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1、Language and societyLanguage and societyoSociolinguistics 社会语言学oto study the relation nbetween language and society,nbetween the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language liveTwo approachesoMacro sociolinguistics 宏观社会语言学n(a birds-eye view)nTo consider how language fun
2、ctions in the society and how it reflects the social differentiations.oMicro sociolinguistics 微观社会语言学n(a worms-eye view)nFrom the point of view of an individual member within itoHow language functions in the communication between members of the society Two main subjects oSpeech community 言语社区言语社区oth
3、e social group that is singled out for any special sociolinguistic study oSpeech variety 言语变体言语变体oany distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.3 main types：nregional dialects,sociolects-usersnregisters-useMajor concernsoVarieties of language oStandard dialect oPidgin a
4、nd CreoleoBilingualism and DiglossiaVarieties of language oDialectal varieties 方言变体oRegister 语域oDegree of formality 正式度Dialectal varietiesoRegional dialect 地域方言地域方言oSociolect 社会方言社会方言oLanguage and gender 语言与性别语言与性别oLanguage and age 语言与年龄语言与年龄oIdiolect 个人语言个人语言oEthnic dialect 种族方言种族方言oRegional dialec
5、t 地域方言地域方言The linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region Causes:ngeographical barriersnloyalty to ones native speechnphysical&psychological resistanceAt present:ndecreasing of geographical variation in languageDialectal varietiesoSociolect 社会方言 the linguistic variety ch
6、aracteristic of a particular social classnsame geographical regionnsame regional dialect Features:nphonetic features:-n-ingngrammatical level:I cant eat nothing.naccent:Received Pronunciation(RP)标准发音 (upper class speech,high-status marker)Dialectal varietiesspeak differentlyoLanguage and gender 语言与性
7、别语言与性别 oIntonation 语调nFemale:a wider range;low-rise intonationoLexicon 词汇nFemale:n more adjectives of evaluation:nice,lovely,cute,fantasticn more intensifiers:awfully,really,oOn the wholenFemale:more correct,less assertive,more politeDialectal varietiesoLanguage and age 语言与年龄语言与年龄oLexical difference
8、:e.g.,nicebox-fridgen火星文：符号、繁体字、日文、韩文、冷僻字或汉字拆分后的部分等非正规化文字符号组合而成（似乱码或错字，不规范，字面无法了解）o偶口以跟你作朋友吗？o3Q o你是我的好麻吉！o私今天没事做。o海皮，粉，河蟹，小盆友，Dialectal varietiesoIdiolect 个人语言个人语言A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional,social,gender,and age variationsE.g.,Hemingway,Lux
9、unoIn a narrow sensenvoice quality,pitch,speech tempo,rhythm,Dialectal varietiesoEthnic dialect 种族语言种族语言 mainly spoken by a less privileged population E.g.,Black EnglishnSimplification of consonant clusters:mend,desk,told,nDeletion of“be”:You crazy.They mine.nDouble negation:He dont know nothing.I a
10、int afraid of no ghosts.Dialectal varietiesRegistero“Language varies as its function varies;it differs in different situations.”(Halliday)oRegister:the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situationothree social variables that determine the registernfield of discourse nte
11、nor of discoursenmode of discourse Three social variables oField of discourse 语场:words,grammarnthe purpose(why)nsubject matter(about what)oTenor of discourse语旨:sentence structure,tonenthe participates(who)n(what relationship)oMode of discourse 语式:cohesion,style nthe means(how)E.g.,technical or non-t
12、echnicalE.g.,customer-shop assistant,teacher-studentE.g.,oral,written,RegisterField?Tenor?Mode?RegisterDegree of formality Five stages of formality(Martin Joos)oIntimate:Up you go,chaps!oCasual:Time you all went upstairs now.oConsultative:Would you mind going upstairs right away,please?oFormal:Visit
13、ors should go up the stairs at once.oFrozen:Visitors would make their way at once to the upper floor by way of the staircase.Note:differences in syntactic,lexical and phonological levelStandard dialect standard variety:a superimposed,socially prestigious dialect of a languagenthe government and the
14、judiciary systemnthe mass medianeducational institutionsFeatures:nBased on a selected variety of the languagenNot a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialectE.g.,Chinese:PutonghuaPidgin&Creole Pidgin 洋泾浜英语洋泾浜英语:(“business”)oa special language variety that mixes or blends languages
15、 oused by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading洋泾浜英语歌谣集洋泾浜英语歌谣集o来叫克姆（COME）去叫谷（GO），o是叫也司（YES）勿讲拿（NO），o一元洋钿温得拉（ONE DOLLAR），o廿四铜钿吞的福（TWENTY-FOUR），o翘梯翘梯喝杯茶（HAVE TEA），o雪堂雪堂请侬坐（SIT DOWN），o红头阿三开泼度（KEEP DOOR），o自家兄弟勃拉茶（BROTHER），o爷叫泼茶娘卖茶（FATHER/MOTHER），o丈人阿爸发音落（FATHER IN
16、 LAW）。Pidgin&Creole Creole 克里奥尔语克里奥尔语oa pidgin which has become the primary language of a speech communityoacquired by the children of that speech community as their native languageE.g.,English-based creole of Jamaica French-based creole of HaitiBilingualism&Diglossia 双语双语oBilingualismotwo languages
17、 are used side by side in some speech communities,with each having a different role to play E.g.,Paraguay:Spanish&Guarani Pakistan:English&UrduoDiglossiaotwo varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community,with each having a definite role to playoprestigious,formal,high common,colloquial,low E.g.,Haiti:French&Creole