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1、条件句条件句为非真实条件句时，所表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句和结果主句都要用虚拟语气。与将来事实相反也可以用过去时：were,did第1页/共116页虚拟语气的几个句型 1、虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中 A用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。B用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would,could,might+动词原形。Cwish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could,would+have+动词过去分词
2、。Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath;IwishIhadnotgonetoit.-“IletJoeborrowourradiofortheafternoon.”-“Thatsallright,butIwishhewouldbuyoneofhisown.”Iwishthathewerentsolazy.第2页/共116页虚拟语气的几个句型主句谓语从句谓语wish对情况的虚拟从句谓语形式现在动词的过去式（be用were）过去had+过去分词could,would+have+过去分词将来would,could,might+动词原形第3页/共116页虚拟语气的几个句型
3、2、would(had)rather,would as soon,would sooner,just as soon和would prefer所引导的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。但这种虚拟语气表示的不是与事实相反的假设，而是一种尚未实现的愿望或表示说话人婉转的责备。例如：Idratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。Iwouldpreferhedidntstaytheretoolong.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。Iwouldjustassoonyouhadreturnedthebookyeste
4、rday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。第4页/共116页虚拟语气的几个句型注意：would ratherthan 和would rather than 后面的从句用虚拟语气。用法是than后的从句要用should+动词原形,从句的that可省略。I would rather die than(that)he should know the secret.Hed do anything rather than(that)he should live with such a shameless woman.第5页/共116页虚拟语气的几个句型do(than do)宁愿(而不)sb.+动词过去式（与
5、现在或将来事实相反）had+过去分词（与过去事实相反）wouldrather+第6页/共116页虚拟语气的几个句型3、had hoped/thought引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。Hisfatherhadhopedthathissonwouldgotobusinesswithhim,buthissonbecameanartistlater.第7页/共116页虚拟语气的几个句型4、虚拟语气用于as if/as though引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。Sheoftenlaughssponta
6、neously,andhergoodhumorbreaksoutasbrightlyasifitwereapartofthesunshineabove.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。Shelooksasifshewouldcry.她看起来好像要哭了。第8页/共116页虚拟语气的几个句型5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中，从句的谓语动词变化与as if和wish后面的动词变化规律相同，用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式
7、。意思是“假如”，但suppose 是动词，不是连词。如：Supposethebosswalkedin.WhatshouldIdo?SupposeSaddamhadnotbeencaptured.WhatwouldtheU.S.do?第9页/共116页虚拟语气的几个句型6.whether it(he)be or意为“不管（不论）是还是”，表示让步，为虚拟语气的一种表示方法，其省略结构为be itor,be heor等，必须用倒装。例如：Behewhathemay,heshouldobeytherules.Everydayhetakesawalkintheparkintheevening,whe
8、theritbefineorraining.Homeishome,beiteversohomely.(再穷也是家)Allmatter,whetheritbegas,liquidorsolid,ismadeupofatoms.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.第10页/共116页虚拟语气的几个句型7、Its(high,about)time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。Itstimethatsomethingwasdoneaboutthetrafficp
9、roblemdowntown.Itishightimethatweputanendtothisdiscussion.第11页/共116页虚拟语气的几个句型8、if it were not for与现在事实相反，if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.9、由连接词in case,lest,for fear that，(in order that,so that)引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(mi
10、ght)+动词原形，例如：Sheputablanketoverthebabyforfearthatheshouldcatchcold.她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。Thebadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.第12页/共116页虚拟语气的几个句型Note:fear/be afraid/worried lest sb.do sth.表示害怕（担心）某种可能出现的情况，从句中的动词应用现在虚拟式。例如：Shefearslesthearrivetoolate.Wewereafraidlestitbebroken.第13页/共1
11、16页虚拟语气的几个句型10.was(were)+tohavedone（不定式完成式）表示“原来想做而未做”后面通常but（陈述语气）Iwastohavearrivedhomeontime,butmycarwasheldupbyabadtrafficjam.第14页/共116页虚拟语气常用句型11.Itisthatsb.(should)句型一：It is 形容词 that 句型二：It is a 抽象名词 that 句型三：It is 过去分词 that 第15页/共116页虚拟语气常用句型A、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：advisable合理的decid
