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1、一、句子成分 一.句子成分 现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：除 主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）之外还有 表语（predicative）（同位语）。许国璋英语中划句子成分的符号 主语 在下面划一直线 谓语 在下面划曲线 宾语 在下面划双横线 定语 在下面划虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，钉 谐音为“定语”的“定”）状语 下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像
2、是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）同位语 上下双曲线，（虽都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）1.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。可由 1.名词、2.代词、3.数词、4.名词化的形容词（如 the rich）5.不定式、6.动名词、7.主语从句等表示。练习 1.在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当 1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the stude
3、nts in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.9.That he isnt at home is not true 2.谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主
4、语所作的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers every day.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all da
5、y.（2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.考点1.在一般现在时中要注意动词第三人称单数 当主语是复数时（不止一个人），后面用动词原形。当主语是一个人，并且不是 I 和 you，谓语要用第三人称单数，也就是在后面加-s,-es 1.We/You(你们)/They _(go)to school every day.2.Tom and Mike _(go)to school every day.3.His children _(go)to school every day.4.Tom _(
6、go)to school every day.5.My brother _(go)to school every day.6.Your sister _(go)to school every day.7.Their son _(go)to school every day.8.He/She _(go)to school every day.考点2.谓语中要有动词，因此形容词前面要加上系动词才能作谓语。如：Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.Our school is very beautiful and we like it v
7、ery much.The food delicious and I ate a lot.The food was delicious and I ate a lot.考点3.在复合谓语中，情态动词和助动词,如：will,shall,would,should,can,may must,could,might,还有 had to,had better,used to,would rather等，都没有人称和数的变化，后面用动词原形。She might stayed at home.She might stay at home.He must comes.He must come.考点4.进行时是
8、be+doing,不要把 be 遗忘了 It raining heavily.It was raining heavily.They planting trees on the farm.They were planting trees on the farm.3.表语：表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。划出下列句中的表语,并说明有什么充当。1)Our teacher of English is
9、an American.2)Is it yours 3)The weather has turned cold.4)The speech is exciting.5)Three times seven is twenty one 6)His job is to teach English.7)His hobby（爱好）is playing football.8)The machine must be under repairs.9)The truth is that he has never been abroad.4.宾语：宾语由名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词
10、后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介词结构,划出下列句中的宾语,并说明有什么充当。1)They planed many trees yesterday.2)The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3)(How many dictionaries do you have)I have five.4)They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5)I wanted to buy a car.6)I enjoy listening to popula
11、r music.7)I think（that）he is fit for his office.5.宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make 等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。用 线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1)His father named him Dongming.2)They painted thei
12、r boat white.3)Let the fresh air in.4)You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5)We saw her entering the room.6)We found everything in the lab in good order.7)We will soon make our city what your city is now.8)I want your homework done on time.6.主补：对主语的补充。（含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He
13、 was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.7.定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。考点1.若修饰 some,any,every,no 构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）,定语通常置后。I have something important to tell you.(important 修饰 something,却放在后面)There
14、 is nothing interesting in the book.（interesting 修饰 nothing）考点2.副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。People there are very friendly.(那儿的人们)He went up to a policeman downstairs.（楼下的警察）考点3.单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后 The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）The shop closest to my hou
15、se is about one kilometer away.（距我家最近的那个商店）考点4.介词短语作定语时要后置 The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）考点5.名词作定语一般用单数，但当woman,man作定语且后面名词为复数时，woman man 也要用复数 boy students,apple trees,men doctors,women nurses 考点6.动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置 （参看 P104 非谓语 作定语部分
16、）I have something to say.(直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）考点7.动名词、现在分词作定语时的区别(参看 P106 非谓语部分)This is a swimming pool.(动名词作定语，表功能)The sleeping boy is only five.（现在分词作定语，表正在进行）考点8.Else,别的，其它的，通常放在不定代词和疑问词后作后置定语 Who else do
17、 you know Somebody else might have taken it away.You can see these signs in a hospital._ can you see them？A.Where else B.Where place else C.Where else place D.Else where 考点9.enough 修饰名词可前置或后置,enough 修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。Nearby可作形容词、副词，因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置 1)I havent got enough money.I cant afford it.（形容词作定语）2)W
18、e have time enough to do the work.（形容词短语作定语）3)You cant be careful enough.(副词作状语)3)If you are in trouble,ask a policeman nearby for help.（副词作定语）=If you are in trouble,ask a nearby policeman for help.（形容词作定语）用 划出下列句中的定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的 1.Tom is a handsome boy.2.His boy needs Toms pen.3.The boy in blue
19、is Tom.4.The boy needs a ball pen.5.The boy there needs a pen.6.The boy to write this letter needs a pen.7.There is nothing to do today.8.The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.9.There are five boys left.10.The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.11.The boy you will
