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1、 The Renaissance Historical background:The breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism;The enclosure;the war of the Roses;the strengthening of the absolute monarchy;the rise of the bourgeoisie;the defeat of the Spanish Armada.New social and economic conditio
2、ns brought about great changes in the development of science and art.So with the strengthening of new bourgeois national state,this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance.Renaissance:A rebith,revival of classical(Greek and Roman)arts,literature and sciences be
3、tween 14 and mid 17 centuries in Europe,the greatest age of human accomplishments.Two striking features of the Renaissance 1)A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature;2)The keen interest in the activities of humanity(People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future
4、world and turned to admiration for human beauty and human achievement);Renaissance marks the transition from medieval to modern world,from feudal to capitalist,from religious to secular society.In this period the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to abolish old th th feudal ideas
5、 in medieval Europe(the church-centered culture which were characterized by God-centeredness,otherworldliness and asceticism.)and to introduce new ideas of the rising bourgeoisie(humanism,the man-centered culture in which man is the measure of all things.),and to carry our religious reformation.Rena
6、issance did not begin to show its effect in England until the reign of Henry VIII(1509-1547)owing to Englands separation from the Continent and its domestic unrest.Encouraged by Henry VIII,the Oxford reformers,scholars and humanists introduced classical literature to England.Education was revitalize
7、d and literature became more popular.From the beginning of the 16 c,the English Renaissance witnessed the brisk development of literature:the translation of ancient English,Italian and French works,as well as classical works of Greece and Rome;books of discoveries and adventures;the flowering of son
8、nets;the highest glory of the English renaissance is its drama(the Elizabethan drama).This was Englands golden age in literature.There appeared many literary giants such as Shakespeare,Spenser,Jonson,Sidney,Marlowe,Bacon and Donne.Humanism:The Renaissance was marked by the spread of humanism,the key
9、note(the great spirit)of Renaissance.It sprang as a result of rediscovery and restudy of the Greek and Roman civilization which is based on the conception that the man is the measure of all things,the th man-centered culture.It stands for devotion to the humane values represented in classical litera
10、ture.While the medieval Catholic teachings(the church-centered culture)were characterized by God-centeredness,otherworldliness and asceticism,the Renaissance humanists emphasized the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life;they believed human beings were glorious creatures;man
11、 can live a happy and meaningful life on earth;man can improve his condition with effort and change the world according to his desire.Man has the right to pursue personal happiness,knowledge and wealth.Humanism helped to civilize man,to make him realize his potential powers and gifts.It contributed
12、a great deal to the progress of human society.It represented the new ideas of the rising bourgeoisie.Thomas More,Marlowe and Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.The humanistic ideas and belief permeated the literature of this period.Christopher Marlowe-the greatest of t
13、he pioneers of English drama I.Literary achievement:blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter)II.Artistical limitations:III.Major plays:Tamburlaine(贴木耳大帝)The Jew of Malta(马尔他岛的犹太人)Doctor Faustus(浮士德博士)William Shakespeare(1564-1616)Life Works During his 22 years of literary career he produced 37 plays,T
14、wo narrative poems,154 sonnets.Dramatic career The first period-Early period(1590-1594)2 historical plays:Henry VI(亨利六世)Richard III(理查德三世),4 comedies:The Comedy of Errors(错误的喜剧)（错中错）The Two Gentlemen of Verona(维洛那二绅士)The Taming of the Shrew(训悍记)Loves Labours Lost(爱的徒劳)1 tragedy:Romeo and Juliet The
15、second period-mature period(1595-1600)A period of great comedies and mature historical plays 6 comedies:A Midsummer Nights Dream(仲夏夜之梦)The Merchant of Venice(威尼斯商人)The Merry Wives of Windsor（温 莎的 风流娘儿 们）Much Ado about Nothing（无事生非）As You Like It（皆大欢 喜）Twelfth Night（第十二夜）5 historical plays:Richard II
16、 Henry IV(Parts 1 and 2)Henry V King John 1 Roman tragedy:Julius Caesar（尤利乌 斯恺撒）The third period-Flourishing period (Tragic period)(1601-1607)A period of great tragedies and dark comedies 5 tragedies:Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth,Timon of Athens 3 comedies:Troilus and Cressida(特洛伊洛斯与克瑞西达)Alls Wel
17、l That Ends Well（终成眷属）Measure for Measure(一报还一报)2 Roman Tragedies:Antony and Cleopatra(安东尼和克莉奥佩特拉)Coriolanus(科里奥拉鲁斯)The fourth period-Late period(1608-1612)4 romantic drama(romances or tragicomedies):These plays portray a wide range of tragic events and difficult conditions,but they all end in recon
