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1、 指文章语意的通顺和语言形式的紧密衔接并符合一定的逻辑关系。指文章语意的通顺和语言形式的紧密衔接并符合一定的逻辑关系。要使文章前后衔接紧密，可采用以下方法：要使文章前后衔接紧密，可采用以下方法：1.1.恰当使用关联词恰当使用关联词.2.2.巧妙使用意思有联系的词或语句巧妙使用意思有联系的词或语句 3.3.适当使用过渡性语句适当使用过渡性语句 文章的连贯性文章的连贯性1.1.恰当使用关联词恰当使用关联词,如如:but,when:but,when，soso，ifif，becausebecause，so thatso that等。等。1)People have found mobile phones
2、 very convenient _they can get in touch with each other whenever and wherever they like.2)This village used to be very small and poor _it has changed a lot since 1978.3)Id like to know _we are allowed to cancel our tickets booking _we can not make the tour for our personal reason.if/whetherifbecause
3、but2.2.巧妙使用意思有联系的词或语句巧妙使用意思有联系的词或语句 如如:First,Second,Third,Soon,most excitingly,:First,Second,Third,Soon,most excitingly,Whats more,whats worse,As a result Whats more,whats worse,As a result等。等。1)All the school-age children can study here._,they enjoy free education in it.2)The birds dodo were killed
4、 for food on a large number._,they died out at last.3)Eating sugar is bad for our teeth._,it may make us fat.As a resultWhats worseWhats more3.3.适当使用过渡性语句适当使用过渡性语句 如如:The reasons are as follows.:The reasons are as follows.Every coin has two sides.Every coin has two sides.All roads lead to Rome.All r
5、oads lead to Rome.As the result/survey shows.As the result/survey shows.We can draw an conclusion.We can draw an conclusion.等等Now in the country areas,there are many children out of school._.First，most families are too poor to send their children to school.Second,some parents think there is no need
6、for their daughters to go to school.Third,The reasons are as followsTelevision is not only a convenient source of entertainment,but also a comparatively cheap one.But_,television also has disadvantages,such as its effects on young people.every coin has two sides3.3.适当使用过渡性语句适当使用过渡性语句 如如:The reasons
7、are as follows.:The reasons are as follows.Every coin has two sides.Every coin has two sides.All roads lea to Rome.All roads lea to Rome.As the result/survey shows.As the result/survey shows.We can draw an conclusion.We can draw an conclusion.等等四四 构篇章构篇章,扩句成文扩句成文.Last week,we did a survey among 2,60
8、0 students on“Who is your idol”._50%of the girls choose film and TV stars as their idols,but 48%of the boys choose sports stars._“Parents”is the second in the girls list,but the second from the bottom in the boys list._the percentage of the boys who choose“great figures”is the same as the percentage
9、 of the girls._My idol is,because.The result shows thatFurthermore,However,As for myself,五五 检查润色检查润色 Last week,we did a survey among 2,600 students on“Who is your idol”._50%of the girls choose film and TV stars as their idols,but 48%of the boys choose sports stars._“parents”is the second in the girl
10、s list,but the second from the bottom in the boys list._the percentage of the boys who choose“great figures”is the same as the percentage of the girls._my idol is,because.prefer/favorThe result shows thatWhats more,whileHowever,As for myself,that Last week,we did a survey among 2,600 students on“Who
