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1、.APA Citation Style APA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in a research paper.APA style requires both in-text citations and a reference list.For every in-text citation there should be a full citation
2、in the reference list and vice versa.The examples of APA styles and formats listed on this page include many of the most common types of sources used in academic research.For additional examples and more detailed information about APA citation style,refer to the Publication Manual of the American Ps
3、ychological Association and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References.Also,for automatic generation of citations in appropriate citation style,use a bibliographic citation management program such as Refworks or EndNote.You can find more information on this in our Citation Management page.Referenc
4、e Citations in Text In APA style,in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited.Examples:Works by a single author The last name of the author and the year of publication are inserte
5、d in the text at the appropriate point.from theory on bounded rationality(Simon,1945)If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative,cite only missing information in parentheses.Simon(1945)posited that Works by multiple authors When a work has two authors,always cite both names
6、 every time the reference occurs in the text.In parenthetical material join the names with an ampersand(&).as has been shown(Leiter&Maslach,1998)In the narrative text,join the names with the word and.as Leiter and Maslach(1998)demonstrated When a work has three,four,or five authors,cite all authors
7、the first time the reference occurs.Kahneman,Knetsch,and Thaler(1991)found In all subsequent citations per paragraph,include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.(Latin for and others)and the year of publication.Kahneman et al.(1991)found Works by associations,corporations,governme
8、nt agencies,etc.The names of groups that serve as authors(corporate authors)are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference.(National Institute of Mental Health NIMH,2007)When appropriate,the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in
9、all subsequent citations.The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the Reference List without difficulty.(NIMH,2007)Works with no author When a work has no author,use the first two or three words of the
10、works title(omitting any initial articles)as your text reference,capitalizing each word.Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article,chapter of a book,or Web page.Italicize the title if it refers to a book,periodical,brochure,or report.on climate change(Climate and Weather,1997)Guid
11、e to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (1981)Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date.on climate change(Anonymous,2008)Specific parts of a source To cite a specific part of a source(always necessary for quotations),include the page,chapter,etc.(with appropriate
12、 abbreviations)in the in-text citation.(Stigter&Das,1981,p.96)De Waal(1996)overstated the case when he asserted that we seem to be reaching.from the hands of philosophers(p.218).If page numbers are not included in electronic sources(such as Web-based journals),provide the paragraph number preceded b
13、y the abbreviation para.or the heading and following paragraph.(Mnnich&Spiering,2008,para.9)Reference List References cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a Reference List or bibliography.This list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source.Order:Entries
14、should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors last names.Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.Authors:Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work.Use an ampersand(&)instead of the word and when listing multiple authors
15、of a single work.e.g.Smith,J.D.,&Jones,M.Titles:Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle,and any proper names that are part of a title.Pagination:Use the abbreviation p.or pp.to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers,especially newspapers.Thes
16、e abbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.Indentation*:The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin,and all subsequent lines are indented(5 to 7 spaces)to form a hanging indent.Underlining vs.Italics*:It is appropriate to us
17、e italics instead of underlining for titles of books and journals.Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online.Internet Address*:A stable Internet address should be included and should direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work.If the work has a di
18、gital object identifier(DOI),use this.If there is no DOI or similar handle,use a stable URL.If the URL is not stable,as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-based databases,use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from.Date:If the work is a finalized version pub