20、 know is Tom.12.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.13.He is reading an article about how to learn English.14.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.15.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.16.There are thirty women teachers in our school.8.状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个
21、句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。可由以下形式表示：He writes carefully.He walks slowly.(写地认真，走地慢，修饰动词用副词)This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词 slowly,因此 very 是副词）Unfortunately,he lost all of his money.（修饰整个句子用副词）考点1.形容词、副词的选择 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子用副词，作状语 作定语、表语和补语时一般用形容词 可简单的归结为：形修名，
22、作表、定；副作状，修饰 副、形 动 He is careful.（作表语，用形容词）He is a careful boy.（作定语，用形容词）考点2.几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是：方式地点时间。如：We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.考点3.频度副词如 often、always、usually等在 be 及助动词动词后,行为动词前。He is often late.He is always helping
23、 others.He often came late.考点4.副词按意义分类 在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步 一.方式副词 suddenly 突然地 rapidly 迅速地 warmly 热烈地 successfully 成功地 quickly 很快地 carefully 仔细地 proudly 骄傲地 angrily 愤怒地 二.地点、方向副词 here 这里 there 那里 outside 在外 inside 在内 away 远离 s
24、traight 径直地 upstairs 上楼 backwards 向后 三.时间副词 now 现在 then 当时 soon 不久 still 依然 tomorrow 在明天 yesterday 在昨天 already 已经 yet仍 四.频度副词（又称：频率副词）always 总是 usually 通常 frequently 频繁地 often 经常 sometimes 有时 seldom 很少，不常 rarely 罕有地 never 从不 五.程度副词 very 非常 quite 十分 too 太 pretty 相当 rather 稍 极端地 almost 几乎 nearly 几乎 练习
25、：指出下列划线部分属于什么状语 1.How about meeting again at six 2.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.3.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.4.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.5.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,I must work hard
26、er.7.To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.8.The boy needs a pen very much.9.The boy really needs a pen.10.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.11.She works very hard though she is old.12.I am taller than he is.13.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.14.On Sund
27、ays,there is no student in the classroom.15.Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.9.同位语 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard./(students 是 we 的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students./(all 是 we 的同位语，都指同样的我们）Its good to us students.1 The young man,_,works in the o
28、ffice.A.me brother B.my brother C.my brothers D.me 2.Our English teacher,_ often helps us with study.A.Mrs.Wang B.Mrs.Wangs C.Mrs.Wangs.D.of him 3._,some railway workers,are busy repairing the train.A.Them B.He C.They D.Theirs 答案：1)Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2)Is it yours（代词）3)The wea
29、ther has turned cold.（形容词）4)The speech is exciting.（分词）5)Three times seven is twenty one（数词）6)His job is to teach English.（不定式）7)His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）8)The machine must be under repairs.（介词短语）9)The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）答案：1)They planed many trees yesterday.（名
30、词）2)The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）3)(How many dictionaries do you have)I have five.（数词）4)They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）5)I wanted to buy a car.（不定式短语）6)I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）7)I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句
31、）答案：1)His father named him Dongming.（名词）2)They painted their boat white.（形容词）3)Let the fresh air in.（副词）4)You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）5)We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）6)We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）7)We will soon make our city what your city is now.
32、（从句）8)I want your homework done on time.(过去分词短语)答案：1.Tom is a handsome boy.（形容词作定语）2.His boy needs Toms pen.(His物主代词 Toms 名词所有格,作定语：)3.The boy in blue is Tom.(介词短语作后置定语)4.The boy needs a ball pen.（名词作定语）5.The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。副词作后置定语）6.The boy to write this letter needs a pen.（要写这封
33、信的男孩需要一支钢笔。不定式作定语）7.There is nothing to do today.（不定式 to do作 nothing的定语）8.The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.（那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。现在分词 smiling 作定语,后面过去分词短语作定语）9.There are five boys left.（有五个留下的男孩，数词和过去分词）10.The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.（那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的
34、钢笔。定语从句）11.The boy you will know is Tom.（你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。定语从句）12.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词，介词短语）13.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（关于如何学英语的文章，介词短语作后置定语）14.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（进教室的第一个，不定式短语作后置定语）15.His rapid progress i
35、n English made us surprised.（他在英语方面的快速进步，物主代词、形容词作定语，介词短语作后置定语）16.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（数词、名词作定语）答案：1.（时间状语）2.（地点状语）3.（原因状语）4.（方式状语）5.（伴随状语）6.（目的状语）7.（目的状语）8.（程度状语）9.（程度状语）10.（结果状语）11.（让步状语）12.（比较状语）13.（条件状语）14.(时间状语，地点状语)15.（原因状语）(答案：B,A,C)答案：1.During the 1990s,American cou
36、ntry music has become more and more popular.（名词）2.We often speak English in class.（代词）3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）5.Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）6.The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）7.When we are going to have an
37、 English test has not been decided.（主语从句）8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）9.That he isnt at home is not true.(主语从句，that 不能省略)答案：1）do 改为 doing,用动名词作主语。2）去掉 that,what 本身都有连接作用。3）在 he 前加 That,主语从句中 that 不能省。也可改为 His coming late,用动名词的复合结构作主语。4）is 改为 are,介词短语不能作主语，本句是倒装句。答案：1-3，go 4-8,goes