11、 is your idol”.The result shows that 50%of the girls choose film and TV stars as their idols,while 48%of the boys favor sports stars.Whats more,“parents”is the second in the girls list,but the second from the bottom in the boys list.However,the percentage of the boys who choose“great figures”is the
12、same as that of the girls.As for myself,my idol is,because.六六 书写书写第四节常见写作错误分析词汇、句子结构、语法、篇章层次v一避免词汇错误一避免词汇错误v1词语搭配不当v【误例】The problemissoheavythatalotofpeoplethereareoutofdrinkingwater.v【评析】heavy可以与表示重量、负担等的词搭配，但不能和problem搭配。v【优化】The problemissoserious thatalotofpeoplethereareoutofdrinkingwater.v【误例】S
13、owemustdo someprecautionsagainstscholasticcheatingv【评析】do,have,get,take，make都有各自不同的搭配，不能混用。v【优化】Sowemusttakesomeprecautionsagainstscholasticcheating.v【误例】Ifastudentisfoundcheating,hemaybefired bytheschool.v【评析】fire指“解雇”，没有“开除（学籍）之义。v【优化】Ifastudentisfoundcheating，hemaybeexpelledfromschool.vAstudentwh
14、oisfoundcheatingmaybeexpelled fromschoolvAstudentmaybeexpelledforcheating。v【误例】Everytimeyouopenthetelevision，youcanseeadvertisements.v【评析】open意为“打开”（门窗）等，并非“打开（电源）”。原句意思是把电视机拆开就可以看到广告，显然有误。v【优化】Everytimeyouturn/switch on thetelevision，youcanseeadvertisements.v【误例】【误例】My uncle introduced a job to me
15、during the summer vacation.v【评析】【评析】“介绍介绍”某人给其他人认识要用某人给其他人认识要用“introduce sb.to sb else”，但，但“介绍介绍”工工作却不能用作却不能用introduce。v【优化】【优化】My uncle recommended me to a job during the summer vacation.v【误例】ThepriceofthecomputerischeapvThe expense is very expensive.v【优化】Theprice ofthecomputerislow.vThecomputer is
16、 cheapv【误例】WecanstudymuchknowledgefromthelecturesofProfessorv【优化】Wecanaccumulate/gain/obtain/acquiremuchknowledgefromthelecturesofProfessor本次作文中出现的误例vThe problem becomes more difficult.vThere are many ways to solve this phenomenon.vThe graduate should learn their profession well.vThey can feel diffe
17、rent cultures and customs.vThe competition is bigger.避免句子结构错误v1串句串句v指把两个或多个句子串在一起，误当成一个句子。误例：v1）Englishisarequiredcourseinmostcolleges,astudentmustpassitbeforeheearnshisdegree.v2）Iintendtogowithyourbrotherandyoumaydoasyouplease.v3）Studentsshouldbecarefulofpunctuationtroublewillresultiftheyarecareles
18、s.v2.破句：破句：把句子的一部分当成一个句子。v【误例】Becauseitsunfairtoothercandidates.Soitllaffecttheirenthusiasmv【优化】Becauseitsunfairtoothercandidates，itllaffecttheirenthusiasmv3.赘句赘句:指句子不简练。v【误例】LetmemakeonethingperfectlyclearandthatonethingisthatIalwayswantmyreaderstogetthepointofwhatIwanttosayimmediatelywhentheyreadm
19、ypaper.v【优化】Ialwayswantmyreaderstogetmypointv【误例Manyworkersstayinastateofoutofwork.v【优化】ManyworkersstayoutofworkvManyworkersremainunemployedv【误例】Itsimportantforstudentswhostudyincollegetoknowtheworldoutsidethecampusv【优化】Itsimportantforstudentsstudyingincollegetoknowtheworldoutsidethecampus4连接词重叠使用v【
20、误例】Althoughdifficultydoesexist,butwedoovercomeitwithourefforts.v【评析】although与but错误地同时使用。v【优化】Althoughdifficultydoesexist,wedoovercomeitwithourefforts.v【误例】Thereasonwhypeoplechoosetoliveinthecountryisbecausethereisnopollution,nornoisethere.v【评析】句中thereasonwhy和because属重复使用。v【优化】Thereasonwhypeoplechoos