19、lished and dated,as in the case of a journal article,the date within the main body of the citation is enough.However,if the work is not dated and/or is subject to change,as in the case of an online encyclopedia article,include the date that you retrieved the information.*The APA has special formatti
20、ng standards for the use of indentation and italics in manuscripts or papers that will be typeset or submitted for official publication.For more detailed information on these publication standards,refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association,or consult with your instruct
21、ors or editors to determine their style preferences.*See the APA Style Guide to Electronic References for information on how to format URLs that take up more than one line.Examples:Articles in journals,magazines,and newspapers References to periodical articles must include the following elements:aut
22、hor(s),date of publication,article title,journal title,volume number,issue number(if applicable),and page numbers.Journal article,one author,accessed online Ku,G.(2008).Learning to de-escalate:The effects of regret in escalation of commitment.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,105(
23、2),221-232.doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002 Journal article,two authors,accessed online Sanchez,D.,&King-Toler,E.(2007).Addressing disparities consultation and outreach strategies for university settings.Consulting Psychology Journal:Practice and Research,59(4),286-295.doi:10.1037/1065-9293.59.4.286
24、Journal article,more than two authors,accessed online .Van Vugt,M.,Hogan,R.,&Kaiser,R.B.(2008).Leadership,followership,and evolution:Some lessons from the past.American Psychologist,63(3),182-196.doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182 Article from an Internet-only journal Hirtle,P.B.(2008,July-August).Copyr
25、ight renewal,copyright restoration,and the difficulty of determining copyright status.D-Lib Magazine,14(7/8).doi:10.1045/july2008-hirtle Journal article from a subscription database(no DOI)Colvin,G.(2008,July 21).Information worth billions.Fortune,158(2),73-79.Retrieved from Business Source Complete
26、,EBSCO.Retrieved from Magazine article,in print Kluger,J.(2008,January 28).Why we love.Time,171(4),54-60.Newspaper article,no author,in print As prices surge,Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel.(2008,May 5).The Wall Street Journal,p.A9.Newspaper article,multiple authors,discontinuous pages,in pr
27、int .Delaney,K.J.,Karnitschnig,M.,&Guth,R.A.(2008,May 5).Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo,reassesses its online options.The Wall Street Journal,pp.A1,A12.Books References to an entire book must include the following elements:author(s)or editor(s),date of publication,title,place of publication,and the
28、 name of the publisher.No Author or editor,in print Merriam-Websters collegiate dictionary(11th ed.).(2003).Springfield,MA:Merriam-Webster.One author,in print Kidder,T.(1981).The soul of a new machine.Boston,MA:Little,Brown&Company.Two authors,in print Frank,R.H.,&Bernanke,B.(2007).Principles of mac
29、ro-economics(3rd ed.).Boston,MA:McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Corporate author,author as publisher,accessed online Australian Bureau of Statistics.(2000).Tasmanian year book 2000(No.1301.6).Canberra,Australian Capital Territory:Author.Retrieved from.$Edited book.Gibbs,J.T.,&Huang,L.N.(Eds.).(2001).Children of c
30、olor:Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth.San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass.Dissertations References for dissertations should include the following elements:author,date of publication,title,and institution(if you accessed the manuscript copy from the university collections).If there
31、is a UMI number or a database accession number,include it at the end of the citation.Dissertation,accessed online Young,R.F.(2007).Crossing boundaries in urban ecology:Pathways to sustainable cities(Doctoral dissertation).Available from ProQuest Dissertations&Theses database.(UMI No.327681)Essays or
32、 chapters in edited books References to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements:essay or chapter authors,date of publication,essay or chapter title,book editor(s),book title,essay or chapter page numbers,place of publication,and the name of the publisher.One author
33、Labajo,J.(2003).Body and voice:The construction of gender in flamenco.In T.Magrini(Ed.),Music and gender:perspectives from the Mediterranean(pp.67-86).Chicago,IL:University of Chicago Press.Two editors.Hammond,K.R.,&Adelman,L.(1986).Science,values,and human judgment.In H.R.Arkes&K.R.Hammond(Eds.),Ju
34、dgement and decision making:An interdisciplinary reader(pp.127-143).Cambridge,England:Cambridge University Press.Encyclopedias or dictionaries and entries in an encyclopedia References for encyclopedias must include the following elements:author(s)or editor(s),date of publication,title,place of publ
