《英语句子成分和结构.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语句子成分和结构.pptx（24页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分，包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。第1页/共24页 英语的句子成分：一主语 The Subject 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。主语一般在句首。Walls have ears.名词He will take you to the hospital.代词Three plus four equals seven.数词Smoking is not allowed in public
2、 places.动名词To teach them English is my job.不定式It is my job to teach them English.不定式作主语时，常用形式主语it句型Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.句子第2页/共24页 二.谓语 The Predicate说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语由动词/动词短语构成.助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。谓语一般在主语后面。E.g.We study hard.He look
3、ed after his little sister.He can speak English.Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994.第3页/共24页 三.表语 The Predicative说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、代词、数词、形容词、短语或句子等充当，和系动词一起构成谓语。一般在系动词后面，用来说明主语的性质，特征，状态等.E.g.My father is a professor.名词Everybody is here.代词Three times five is fifteen.数词My new compute
4、r is expensive.形容词His plan is to seek work in the city.to do不定式My first idea was that you should hide your feelings.句子第4页/共24页 四.宾语 The Object表示动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者.由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当，和及物动词一起说明主语“做什么”。一般在谓语之后。E.g.He likes Chinese.名词We havent seen her for a long time.代词Do you mind opening the window?动名
5、词Tom likes to sleep in the park.动词不定式Give me four please.代词和数词第5页/共24页 五.定语 The Attribute 用来修饰名词或代词,译为的由形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等充当。定语的位置：定语通常位于被修饰的成分前;不定代词（something/nothing）之后；不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后；副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。第6页/共24页They are women workers.名词Mary is a beautiful girl.形容词He has three
6、 cats.数词China is a developing country.现在分词The girl behind the tree is my sister.介词短语I have nothing to eat.不定式The boy you will know is Tom.从句Toms father didnt come home yesterday night.所有格I met a friend on my way home.副词第7页/共24页 六.状语 The Adverbial用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、频率、目的等.可用作状语的有
7、副词,不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等。E.g.The boy needs a pen very much.程度状语He always comes late to school.频率状语They are playing on the playground.地点状语He was late because he got up late.原因状语On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.时间状语The students came into the classroom,singing and dancing.伴随状语If he goes,so wil
8、l I.条件状语Though he is a child,he knows a lot.让步状语The boy needs a pen to do his homework.目的状语He often went to school by bus.方式状语第8页/共24页 七.宾语补足语英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。须在宾语后加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。主要用来说明宾语的特征、状态或身份，主要由形容词、主要用来说明宾语的特征、状态或身份，主要由形容词、名词、副词、介词短语、分词等充当
9、名词、副词、介词短语、分词等充当.E.g.We must keep it a secret.名词We try to make our country strong.形容词I should advise you to get the chance.动词不定I saw him going upstairs.分词短语Yesterday he got his leg broken.过去分词第9页/共24页同位语:当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。E.g.We students should study hard.(stud
10、ents是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students.(all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）同 位 语第10页/共24页与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分.感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词:yes 否定词:no称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语:一些句中插入的 I think,I believe,等。E.g.The story,I think,has never come to the end.我相信,这个故事还远没结束.独 立 成 分第11页/共24页1.I cant hear a word.I cant hear a word.主 谓
11、宾2.They were talking loudly.They were talking loudly.主 谓 状3.I looked at the young man and the young woman angrily.I looked at the young man and the young woman angrily.主 谓 宾 状4.I got up early and bought thirty cards.I got up early and bought thirty cards.主 谓 状 连 谓 定 宾 随 堂 练 习第12页/共24页1.主语+系动词+表语 （主系
12、表）2.主语+不及物动词+(其他成分)(主谓)3.主语+及物动词+宾语 （主谓宾）4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补 五种基本句子结构:第13页/共24页1.此句型的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。在这类结构中最常用的系动词是：be动词：is/am/are/was/were“变化”类：get/become/turn/grow“感官”类:taste/smell/feel/look/sound“持续”类：stay/keep/remain其他：（似乎）seem/
13、appear(证明是)turn out/prove(to be)1.主语+系动词+表语第14页/共24页 E.g.She is beautiful.Everything looks different.The dinner smells good.Her face turned red.You story sounded very interesting.The hot day will remain/stay/keep a few days.1.主语+系动词+表语第15页/共24页此句型的特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,不及物动词(vi)没有宾语，形成主谓结
14、构，如：We come.后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。E.g.Who cares?The train leaves at 7:30.The teacher teaches well.(动词副词搭配)2.主语+不及物动词+（其他成分）(主谓)第16页/共24页此句型的特点：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。E.g.He enjoys reading.主 谓 宾 My mother forgot to lock the door.The boss employed more than one
15、 hundredworkers.I hope I can learn English well.3.主语+及物动词+宾语（主谓宾）第17页/共24页有些及物动词可以有两个宾语(双宾语).这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask,answer,give,offer,send,bring,pass,tell,show,teach,promise等.4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语1.Who will teach you biology next term?主 谓 间宾 直宾 2.Give me a cup of tea please.3.He
16、brought you a dictionary.4.I showed him my photos.第18页/共24页此句型的特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。The villagers didnt allow them to do this.主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补第19页/共24页1.Please tell us a story.(主谓+间宾+直宾)2.She smiled.(主谓)3.His job is to train swimmers.(主系表)4.He noticed a man enter the room.(主谓宾+宾补)5.I have a lot work to do.(主谓宾+宾补)6.He went to London yesterday.(主谓宾)说出下列句子的结构:第20页/共24页Many thanks!第21页/共24页第22页/共24页第23页/共24页感谢您的观看！第24页/共24页