21、etoliveinthecountryisthatthereisnopollution,nornoisethere.5.结构不平行v由andorbut等连接的并列成分在句中具有相同的功能，在形式上也应当保持一致，采用平行结构。v【误例】Knowinghowtostudyandtolearntobudgettimeareimportantforcollegestudents.v【优化】Knowinghowtostudyandlearningtobudgettimeareimportantforcollegestudents6句型使用错误v【误例】Therearemanystudentswhore
22、sorttocheatinginexams.v【评析】句子行为主体是人，去掉therebe结构句子反而更生动。v【优化】Manystudentsresorttocheatinginexamsv误例：TherearemanyChinesestudentschoosetostudyabroad.vvitisadj.tothat结构。v【误例】Cheatingisimpossibletoprevent.v【优化】Itsimpossibletopreventcheating.v使用possible,easy,difficult,essential,necessary,vital,urgent等词时都应
23、避免此类错误。v误例：误例：Graduates are hard to find a job.避免语法错误v主谓不一致主谓不一致v【误例】Neithertheteachernorhisstudentswasprepared.v【优化】Neithertheteachernorhisstudentswereprepared.v同样用法的结构还有eitheror,notonlybutalso,or.vv主语是单数、动名词、不定式短语、动名词或从句时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。v【误例】TheeatinghabitofChinesepeoplehavechangedalotinthepastdeca
24、de.v【优化】TheeatinghabitofChinesepeoplehaschangedalotinthepastdecade.v词性错误词性错误v【误例】Illinsteadhimduringhisabsence.v【解析】instead的词性在字典里标注得非常清楚：adv.,但由于它的汉语注释是“替代”，因此，不少学生把它当作动同使用。v【优化】I11replacehimduringhisabsence避免篇章层次上的错误避免篇章层次上的错误v1写作角度不一致v有的同学习惯随意变换写作角度，尤其用于泛指意义时we和you常变换使用。v【误例】Buthowcanwedosomethin
25、gwhenyouseemoreandmoreclassmatescheatonexams?v【优化】Buthowcanwedosomethingwhenweseemoreandmoreclassmatescheatonexams？v建议：下笔前先决定从第几人称的角度谈论问题，写作时坚持这个角度，前后保持一致。2.段落缺乏一致性、完整性或连贯性段落缺乏一致性、完整性或连贯性v如果正式动笔之前没有认真审题和构思，思路不清，写出的段落就可能缺乏连贯性、条理不清或结构松散，或者写出与主题无关的句子，或者一层意思没讲完就跳到另外一层。v【误例】Theoryisbasedonpractice.Galile
26、obasedhisstudiesofnaturallawsonexperimentationandobservation.ComradeDengXiaopingstheoryconcerningthebuildingofsocialismwithdistinctiveChinesefeatureshasbeenestablishedonthebasisofrevolutionarypracticeinChinatoday.Allinall,practiceisindispensabletotheory.v【优化】Theoryisbasedonpractice.Galileo,for examp
27、le,basedhisstudiesofnaturallawsonexperimentationandobservation.It was by observation thatheprovedthetheorythatthesunisthecenterofthesolarsystem.Likewise,ComradeDengXiaopingstheoryconcerningthebuildingofsocialismwithdistinctiveChinesefeatureshasbeenestablishedonthebasisofrevolutionarypracticeinChinat
28、oday.All in all,practiceisindispensabletotheory.v写作时应注意上下文之间的连接和照应，恰当运用衔接词或过渡成分，使文章紧凑、层次分明。巧妙使用亮点表达1使用动态动词或词组使用动态动词或词组v在过去的20年里广州发生了很大的变化。v【例证】ThereweregreatchangesinGuangzhouInthepast20year.v【优化】Greatchanges took placeinthepast20years.v更优：更优：Guangzhou witnessed/saw great changes in the past 20 year
29、s2使用介词词组使用介词词组动词可以使句子生动，但一些常用的动词，如do，make，take，have，get等词因为使用过于频繁，表达效果往往不如介词词组。v【例证】Theycantdoit.v【优化】Itis beyondtheirabilitiesvv介词使用得当，还能使句子简练、紧凑。v【例证】Theyrushedouttogetfireextinguishers.v【优化】Theyrushedoutforfireextinguishers.v【例证】If the teacher does not permit us togoouting,wecantdoit.v【优化】Without
30、theteacherspermission，wecantgooutingv3使用同义词、近义词、上义词或替代、省略等手段使用同义词、近义词、上义词或替代、省略等手段v除非出于修辞的需要，英语中尽量不要重复使用同一个词、短语或句型，那样会让人感觉单调乏味。v【例证】Ifwedontknowthe world outside the campus,wecantadapttotheworldafterourgraduation.vHowcanwegettoknowthe world outside the campus?Thewaysareasfollows:firstofall,wecanread
