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1、一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。第1页/共55页1.句子的成分句子的成分主语主语:(Subject)(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there bethere be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后
2、面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：和主语从句等表示。例如：第2页/共55页1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls。4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichsho
3、uldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）第3页/共55页7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）第4页/共55页 谓语谓语 (Predicate)(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：谓语的构成如下
4、：1 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten o The plane took off at ten oclock.clock.第5页/共55页 2 2 2 2、复合谓语：、复合谓语：、复合谓语：、复合谓语：（1 1 1 1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：You m
5、ay keep the book for two You may keep the book for two You may keep the book for two You may keep the book for two weeks.weeks.weeks.weeks.（2 2 2 2）由助动词加动词原形）由助动词加动词原形）由助动词加动词原形）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词现在分词现在分词现在分词,过去分词构成。过去分词构成。过去分词构成。过去分词构成。如：如：如：如：Do you speak EnglishDo you speak EnglishDo you speak Englis
6、hDo you speak English？They are working in a field.They are working in a field.They are working in a field.They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold.He has caught a bad cold.He has caught a bad cold.He has caught a bad cold.（3 3 3 3）由系动词加表语构成。如：）由系动词加表语构成。如：）由系动词加表语构成。如：）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are
7、 students.We are students.We are students.We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。第6页/共55页2._Ourchalkhasrunout.Onhearingthenews,hecheered.高考经常考查的不及物动词:“发生”_;_;_;_“用完,用光”_;_.不及物动词的用法:无_,无_主语+谓语 (S+V)happen occurtake place come aboutbreak out
8、run out give out 宾语被动语态第7页/共55页e.g.“过去的几年里我们学校发生了很大的变化”Ourschoolhastakenplacegreatchangesinthelastfewyears._.Doyouknowwhatwashappenedyesterday?(改错)()Great changes have taken place in our school in the last few years.第8页/共55页表语表语(Predicative)(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词
9、（如它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seemlook,grow,turn,seem等）之后。等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：语从句表示。例如：第9页/共55页1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词
10、）5.Threetimessevenistwenty one?（数词）第10页/共55页6.Hisjobisto teach English.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplaying football.（动名词）8.Themeetingisof great importance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthat he has never been abroad.（表语从句）第11页/共55页注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)Linking verb)用于连接主用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态
11、，性质特征和身语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。份等。1 1）状态系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有用来表示主语状态，只有bebe一词，例如：一词，例如：He He isis a teacher.a teacher.2 2）持续系动词持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,keep,remain,stay,lie,standlie,stand,例如：例如：He always He always kept kept silent at meeting.silent at meeting.3
12、3）表像系动词表像系动词用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，主要有这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,seem,appear,look,例例如：He He seems seems(to be)very sad.(to be)very sad.第12页/共55页注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)Linking verb)用于连接主语用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4 4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有主要有feel,smell,sound,tastefeel,smell,sound,taste,
13、例如：例如：This kind of cloth This kind of cloth feelsfeels very soft.very soft.5 5）变化系动词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,runcome,run.例如：例如：The river was beginning to The river was beginning to runrun dry.dry.6 6）终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有表示主语已终止动
14、作，主要有prove,turn outprove,turn out,表达表达 结果是结果是;证明是证明是 ，之意，例如：，之意，例如：The rumor The rumor proved proved false.false.His plan His plan turned outturned out a success.a success.第13页/共55页系动词的用法:(注意三点)+_作表语;无_;无_;e.g.Thedish_.(尝起来好吃)Thestory_.(听起来有趣).adj.宾语被动语态tastes delicioussounds interesting第14页/共55页宾语宾
15、语（ObjectObject）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.He is doing his homework.1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.3.Ho
16、w many dictionaries do you have?I have five.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）第15页/共55页4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）第16页/共55页宾语种类宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：直接宾语），例如：Lend
17、me your dictionary,please.to:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.for:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save 等，等，例如：例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：宾补），例如：Theyelectedhim their monitor.第1