12、ed决定的crucial关键的appropriate恰当的determined决定的commanded命令的arranged安排的essential紧要的，基本的complied遵照anxious焦急的imperative迫切的important重要的desirable合意的better较好的，更好insistent坚持的desired想要asked请求keen渴望的incredible难以置信的adamant坚定不移的natural自然的insisted坚持necessary必要的suggested建议urgent紧迫的ordered命令shocked震惊的vital极其重要的possibl
13、e可能的strange奇怪的preferable（好一点）proposed提议requested要求的required要求的recommended推荐resolved决定的probable（可能的）pity可惜，憾事shame遗憾注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以fortodo来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。Itisessentialthatheshouldbepreparedforthis.Itisessentialforhimtobepreparedforthis.第16页/共116页虚拟语气常用句型B.常这样用的抽象名词有：pity,shame,nowonder
14、C.Itssuggestedthattheschool(should)organizeanoutingwhenspringcomes.Itisrequiredthatmiddle-schoolsstudents(should)takeatleastone-hourexerciseeveryday.第17页/共116页虚拟语气常用句型12.建议、命令、和要求等,谓语形式是“(should)+动词原形”。A、用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：ask要求advise建议arrange安排beg请求command命令decide决定demand要求desir
15、e渴望determine决定insist坚持intend打算maintain坚持主张move建议，动员propose提议object反对order命令prefer建议require需要request要求resolve下决心recommend推荐suggest建议stipulate约定，规定urge强调，促进vote公认，提议decree颁布（法令）pray请求注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者todo来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。Sheadvisedthatweshouldkeepthegatelocked.（书面体）Sheadvisedustokee
16、pthegatelocked.（口语）Sheadvisedkeepingthegatelocked.(较随便)第18页/共116页虚拟语气常用句型NOTE:当suggest意为“暗示”，insist意为“坚持认为（一个事实）”时，其后的宾语从句中不用虚拟语气。例如：1）Herfacesuggested(暗示)thatshewasill.SoIsuggested(建议)thatshe(should)be senttothehospitalimmediately.2)Heinsistedthathewasright.她坚持认为自己是对的。第19页/共116页虚拟语气常用句型B用于由表示建议、要求、
17、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有：advice忠告decision决定demand要求desire要求、愿望insistence坚持motion提议necessity必要性order命令preference偏爱proposal提议pray恳求recommendation推荐request要求requirement要求resolution决心suggestion劝告、忠告例如：Thisistheirresolutionthatextra-curriculumactivitiesbemadepartoftheirschoollife.第20页/共116页虚拟语气
18、常用句型13、if only引导的是省略了表示结果的主句的虚拟结构，现在已成为惯用法，表达愿望。形式为：用过去时或“would/could+动词原形”表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望。过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。这类句型表示一种不真实的条件，常译成要是.就好了！1）IfonlyIhadtakenmothersadvice我要是听取妈妈的建议就好了。2）IfonlyIcouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages我要是能讲几种外语就好了。3)Ifonlyyouwouldlistentoouradvice.要是你听我们的建议就好了。第21页/共116页虚拟语气常用句型14
19、、在以in order that，so that，引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词可用虚拟语气。从句中的谓语动词用may（might）动词原形或should 动词原形。1）Shestayedathomeforafewdayssothatshemighttakecareofhersickmother她在家里呆了好几天，以便能照顾生病的母亲。2）Theteacherexplainedthesentencesagainandagaininorderthatthestudentscouldunderstandthemclearly老师一再解释这些句子以便学生能够清楚地理解。第22页/共116页虚拟语气常
20、用句型15.Imagine后的虚拟语气Imagine表示现在或将来非现实情况的意想（用were型结构）；也可表示对过去非实际情况的意想（用had+过去分词结构）Imaginethatwewereonandesolateislandnow.Imaginethatyouwerelaughedbythoseshadowpeople.Imaginethathehadnothadtakenthosemeasures,whatwouldhavehappened?第23页/共116页虚拟语气真题汇总第24页/共116页B B199562.Wecould_himwithadetachedhousewhenhe
21、came,buthehadspecificallyaskedforasmallflat.A.provideB.haveprovidedC.notprovideD.nothaveprovided65._,hewouldnothaverecoveredsoquickly.A.HadnthebeentakengoodcareofB.HadhenotbeentakengoodcareofC.HadnothebeentakengoodcareofD.Hadhebeennottakengoodcareof第25页/共116页C A C43.I_thepartymuchmoreiftherehadntbee
22、nquitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.1996A.wouldenjoyB.willhaveenjoyedC.wouldhaveenjoyedD.willbeenjoying43.Heleftordersthatnothing_toucheduntilthepolicearrivedhere.1997A.shouldbeB.oughttobeC.mustbeD.wouldbe51.Iwastohavemadeaspeechif_.A.IwasnotcalledawayB.nobodywouldhavecalledmeawayC.IhadnotbeencalledawayD.