31、somebooksaboutthe world outside the campus,v【优化】Failingtoknowtheworldoutsidethecampuswillmakeitdifficultforustoadapttothesocietyafterourgraduation.vFortunately,therearemanywaystoaccomplish that.Firstofall,readingmaybeagoodchoicev（改写的文字不仅避免了重复，而且长短句配合使用，段落之间衔接紧密。两段文字表达的意思相同，但表现出来的水平却差了至少两个档次。）v4使用描写性
32、的词语使用描写性的词语v避免使用一些最常用、最简单的单词表达思想，如good,bad,thing,want,like等.v例证Cheatingisnotagood thing.v优化Cheatingisanimmoral practice.vThenegativeeffectsofcheatingcantbeignoredv【例证】Iwanttovisityourcampusvery muchv【优化】Imeagertovisityourcampus5.改变句子的开头方式改变句子的开头方式,不是一味地都是主不是一味地都是主语开头语开头,接着是谓语、宾语接着是谓语、宾语,最后再加一个最后再加一个
33、状语。可以把状语置于句首状语。可以把状语置于句首,或用分词作或用分词作状语等。试比较状语等。试比较:(原文)The young man couldnt help crying when he heard the bad news.(修正)Hearing the bad news,the young man couldnt help crying.Practicalwritingv自2001年6月至2007年6月的六年之中，四级共有15次考试，其中9次考到了应用文，包括5封书信（3封严格意义上的书信、2篇书信的变体），2篇致辞和2篇告示。应用文的考题占到了四级写作题目的60。2004年大学英语考
34、试委员会明确声明：“以后的国内英语考试（包括四、六级、考研）侧重考查考生英语的实际运用能力”。应用文作为四、六级、考研的重点题型，希望大家引起高度重视。classificationNoteNoticeResumeLetterLetterofthanks/apologyInvitationletterLetterofapplicationBusinesscommunicationsPractice便条包括留言、请假条、收条、欠条等1.题目可省2.称呼语写在左边顶格3.日期写在正文右上方，也可写在署名下一行，即右下角。可以写上年月日，或星期几（上午/下午）。4.形式和内容简洁，语言通俗、简单、直接
35、5.署名写在正文的右下角。注：一定要说清楚写给谁的、什么事、谁写的以及什么时候写的。例1(leaveamessage)NOTEMay5,2004Lucy,YouhappenedtobeoutwhenIcalledyou.Ihavesomethingimportanttodiscusswithyou.Pleasecallmewhenyouareback.Susan（May5,2004）例2(askforsickleave)March5,2004DearMr.Lin,IfeelsorrythatIshallbeunabletoattendthismorningstwoperiodsofEnglis
36、hclassbecauseofabadcoldandhighfever.EnclosedisacertificatefromthedoctorwhosaidImuststayinbedforafewdays.IwillgobacktoschoolassoonasIrecover.Yourssincerely,Susan例3(receipt)AReceiptMay5,2004ReceivedfromMs.LiuHuixinoftheEnglishDepartmentthefollowingitems:Onetape-recorderTencassettetapesLiLei例4(Ioweyouf
37、orm)AnI.O.U.FormSept.5,2004BorrowedfromMr.WangHaoonehundredyuan.Ipromisetopaythesumofmoneywithinonemonth.LiWei常用语vWithmanythanks!vManythanks!vIwishyousuccess!vImverypleasedtoknowthat通知1.上方居中写NOTICE或Notice2.正文的右下角写出通知的单位或人名3.日期放在左下角例1NoticeAllthestudentsarerequestedtomeetinthemeetinghallonFriday(May,
38、7)at2:00p.m.tolistentoatalkbythevisitingprofessor,Mr.AdamBlack.TheDepartmentOfficeMay4,2005例2NOTICEDate:December12th,2005To:AllstaffFrom:HeadofficeSubject:Financialprogramofthecompany注：time,place,subject,participant简历1.包括页眉、教育背景、工作经历和个人资料四个部分2.页眉部分：Name,Address,andTelnumber3.教育背景：时间倒序，最近的学历放在最前。4.个人
39、资料：Certificates/Qualifications,LanguageProficiencyHobbies/PersonalStrongPoints5.工作经历：时间倒序，公司名称，地点，职务，工作内容Personal dataDateofBirth:Mar.9th,2006Sex/gender:Male/FemaleNationality:ChineseMaritalstatus:Single/Married/DivorcedHealth:Excellent/good/badEducation2004-2006:BeijingJingbeiVocationalCollegeRelev
40、antcourses:English,computer2001-2004:No.55HighSchool1998-2001:No.101MiddleSchoolWorkExperience2005-2006:NewWorldSoftwareCompany,workingasasalesmanLanguage ProficiencyEnglish:fluentinspeaking,readingandwritingCertificatesCET-4,CET-6,TEM-4,TEM-8,PRETCO-3,CPAHobbiesComputergames,swimming,footballJob Ob