18、7页/共55页下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedto lend me his bike.第18页/共55页下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mi
19、nd,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreaking the window.第19页/共55页下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”，forgetdoing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dontforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(书已还给他了)第20页/共55页宾语补足语宾语补足语（Object ComplementObject Compl
20、ement）用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。等。“宾补宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：第21页/共55页1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefr
21、eshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）第22页/共55页 以上的成分称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2-4个基本成分。第23页/共55页定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful c
22、ity.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.There are thirty women teachers is our school.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.He is reading an article about how
23、 to learn English.Tom is a boy who likes music very much.（形容词）（分词）（名词）（代词）（不定式）（动名词）（介词短语）（从句）第24页/共55页状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。通常有副词，介词短语和从句充当状语种类如下：状语种类如下：How about meeting again How about meeting again at sixat six?（时间状语）（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party Last night s
24、he didnt go to the dance party because ofbecause ofthe rainthe rain.（原因状语）（原因状语）I shall go there I shall go there if it doesnt rainif it doesnt rain.（条件状语）（条件状语）Mr Smith lives Mr Smith lives on the third flooron the third floor.（地点状语）（地点状语）第25页/共55页She put the eggs into the basket She put the eggs i
25、nto the basket with great carewith great care.方式方式状语状语She came in She came in with a dictionary in her handwith a dictionary in her hand.伴随状语伴随状语In order to catch up with the othersIn order to catch up with the others,I must work,I must work harder.harder.目的状语目的状语He was so tired He was so tired that
26、 he fell asleep immediatelythat he fell asleep immediately.结结果状语果状语She works very hard She works very hard though she is oldthough she is old.让步状语让步状语I am taller I am taller than he isthan he is.比较状语比较状语第26页/共55页同位语:对其前面的名词代词做进一步解释.That is Mr.Chen,our English teacher.插入语:对一句话作一些附加的解释.To be honest,I
27、dont quite agree with you.定语，状语，同位语及插入语可以称为附属句子成分。第27页/共55页Last week I went to the supermarket.Last week I went to the supermarket.状状 主主 谓谓 状状The play was very interesting.The play was very interesting.主主系状表系状表I cant hear a word.I cant hear a word.主谓主谓宾宾They were talking loudly.They were talking lou
28、dly.主主谓谓状状分析句子成分第28页/共55页It was Sunday.It was Sunday.主主系系表表I never get up early on Sundays.I never get up early on Sundays.主状谓状状主状谓状状I looked at the young man and the young woman angrily.I looked at the young man and the 主谓主谓宾宾young woman angrily.宾宾状状第29页/共55页I read a few lines,but I didnt understan
29、d a word.I read a few lines,but I didnt 主主谓谓定定宾宾连连主谓主谓understand a word.谓谓宾宾My holidays passed quickly,but I didnt send cards to my friends.My holidays passed quickly,but I 主谓状主谓状连主连主didnt send cards to my friends.谓谓宾宾状状第30页/共55页I got up early and bought thirty cards.I got up early and bought thirty
30、 cards.主谓主谓状状连连谓谓定定宾宾He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.He is working for a big firm and he has 主主谓谓状状连主连主谓谓already visited a great number of different 状谓状谓定定定定places in Australia.宾宾定定第31页/共55页2.简单句基本句型简单句基本句型英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一:+（主
31、谓）基本句型二:+（主系表）基本句型三:+（主谓宾）基本句型四:+O1+2（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五:+(主谓宾宾补)第32页/共55页基本句型 一 +（主谓）1.Time2.Thesun3.Theman4.Everybodyflies.rises.cooked.laughed此句型中动词是不及物动词,能表达完整意思。主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语，如，The red sun rises in the east.第33页/共55页2._Ourchalkhasrunout.Onhearingthenews,hecheered.高考经常考查的不及物动词:“发生”_;_;_;_“用完,用
32、光”_;_.不及物动词的用法:无_,无_主语+谓语 (S+V)happen occurtake place come aboutbreak outrun out give out 宾语被动语态第34页/共55页e.g.“过去的几年里我们学校发生了很大的变化”Ourschoolhastakenplacegreatchangesinthelastfewyears._.Doyouknowwhatwashappenedyesterday?(改错)()Great changes have taken place in our school in the last few years.第35页/共55页基
33、本句型 二 +（主系表）1.He2.Thedinner3.Theweatherissmellsbecametallandstrong.good.warmer.此句型中谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。系动词有三类：1.表示特征和存在状态的：be,seem,appear,feel,look,smell,sound,taste2.表状态延续的：remain,stay,keep,continue,stand3.表状态变化 的：become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow第36页/共55页 基本句型 三
34、+（主谓宾）（及物动词）（及物动词）(宾语宾语)1.Who2.She3.I4.I5.Iknowslaughatwantdontknowenjoytheanswer?her.tohaveacupoftea.whattodo.livinghere.此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，必须跟一个宾语，才能使意思完整，而宾语成分的多样化使这一结构异常复杂。第37页/共55页 基本句型 四+IO+（主谓间宾直宾）（及物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多指物）（多指物）1.I2.Heshowedboughthimmemypictures.abeautifulskirt.此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完