23、nobodycalledmeaway第26页/共116页B B C43.Ifyourcar_anyattentionduringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddealer.1998A.shallneedB.shouldneedC.wouldneedD.willneed49.IfyouhavereallybeenstudyingEnglishforsolong.Itsabouttimeyou_abletowritelettersinEnglish.1999A.shouldbeB.wereC.mustbeD.are49.Allofuswouldhavee
24、njoyedthepartymuchmoreifthere_quitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.2000A.werentB.hasntbeenC.hadntbeenD.wouldntbe第27页/共116页B A 200251.“Whatcoursesareyougoingtodonextsemester?”“Idontknow.Butitsabouttime_onsomething.”A.IddecideB.IdecidedC.IdecideD.Imdeciding50._forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedth
25、eexam.A.HaditnotbeenB.HadntitbeenC.WasitnotD.Wereitnot第28页/共116页D D A200442._,Illmarryhimallthesame.A.WasherichorpoorB.WhetherrichorpoorC.WereherichorpoorD.Beherichorpoor44._ifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand?A.WouldyoubesurprisedB.WereyousurprisedC.HadyoubeensurprisedD.Wouldyouha
26、vebeensurprised46.Itisimperativethatstudents_theirtermpapersontime.A.handinB.wouldhandinC.havetohandinD.handedin第29页/共116页A B C200551.Ifyouexplainedthesituationtoyoursolicitor,he_abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.A.wouldbeB.willhavebeenC.wasD.were60.Thatwasnotthefirsttimehe_us.Ithinkitshightimewe_st
27、rongactionsagainsthim.A.betrayedtakeB.hadbetrayedtookC.hasbetrayedtookD.hasbetrayedtake63._you_furtherproblemswithyourprinter,contactyourdealerforadvice.A.If,hadB.Have,hadC.Should,haveD.Incase,had第30页/共116页B A200652.IfonlyI_playtheguitaraswellasyou!AwouldBcouldCshouldDmight59Itshightimewe_cuttingdow
28、ntherainforests.AstoppedBhadtostopCshallstopDstop第31页/共116页A C200754.Ifonlythepatient_adifferenttreatmentinsteadofusingtheantibiotics,hemightstillbealivenow.A.hadreceivedB.receivedC.shouldreceiveD.werereceiving60.Hewouldhavefinishedhiscollegeeducation,buthe_toquitandfindajobtosupporthisfamily.A.hadh
29、adB.hasC.hadD.wouldhave第32页/共116页A200852.HadJudybeenmorecarefulonthemathsexam,she_muchbetterresultsnow.A.wouldbegettingB.couldhavegotC.mustgetD.wouldget第33页/共116页非谓语动词第34页/共116页不定式第35页/共116页不定式的时态主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式一般式一般式to doto be done完成式完成式to have doneto have been done进行式进行式to be doing完成进行式完成进行式to ha
30、ve been doing第36页/共116页不定式时态1)不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的或是在其后发生的。例如：Thousandsofyoungpeoplearelearningtoski数以千计的年轻人在学习滑雪。(同时)Wherecanwegetsomesicklestocutthericewith?我们到哪儿去弄些镰刀割稻呢?第37页/共116页真题TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved_ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.(2004-48)A.thatheisthinkingB.tobe
31、thinkingC.thatheistothinkD.tothinkB第38页/共116页不定式时态不定式的进行式1.不定式的进行式强调其所表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在进行。e.g.Hepretendedtobelisteningtotheteachercarefully.Heissaidtowriteaprefacetothebook.(Hewillwrite)Heissaidtobewritingaprefacetothebook.(Heiswriting)Comparethetwosentences:第39页/共116页不定式时态2.不定式的完成进行式强调其所表示的动作