41、jective1.SeekingachallengingpositionintheSalesDepartmentwhichoffersopportunitiesforgrowthandadvancement2.ToworkasageneralmanagerinajointventureenterpriseinQingdao3.ToserveasaSalesManagerataSino-foreignjointventureinBeijing例Mar.9th,2006ZhangLingNo.45RenminRoadBeijing100012Tel:010-12345678PersonalData
42、DateofBirth,Sex,Nationality,Health,etc.WorkExperience2004-2006:Education2001-2004:JobObjectivetoworkasa.常用词语height,weight,position,creative,excellentParty/Leaguemember,doctor,master,bachelor,graduatestudent,abroadstudent,foreignstudent,freshman,sophomore,junior,senior,bloodtype,IDcardNO.,capable,car
43、eful,cooperative,major,score,socialpractice,scholarship,“ThreeGoods”student,excellentleader,studentcouncil,intelligent,inventive信函1.信头指写信人的地址和写信日期，位于信的右上角。顺序：第一行写门牌号码、路名；第二行写市（县）、省（州、郡）名，寄往国外的信要加国名；第三行写寄信日期2.收信人的地址位于左上角，略低于写信日期3.称呼低于收信人地址，左边顶格写起4.正文开头空几格，不用写“你好”5.结束语位于正文的下一行右边6.签名在结束语的下一行，除了对熟悉的人和亲密
44、的人之外，签名必须要写全名。v2006年1月出版的大学英语四级考试大纲明确强调写作格式，格式写作将会扣分。告示的写作格式与书信不同。书信讲究称呼、正文、落款三种格式，而告示则包括标题、日期、正文、署名四种格式。v书信一般不写标题，告示必须写在首行正中央写上标题，今年标题已经给出：“WelcometoOurClub”。v书信一般无需写日期，告示最好写上（如果正文中交代清楚，不写亦可），写作标题右下方，不要空行。v告示的正文可写13段，针对四级写作三点提纲的特点，最好写成三段，每点提纲各写一段、详细展开即可。书信中开头结尾的套句如自我介绍、写作目的、表示感谢、期待回信等等，在告示中不能使用。告示的
45、正文时态以现在时和将来时为主。v书信的落款是个人，但告示的署名可以是个人或单位，针对考题，应写为单位：某个社团，应写在答题卡中间偏右的位置。v另外，四级写作最好采用缩进式，段间不空行，每段首行缩进45个字母并对齐。例No.236XuefuRoadBeijing,ChinaMarch20,2004035MonkeyRoadLosAngles,AmericaDearSir,Igotmyplaneticketthismorning.IwillflytoNewYorknextMonday.Imveryexcited!Icanhardlywaittoseeyou.Yours,HanMeimei注：1.如
46、果不知道收信人的名字，可以写上DearSir/DearMadam/Towhomeveritmayconcern2.结束语商业信函：Sincerelyyours,Yourstruly,Yourssincerely私人信函：Yours,Sincerely,Withlove,Sincerelyyours,Yourstruly,Yourssincerely感谢信要求：1.对对方给与的款待、礼物或帮助等表示由衷的感谢。2.用简洁的语言赞赏对方提供的帮助所起到的作用，或所收到的礼物的可爱之处及其用途。3.再次表示衷心的感谢，希望有朝一日能够回报。例1February16,2006DearLucy,Imwr
47、itingthislettertothankyouforyourwarmhospitalityduringmyvisittoyourcountry.Ienjoyedandappreciatedallyourkindnesstome.IhopethatyouwillpayashortvisittoChinaandImayhavethepleasureofseeingyouinmyhome.Thankyouagainforyourfriendlywarmth.Sincerelyyours,Sally例2Aug.12,2005DearTed,Thankyoufromthecoreofmyheartf
48、orthenicebirthdaypresentyouhavesentme.IhavebeenlookingforwardtoanEnglish-Englishdictionaryforalongtime.Itwillsurelybeveryhelpfultomystudy.Itwasverykindofyoutoremembermybirthday.Thegiftwillalwaysremindmeofourfriendship.Thanksagain.Imlookingforwardtomeetingyousoon.Yourstruly,John常用语1.Iwanttoexpressmya
49、ppreciatetoyouforyourhelp.2.Imthankfultoyouforyourbeautifulgift.3.Thankyousomuchforyourwarmwishes/greetings.4.ThebeautifulyougavemeisjustwhatIwant/need.5.Ireallyappreciateyourhospitality.6.Iwillrememberyourkindnesswithgratitude.道歉信格式与感谢信相同，下面是一些常用语：1.Ireallyapologizeforthat.2.Youmustforgiveme.3.Itsa
50、llmyfault.4.IdoapologizeforallthatIvedone.5.Howcareless/forgetfulofme!6.IcanttellyouhowsorryIam.7.Ireallydidntmeanthat.例April4,2005DearMary,IamverysorrythatwewontattendyourbirthdaypartyonSaturdaybecausemywifeisill.IamsorrythatImustdisappointyou,butIamconfidentthatyouwillfullyunderstandus.Yourssincer