18、ciliation and reunion.Pericles(佩里克利斯)，Cymbeline（辛白林）The Tempest（暴风雨）,The Winters Tale（冬天的故事）1 historical play:Henry VIII Four great comedies A Midsummer Nights Dream (仲夏夜之梦)The Merchant of Venice(威尼斯商人)As You Like It（皆大欢喜）Twelfth Night（第十二夜）Four great tragedies Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth,Trage
19、dy Classical tragedians:Aeschylus(埃斯库罗斯 Premetheus Bound),Sophocles（索福克勒斯 Oedipus Tyrannus）,Euripites（欧里庇得斯）The tragic heroa significant person,usually a member of the nobility,a leader,a wise,just and good man Tragic flawa character defect which causes the downfall of the tragic hero Tragedy Traged
20、ies were concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice in life.They involved the trials and eventful death of a hero who was an important person and whose death led to the downfall of others.1.The central characters are always people of importance,like kings,queens,prince,general,nobles 2.A tr
21、agic hero is often a flawed good man;often the heros fall from happiness was due to a weakness in his character,by some great error in his part 3.supernatural beings are often involved in the conflict of human beings,like gods,spirits,witches,ghosts 4.Sadness is mixed with horror,murder,treachery an
22、d bloodshedding Catharsis（净化）purgation of audience emotions such as pity,anger,fear;the audience feel relieved or purged when they leave the theatre.Catharsis or cathartic effect of tragedies:Tragedies give an outlet for such emotions as greed,hatred,lust,fear and pity.The tragic action arouses feel
23、ings of awe in the audience,who often leave the theater with a renewed sense of the seriousness and significance of human life.The word catharsis is often used to describe the audiences feelings.It means the purging from the mind of the feelings of pity and fear the play has aroused when they leave
24、the theater.Romeo and Juliet His earliest success in tragedy,full of poetry and romance.Its scenes of youth and love are painted in brilliant colors.There is no tinge of pessimism in the play.Though a tragedy,the play is optimistic in spirit.It is a song of the optimistic youth,love,wit and courage
25、of the early rising young men and women against the drab.Hamlet Hamlet as a typical tragic hero:a hero of the Renaissance period and a representative of humanism Good qualities:noble-minded,brave,intelligent,learned,with a strong sense of justice,loved and respected by his people;Weaknesses:rash,imp
26、ulsive,indecisive,sometimes can be cruel,harsh and coarse His tragic flaw is lack of emotional balance;either acts rashly,without thinking,or doesnt act quickly and firmly enough.His indecisiveness,his inability to act when action is needed,is one of the major causes for his downfall.Hamlets soliloq
27、uy(See Anthology p76-77)(Situation)Hamlets endurance has reached the breaking point.His father has been murdered.His mother,who he loves dearly,has married her dead husbands brother.Moreover his sweetheart,Ophelia,has been acting very strangely.He senses that she does not love him any more.Now,hes a
28、ll alone.The world that he knew is shattered.His black mood of despair is deepened by his inability to act-to do something to change the situation.Now he ponders whether to continue living-or to take his own life.生存还是毁灭,这是个必须回答的问题:是否应默默的忍受坎坷命运之无情打击,还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌,并将其克服。此二抉择,就竟是哪个较崇高?死即睡眠,它不过如此!倘若
29、一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患,那么,此结局是可盼的!死去,睡去.但在睡眠中可能有梦,啊,这就是个阻碍:当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊,在死之长眠中会有何梦来临?它令我们踌躇,使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾,否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨,如暴君之政、骄者之傲、失恋之痛、法章之慢、贪官之 侮、或庸民之辱,假如他能简单的一刃了之?还有谁会肯去做牛做马,终生疲於操劳,默默的忍受其苦其难,而不远走高飞,飘於渺茫之境,倘若他不是因恐惧身後之事而使他犹豫不前?此境乃无人知晓之邦,自古无返者。所以，理智就使我们都变成了懦夫，使得那果断的本色蒙上了一层思虑的惨白的容颜，本来可以做出伟大的事业，由于思虑就化为乌有了，丧
30、失了行动的能力。美丽的欧菲利亚,可爱的小姐,在你的祈祷中可别忘了我的罪孽。What Hamlet is musing on is the comparison between the pain of life,which he sees as inevitable(the sea of troubles-the slings and arrows-the heart-ache-the thousand natural shocks)and the fear of the uncertainty of death and of possible damnation of suicide.1.Is
31、 it better to endure silently the blows and agony that life inflicts on man without logic or reason,or to rise up against a mass of troubles and end them by fighting back?2.Who would bear the insults and miseries of this world,the cruelties and tyranny of the oppressors,the humiliation and contempt
32、from the arrogant people,the heart-breaking pain caused by rejected love,the inevitable slowness of the working of law,the arrogance and rudeness of those who hold official positions,the insults which good patient people suffer from those who are mean and unworthy,if a mere dagger might free him fro
33、m all these troubles?The speech reveals the psychological make-up,the intricate mental workings,the thinking process of Hamlet.The use of psychological analysis gives greater depth and breadth to the thoughts and feelings of the character.1.a thinker,a philosopher,pondering on both his personal cons
