at the end of the Permian period(around 250 million years ago)
13、.The Permian event has attracted much less million years ago).The Permian event has attracted much less attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that time.species perished at that time.n nLook
14、at the four squares that indicate where the following Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.sentence could be added to the passage.n nIn general,it is believed that these two extinctions resulted from In general,it is believed that these tw
15、o extinctions resulted from drastic environmental changes that followed meteorite impacts drastic environmental changes that followed meteorite impacts or massive volcanic eruptions.or massive volcanic eruptions.第7页/共21页第七页，共21页。n nAccordingly,France set out to overcome Britain by extending its Acco
16、rdingly,France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow to Lisbon,from Jutland to Calabria.military domination from Moscow to Lisbon,from Jutland to Calabria.All of this entailed tremendous risk,because France did not have the All of this entailed tremendous risk,
17、because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.French strategists calculated that a navy and maintain order at home.French strategists cal
18、culated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy.This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britains navy.This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britains superior sea skills
19、and technology,and also because Britain would be superior sea skills and technology,and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war,allowing it to win with fewer forces.fighting a defensive war,allowing it to win with fewer forces.n nSuch a force would give France a three-to-two advantage
20、 Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain.over Britain.第8页/共21页第八页，共21页。n nSeveral factors affect tidal ranges,including abrupt changes in Several factors affect tidal ranges,including abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure or prolonged periods of extreme high or low atmo
21、spheric pressure or prolonged periods of extreme high or low pressure.They are also influenced by the density and volume of pressure.They are also influenced by the density and volume of seawater,variations in ocean-current velocities,earthquakes,and the seawater,variations in ocean-current velociti
22、es,earthquakes,and the growing or shrinking of the worlds glaciers.In fact,any of these growing or shrinking of the worlds glaciers.In fact,any of these factors alone can alter sea level.The greater and more rapid the factors alone can alter sea level.The greater and more rapid the change of water l
23、evel,the greater the erosive effect of the tidal change of water level,the greater the erosive effect of the tidal action,and thus in the amount of material transported and deposited action,and thus in the amount of material transported and deposited on the shore.on the shore.n nStorm surges,such as
24、 the heaping up of ocean water by Storm surges,such as the heaping up of ocean water by hurricane winds,are yet another factor.hurricane winds,are yet another factor.第9页/共21页第九页，共21页。n nWe all know that many more people today are right-handed than We all know that many more people today are right-ha
25、nded than left-handed.Can one trace this same pattern far back in left-handed.Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory?Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-prehistory?Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in r
26、ock hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere,and in many Ice Age caves shelters in Australia and elsewhere,and in many Ice Age caves in France,Spain,and Tasmania.When a left hand has been in France,Spain,and Tasmania.When a left hand has been st
27、enciled,this implies that the artist was right-handed,and vice stenciled,this implies that the artist was right-handed,and vice versa.Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth,versa.Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth,one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the op
28、eration.one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation.One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downwarda left hand stenciled palm upward might of palm downwarda left hand stenciled palm upward m
29、ight of course look as if it were a right hand.Of 158 stencils in the course look as if it were a right hand.Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas,136 have been identified as left,and French cave of Gargas,136 have been identified as left,and only 22 as right;right-handedness was therefore he
30、avily only 22 as right;right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.predominant.n nThe stencils of hands found in these shelters and caves allow us to The stencils of hands found in these shelters and caves allow us to draw conclusions about which hand was dominant.draw conclusions about which
31、 hand was dominant.第10页/共21页第十页，共21页。Clue 2逻辑关系逻辑关系n n常见逻辑关系：并列常见逻辑关系：并列(bngli)(bngli)、递进、转折、因果、比较、递进、转折、因果、比较n n并列并列(bngli)(bngli)递进：递进：furthermore,also,as well,too,in addition,furthermore,also,as well,too,in addition,moreover,besides,even,additionally,first,second,third.,not only.moreover,besides,
32、even,additionally,first,second,third.,not only.but alsobut alson n转折：转折：although,conversely,however,instead,nevertheless,on the although,conversely,however,instead,nevertheless,on the other hand,unlike,whereas,whileother hand,unlike,whereas,whilen n因果：因果：therefore,so,as a result,consequently,accordi
33、ngly,thus,hencetherefore,so,as a result,consequently,accordingly,thus,hencen n比较：比较：in contrast,on the contrary in contrast,on the contrary第11页/共21页第十一页，共21页。Clue 2逻辑关系逻辑关系n n插入句或黑方块附近出现转折对比标识词时：转折句中的主语前边可能提到插入句或黑方块附近出现转折对比标识词时：转折句中的主语前边可能提到过过n n n n插入句或黑方块附近出现表示原因结果插入句或黑方块附近出现表示原因结果/总结结论总结结论(jiln)(
34、jiln)标识词时：排除标识词时：排除段首位置，注意因果逻辑关系段首位置，注意因果逻辑关系/总结结论总结结论(jiln)(jiln)句中的元素，必与上一句句中的元素，必与上一句有所对应有所对应 第12页/共21页第十二页，共21页。n nThe reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies.Many have been attempting to conserve
35、water by irrigating varies.Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water.less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water.Other,however,have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use Other,however,have a
36、dopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton.The incentive of concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton.The ince
37、ntive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water,and in the process a
38、re drawing down the entire amounts of water,and in the process are drawing down the entire regions water supplies.In the face of the upcoming water regions water supplies.In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis,a number of grandiose schemes have been developed supply crisis,a number of grand
39、iose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi,the Missouri,or the Arkansas rivers.Unfortunately,Mississippi,the Missouri,or the Arkansas rivers.Unfortunately,the cos
40、t of water obtained through any of these schemes would the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold,making the cost of irrigated increase pumping costs at least tenfold,making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompe
41、titive on the national agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets.and international markets.n nBut even if uncooperative farmers were to join in the But even if uncooperative farmers were to join in the conservation efforts,this would only delay the
42、 depletion of the conservation efforts,this would only delay the depletion of the aquifer.aquifer.第13页/共21页第十三页，共21页。n n The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals.The The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals.The paintings rest on bare walls,with no backdrops or environmental paintings
43、 rest on bare walls,with no backdrops or environmental trappings.Perhaps,like many contemporary peoples,Upper trappings.Perhaps,like many contemporary peoples,Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cau
44、se death of injury,and if that were human image could cause death of injury,and if that were indeed their belief,it might explain why human figures are indeed their belief,it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.Another explanation for the focus on rarely depicted in cave
45、art.Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting.This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the at hunting.This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the pai
46、nted figures,perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.painted figures,perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings,it is difficult to explain why only a f
47、ew show for the paintings,it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared.Perhaps the paintings were signs of having been speared.Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals.Cave art inspired by the need to increase the supply of anim
48、als.Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period,when the herds of game were decreasing.Paleolithic period,when the herds of game were decreasing.n nTherefore,if the paintings were connected with hunting
49、,Therefore,if the paintings were connected with hunting,some other explanation is needed.some other explanation is needed.第14页/共21页第十四页，共21页。Clue 3结构结构(jigu)关系关系n n西方人的思维西方人的思维n n 总分结构来论证观点总分结构来论证观点n n总分结构总分结构本质本质(bnzh)(bnzh)：先论点，后论证：先论点，后论证 第15页/共21页第十五页，共21页。n nFantasy is one of the more common te
50、chniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience.Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy young audience.Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to in