35、整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（多指物），另一个是动作的间接宾语（多指人）。若要先说出直接宾语，后说间接宾语，则要借助与介词to 或for。He bought me a beautiful skirt.He bought a beautiful skirt for me.第38页/共55页用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助 to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,a
36、sk等（需借助for的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing等。第39页/共55页 基本句型 五+（主谓宾宾补）（及物）（及物）（宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）1.We2.They3.We4.Ikeepcallaskedsawthetablesupperhimthemclean.dinner.tocomebacksoon.gettingonthebus.此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外，还需跟一个补充成分来不足宾语，才能使意思完整。第40页/共55页注意：用 it it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，是英语常用句
37、型。即 主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如，I found it very pleasant to be with your family.常用于此句型的动词有:think,believe,consider,suppose,find,feel,make第41页/共55页使用it当形式宾语翻译下面的句子1.他感到很难跟你交谈。2.我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。3.学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。4.我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。1.He felt it very difficult to talk with you.2.I consider it possible to work out
38、 the problem in another way.3.The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.4.I thought it no use talking with that man第42页/共55页1.Youaresittingonthetrainhome.2.Therecomesthebus!3.Theegospotentialforexpansionislimitless.4.BreckenridgehoststheinternationalSnowSculptureC
39、hampionships.5.Ourneighborsgaveusababybirdyesterday.6.Wethinkitourdutytostudywell.主主主主+谓（谓（谓（谓（S+VS+VS+VS+V）主主主主+谓（谓（谓（谓（S+VS+VS+VS+V）主主主主+系系系系 +表（表（表（表（S+V+PS+V+PS+V+PS+V+P）主主+动动+宾（宾（SVO）主主+动动+间宾间宾+直宾（直宾（SVOiOd）主主主主+动动动动 +宾宾宾宾 +补（补（补（补（SVOCSVOC）判断下列句子属于何种句式Exercises:Exercises:第43页/共55页更正下列句子的错误更正下列
40、句子的错误Exercises:Exercises:1.He came the room.2.The music sounds.3.I have seen.4.He gave a pen me.5.The boss made the boy to work hard.6.My father bought a book to me.1.He came into the room.2.The music sounds wonderful.3.I have seen the film.4.He gave a pen to me.5.The boss made the boy work hard.6.M
41、y father bought a book for me.第44页/共55页Exercises:Exercises:翻译下列句子并分析句子结构：翻译下列句子并分析句子结构：1.1.我经常在早晨读英语。我经常在早晨读英语。2.2.玛丽是个聪明的学生。玛丽是个聪明的学生。3.3.我的老师交给我一封信。我的老师交给我一封信。4.4.我母亲经常叫我努力学习。我母亲经常叫我努力学习。5.5.我们叫我们的老师王先生我们叫我们的老师王先生 6.6.他正在房里做家庭作业。他正在房里做家庭作业。1.I often read English in the morning.2.Mary is a clever s
42、tudent.3.My teacher gave me a letter.4.My mother often asks me to study hard.5.We call our teacher Mr.Wang.6.He is doing his homework in the room.主主 +谓谓 +宾宾主主 +系系 +表表 主主 +谓谓 +双宾双宾 主主+谓谓 +宾宾 +宾补宾补主主+谓谓 +宾宾 +宾补宾补主主 +谓谓 +宾宾第45页/共55页英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。第46页/共55页3.句
43、子的分类句子的分类分类分类说明说明例句例句简简单单句句由一个主语或并列主由一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列语和一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子。即谓语构成的句子。即一套主谓关系一套主谓关系。1.TomandIfoundherthere.2.Weallbreathe,eatandwork.并并列列句句由并列连词由并列连词（and,so,but,or等）等）把两个或两个以上的把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构简单句连在一起而构成的句子。成的句子。1.Helikeseggs,buthedoesntlikechickens.2.Workhardoryouwillfallbehind.复复合合句句由一个
44、主句和一个或由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成一个以上的从句构成的句子的句子1.Ibelieveyouareright.2.Ifyoustudyharder,youwillpasstheexam.第47页/共55页1）她喜欢集邮）她喜欢集邮.2）食物很精美）食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口但他却没什么胃口.3）我们到达电影院的时候）我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了电影已经开演了.She is fond of collecting stamps.The food was good,but he had little appetite.The film had begun when we got
45、 to the cinema.翻译下列句子：第48页/共55页 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom.4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.简单句 复合句 简单句 简单句 第49页/共55页5.HeisinClassOneandIaminC
46、lassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant.9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.并列句 复合句 并列句 复合句 简单句 简单句 第50页/共55页选择填空：()1._willleaveforBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.Themanhereno
47、wC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather_.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted_.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet第51页/共55页()4.Hegotup_yesterdaymorning.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactor_attheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.dying()6._wereallveryti
48、red,butnoneof_wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we第52页/共55页()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch_.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.Ithink_necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis第53页/共55页()9.Thedog_mad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday_Ijoinedthearmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where第54页/共55页感谢您的观看！第55页/共55页