32、在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生之前发生，而且一直进行。e.g.Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.e.g.Helookedtoyoungtohavebeenpublishingbooksforsixyears.他看上去很年轻，不像是已经出版了六年书的人。第40页/共116页不定式的完成式1.用在intended,expected,meant,hoped,wanted,promised,planned,wished,thought,desired,was,were等后，表示过去没有实现的愿望，计划或期待等。也可用来表示先于谓语动
33、词发生动作或状态，tohave+过去分词表示动作，tohavebeen表示状态。第41页/共116页Examples Iintendedtohavecometoseeyou.(我本打算来看你的)Hewastohavefetchedyouhere他本该去把你带来的。TheyweretohavebeenmarriedinMaybuthadtopostponetheweddinguntilJune.ShehastohavepassedAdvancedLevelintwosubjectsbeforeshegoestouniversity.(必先通过，才能)Youareluckytohavewonthe
34、girlsheart(Youhavewon)Thegirlwasreportedtohavebeenmissingforamonth(Shehasbeen)Iamsorrytohavelostyourkey把你的钥匙弄丢了，我很抱歉。Shewasreportedtohavedied据报道她已经死了。Hewasimpatienttohavefinishedthejob他渴望已经完成了工作。第42页/共116页不定式的完成式2.用在seem,appear,think,consider,believe 等后，不定式的完成式所表示的动作（状态）发生在主要谓语动词或特定的某时间之前，它一般强调事情的完成
35、或结果。e.g.Judgingfromhismannersattheparty,hedoesntseemtohavereceivedmucheducation.Hewasbelievedtohavebeenareporter.第43页/共116页不定式的完成式3.在should/wouldlike或should/wouldhaveliked后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。Ishouldliketohavegonewithher.(但没有去)Ishouldhavelikedtohaveseenherfacewhenshereadtheletter.(我真想见到她读信时的表情。)第44页/共1
36、16页真题1.AIDSissaid_thenumber-onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsinthatregion.(2002-46)A.beingB.tobeC.tohavebeenD.havingbeen2.ProfessorJohnsonissaid_somesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.(1999-43)A.havingmadeB.makingC.tohavemadeD.tomake3.Atthreeoclockthismorning,Iseemed_someonescr
37、eaminthestreet.(1990-39)A.hearingB.havingheardC.tohaveheardD.tohearBCC第45页/共116页练习1.TheVikingsarebelieved_America.A.tohavediscoveredB.indiscoveringC.todiscoverD.tohavebeendiscovered2.Thestudentswereto_attheauditoriumbefore1:30p.m.,butthelecturewascancelledatthelastminute.A.assembledB.haveassembledC.
38、assemblingD.beassembled3.Hewasto_thenewambassador,buthefellill.A.havingtelephonedB.havetelephonedC.hastelephonedD.telephoningABB第46页/共116页be+动词不定式1.表示最近，未来的计划或安排（相当于begoingto）Youaretoseehimtodayatsixoclock.2.表示该做或不该做的事（相当于should/must/oughtto/haveto等）。e.g.Youaretoexplainthis.3.表示能不能发生的事（相当于can/may等）e
39、.g.SimilarconditionsaretobefoundinallotherLatinAmericancountries.4.表示不可避免将要发生的事。e.g.Theysaidgoodbye,littleknowingthattheywerenevertomeetagain.5.用于条件从句，表示如果想，设想（相当于ifshould,或ifwant）。e.g.Ifwearetobethereintime,wellhavetohurryup.第47页/共116页真题I_writingthepaperasscheduled,butmymothersillnessinterfered.Iho
40、peyouwillexcuseme.(1993-54)A.amtohavefinishedB.wastohavefinishedC.wastofinishD.oughttofinishB第48页/共116页动词疑问句+带to的不定式用于此结构的常见动词：adviseconsiderdecidediscussexplainfindoutforgethearinquireknowlearnregardrememberseesettleshowteachtellthinkunderstandwondere.g.Pleaseshowmehowtodothat.(做宾语)e.g.Whentoholdth
41、emeetinghasnotyetbeendecided.（做主语）e.g.Theproblemishowtogetthereintime.（做表语）e.g.Ihadnoideawhichtoreadfirst.（做名词同位语）第49页/共116页真题TheClarkshaventdecidedyetwhichhotel_.(1998-49)A.tostayB.istostayC.tostayatD.isforstayingC第50页/共116页不定式的特殊句型1.suchasto,suchasto,soasto表程度e.g.Hisstorywassuchastodeceiveeveryone