35、ication,and the name of the publisher.For sources accessed online,include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time.Encyclopedia set or dictionary Sadie,S.,&Tyrrell,J.(Eds.).(2002).The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians(2nd ed.,Vols.1-29).New York,NY:Grove.Article from an onli
36、ne encyclopedia Containerization.(2008).In Encyclopdia Britannica.Retrieved May 6,2008,from Encyclopedia article Kinni,T.B.(2004).Disney,Walt(1901-1966):Founder of the Walt Disney Company.In Encyclopedia of Leadership(Vol.1,pp.345-349).Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage Publications.Research reports and papers.R
37、eferences to a report must include the following elements:author(s),date of publication,title,place of publication,and name of publisher.If the issuing organization assigned a number(e.g.,report number,contract number,or monograph number)to the report,give that number in parentheses immediately afte
38、r the title.If it was accessed online,include the URL.Government report,accessed online U.S.Department of Health and Human Services.(2005).Medicaid drug price comparisons:Average manufacturer price to published prices(OIG publication No.OEI-05-05-00240).Washington,DC:Author.Retrieved from 05-05-0024
39、0.pdf Government reports,GPO publisher,accessed online Congressional Budget Office.(2008).Effects of gasoline prices on driving behavior and vehicle markets:A CBO study(CBO Publication No.2883).Washington,DC:U.S.Government Printing Office.Retrieved from Technical and/or research reports,accessed onl
40、ine Deming,D.,&Dynarski,S.(2008).The lengthening of childhood(NBER Working Paper 14124).Cambridge,MA:National Bureau of Economic Research.Retrieved July 21,2008,from Document available on university program or department site .Victor,N.M.(2008).Gazprom:Gas giant under strain.Retrieved from Stanford
41、University,Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Web site:Audio-visual media References to audio-visual media must include the following elements:name and function of the primary contributors(e.g.,producer,director),date,title,the medium in brackets,location or place of production,and name o
42、f the distributor.If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval ID,brackets are not needed.Videocassette/DVD Achbar,M.(Director/Producer),Abbott,J.(Director),Bakan,J.(Writer),&Simpson,B.(Producer)(2004).The corporation DVD.Canada:Big Picture Media Corporation.Audio recording Nhat Hanh,T.(Speak
43、er).(1998).Mindful living:a collection of teachings on love,mindfulness,and meditation Cassette Recording.Boulder,CO:Sounds True Audio.Motion picture Gilbert,B.(Producer),&Higgins,C.(Screenwriter/Director).(1980).Nine to five Motion Picture.United States:Twentieth Century Fox.Television broadcast.An
44、derson,R.,&Morgan,C.(Producers).(2008,June 20).60 Minutes Television broadcast.Washington,DC:CBS News.Television show from a series Whedon,J.(Director/Writer).(1999,December 14).Hush Television series episode.In Whedon,J.,Berman,G.,Gallin,S.,Kuzui,F.,&Kuzui,K.(Executive Producers),Buffy the Vampire
45、Slayer.Burbank,CA:Warner Bros.Music recording Jackson,M.(1982).Beat it.On Thriller CD.New York,NY:Sony Music.Undated Web site content,blogs,and data For content that does not easily fit into categories such as journal papers,books,and reports,keep in mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader
46、 a clear path to the source material.For electronic and online materials,include stable URL or database name.Include the author,title,and date published when available.For undated materials,include the date the resource was accessed.Blog entry Arrington,M.(2008,August 5).The viral video guy gets$1 m
47、illion in funding.Message posted to Professional Web site.National Renewable Energy Laboratory.(2008).Biofuels.Retrieved May 6,2008,from Data set from a database Bloomberg L.P.(2008).Return on capital for Hewitt Packard 12/31/90 to 09/30/08.Retrieved Dec.3,2008,from Bloomberg database.Central Statis
48、tics Office of the Republic of Botswana.(2008).Gross domestic product per capita 06/01/1994 to 06/01/2008 statistics.Available from CEIC Data database.Entire Web site When citing an entire Web site(and not a specific document on that site),no Reference List entry is required if the address for the s
49、ite is cited in the text of your paper.Witchcraft In Europe and America is a site that presents the full text of many essential works in the literature of witchcraft and demonology().For more detailed information on APA citation style such as information on articles in press,journal special issues a
50、nd supplements,translations,et cetera,see thePublication Manual of the American Psychological Association and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References.Other citation guides and useful Web sites:American Psychological Associations Web site Purdue University Online Writing Labs APA Formatting and