34、iderations and social problems 2.a man with a sense of justice 3.pessimistic and gloomy view about life,cynical attitude towards society 4.wide range of knowledge 5.belief in the Christian doctrine about heaven and hell Blank verse(无韵体)unrhymed iambic pentameter,literary form masterly handled by Sha
35、kespeare and Milton Comedy in most ways,the opposite of tragedy.Broadly defined,it refers to any literary work designed to amuse;And specifically,it is usually reserved for plays whose tone is lighthearted and humourous,that are amusing,and that have a happy ending.Comedy-komo-merry-making,dealing w
36、ith ordinary people in everyday situations,ordinary people,humble style,beginning with misfortune and ending with joy.Plotfrom bad to good,beginning with misfortune and ending with joy Characters-ordinary people,(humble and private people)in rather everyday situations;the main characters remain opti
37、mistic no matter what fate brings them,believing that in the end they will triumph.Stereotypesthe characters tend to be stereotypical,which means they are recognizable types of people rather than fully developed characters like the tragic hero.The dumb blond,the man who thinks he is Gods gift to wom
38、en,the miser,the fickle young lover,the lazy slob,the rich spoiled child,the social snob-Dramatic spiritoptimism;there is always a sense that everything will turn out well,despite the horrible predicaments the characters find themselves in.Stylehumble,light-hearted(as against the solemn,serious,loft
39、y,sublime style in tragedies)Purpose-to entertain and educate people,to ridicule and satirize human weaknesses,but some have moral and corrective purposes Different types of comediescomedies of humour,of manners,burlesque,farce,satirical comedy,romance comedy,tragicomedy The Merchant of Venice A rom
40、antic comedy,the story of three caskets and story of a pound of flesh;Antoniothe merchant Bassaniothe fortune-hunter Shylockthe Jewish usurer,the villain Portiathe idealized woman,the daughter of the Renaissance Theme:praising true friendship,true love,exposing social evils:greed,malice,racial preju
41、dice,money-worship,injustice Shylock:mean,greedy,cunning,cruel,vengeful,merciless;a sophist,an avaricious money-lender,a Jew of pride and deep religious instincts;but also a victim of racial discrimination and religious persecution Portia:beautiful,cultured,learned,witty,courageous,prudent;Sonneta p
42、oem of 14 lines in iambic pentameter with a fixed rhyme scheme 1.Italian form:octave,sestet;abba abba cde cde 2.English or Shakespearean form:3 quatrains and one couplet;abab cdcd efef gg Sonnet 18(See Anthology p118-119)Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:R
43、ough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmd;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance,or natures changing course,untrimmd;But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor
44、lose possession of that fair thou owest;Nor shall Death brag thou wanders in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growest;So long as men can breathe,or eyes can see,So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.我怎能把你比作宜人的夏天？你比它更加可爱也更加温婉：狂风把五月钟爱的蓓蕾摧残，夏天延续的时间未免太短暂：苍穹的眼睛有时照得太灼热，金色的容颜常变得朦胧暗淡：遭受
45、机缘或自然变化的摧折；美好的事物终究会不免凋残。但是你永恒的夏天不会衰败，你拥有的美丽会永伴你身旁，死神不夸耀你在他影里徘徊，当你在不朽诗行里与时同长。只要人类能呼吸眼睛能看清，此诗万世长存并赐予你生命。The poet ponders on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to his loved one.Beauty can be immortalized by poetry.In addition:1.The Evolution of Drama:English dr
46、ama has roots reaching back to The miracle play（奇迹剧）The morality play 道德剧 The Interlude 插剧 Classical comedies and tragedies 经典戏剧 2.Other remarkable writers besides Shakespeare Sidney-a poet and critic of poetry,Apology for Poetry-a piece of literary criticism of the Renaissance;Edmund SpenserThe Poe
47、ts poet,the author of the greatest epic poem of the time The Faerie Queene Modern English:The publication of Spensers first work The Shepherds Calendar marked the budding of the Renaissance flower,the language then to be called Modern English,to distinguish from the Middle English of Chaucers day.Sp
48、enserian Stanza-a special form of poetry which consists of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet(an alexandrine),with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc(The first 8 lines are in iambic pentameter,and the ninth,iambic hexameter,with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc).Francis Bacon-th
49、e first Englisn essayist,the founder of English materialist philosophy,the founder of modern science in England Ben Jonson-a prolific dramatist,also a poet and a critic.Features of Shakespeares drama 1.faithfully and vividly reflects the major social contradictions of his time;One of the founders of
50、 realism in world literature;2.His dramatic creation often used the method of adoptation.He rewrote old plays or borrowed his plots widely from other sources;3.A master hand for playwriting.In his plays,actions develop freely,without being hindered by the classical rules;Usually combining the majest