42、.e.g.Itwassuchanaccidentastoclaim20lives.e.g.Whocouldbesomeanastodoathinglikethat?2.soas(not)to,onlyto,inorderto,so(such)asto(如此以便)表目的Wehavegotsoplentyoffoodastotreatourguests.e.g.Hekeptquietabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.e.g.Icomehereonlytosaygoodbyetoyou.第51页/共116页真题Hisremarkswere_annoyeveryb
43、odyatthemeeting.(2005-53)A.soastoB.suchastoC.suchtoD.asmuchastoHisstrongsenseofhumourwas_makeeveryoneintheroomburstoutlaughing.(1998-50)A.soastoB.suchastoC.sothatD.suchthatBB第52页/共116页不定式的特殊句型3.tooto结构:1)太以至于2)当too前面有only,all,but时，意思是“非常”，too等于very。e.g.Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.3)当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定
44、时，too等于very。e.g.Heistoowisenottoseethat.4)当too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,east,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious 等形容词或副词时，too等于very。e.g.Theyaretooreadytohelpothers.5)too与cannot连用，表示无止境。e.g.Youcannotbetoocareful.越仔细越好。无论怎么仔细也不过分6)当不定式在句中做定语或
45、真正的主语时，表示so(many/much)。e.g.Therearetoomanyproblemstobesolved.第53页/共116页不定式的特殊句型4)onlyto+动词原形（不料竟会，没想到会）表示不好的结果。e.g.Theyhurriedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.第54页/共116页真题Thethreementriedmanytimestosneakacrosstheborderintotheneighboringcountry,_bythepoliceeachtime.(1999-42)A.hadbeencapturedB.b
46、eingalwayscapturedC.onlytobecapturedD.unfortunatelycapturedc第55页/共116页动词不定式的复合结构1.强调不定式的行为属性，可用“Itis+形容词forsomebody+不定式”句型。静态形容词多用于此句型。Easydifficulthardimportantpossibleimpossiblebetternecessarycomfortablenotenoughessentialthefirstthenextthelastthebesttoomuchtoolittlee.g.Itwasverydifficultformetolea
47、rnSpanish.间或也可用“for+theretobe”表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是tobe)e.g.Itsagreatpityfortheretobemuchtroubleinthecompany.e.g.Wouldyouliketheretobeameetingtodiscusstheproblem？第56页/共116页动词不定式的复合结构2.强调任务的性格和特征，则用“Itis+形容词ofsomebody+不定式”句型。动态形容词多用于此句型。Kindnicestupidrudecleverthoughtfulbraveconsideratesillyselfishcare
48、lessimpolitegoodnaughtyboldhonestsensiblewrongrightbad第57页/共116页真题Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential_forthat.(2003-47)A.forustobepreparedB.thatwearepreparedC.ofustobepreparedD.ourbeingpreparedA第58页/共116页省略to的动词不定式第59页/共116页e.g.Idrathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Idsoonerstayathome.
49、Iwouldassoondoitbymyself.Sinceitsafinedaywemightaswellwalk.Hewouldratherlistentoothersthantalkhimself.Iwouldjustassoonstayasgo.A在情态成语之后在wouldrather,wouldsooner,would(just)assoon(宁愿),may/might(just)aswell(不妨，可以),cannotbut/cannothelpbut(不能不，不由得不)之后，接不带to不定式。Note:在否定句中，not放在wouldrather,hadbetter后，但在否定疑
50、问句中，not放在had,would后。Iwouldrathernotdrinkanything.Hadntyoubettermakehaste?HadInotbetterdoittomorrow?第60页/共116页真题Thatmanhasabadreputation.You_anythingtodowithhim.(1991-10)A.hadbetternothaveB.havebetterhaveC.havebetternothaveD.hadbetternottohaveA第61页/共116页Theydidnothingexceptwork.Theresnochoicebuttowai