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1、语法9个语法的重点p虚拟语气p定语从句p倒装句p主谓一致p强调句p连词的辨析p省略句p非谓语动词p平行结构p其他：时态、语态、情态动词等虚拟语气pA，表建议，要求，命令的动词，及与其相关的名词、形容词或分词，后面的从句中都要用should+动词原形作谓语，should可省略。pB，某些特殊的形容词，后面常跟虚拟语气。这一点要尤其注意。pC，wish后表示与现实相反的愿望时要用虚拟语气。pD，wouldrather后若加从句则要用过去式表示虚拟语气，也可以直接加dosth宁愿做。pE，If引导的条件状语中，表示与现在情况相反的假设，表示与过去情况相反的假设时。虚拟语气虚拟语气(The Subju
2、nctive Mood)p例1：Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,allpractical_valuebythetimetheywerefinished.A.couldloseB.wouldhavelostC.mightloseD.oughttohavelost答案B.wouldhavelost注释从句是省略if的虚拟条件句,谓语部分倒装,故主句谓语为wouldhave+过去分词。译文所涉及到的数百万次计算，如果用手工操作，到它们完成时已失去全部实用价值。虚拟语气虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)p
3、例2：Asafetyanalysis_thetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.A.wouldidentifyB.willidentifyC.wouldhaveidentifiedD.willhaveidentified答案C.wouldhaveidentified注释过去时间的虚拟语气表示过去要做而没有做的事。译文一次安全隐患分析本来会确认这个目标是潜在的危险。不幸的是，这样的分析从未做过。虚拟语气虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)p例3：Inthepastmengenerallypreferredth
4、attheirwives_inthehome.A.workedB.wouldworkC.workD.wereworking答案C.work注释因为prefer(宁愿)是欲望动词,其后所接的宾语从句中谓语需用(should)+动词原形。译文过去男子一般都愿意他们的妻子在家里工作。虚拟语气虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)p例4：WhenEdisondied,itwasproposedthattheAmericanpeople_allpowerintheirhomes,streets,andfactoriesforseveralminutesinhonourofthisgreat
5、man.A.turnoffB.turnedoffC.wouldturnoffD.hadturnedoff答案A.turnoff注释propose是欲望动词,后接的宾语从句或主语从句中谓语要用虚拟语气：should+动词原形或直接用动词原形。译文爱迪生去世时，有人建议，为纪念这位伟人美国人民应关掉家中、街上和工厂里的全部电源几分钟。虚拟语气虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)p例5：IapologizeifI_you,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.A.offendB.hadoffendedC.shouldhaveoffendedD.mightha
6、veoffended答案B.hadoffended注释本题测试交错时间的虚拟条件句。was暗示，事情发生在过去，所以虚拟条件句中的谓语动词应该用表示过去时间的虚拟形式。译文假如我曾经冒犯过你，我现在向你道歉，但我向你保证，这不是故意的。定语从句p对定语从句的考察是重点考察关系词选择和非限定性定语从句。p关系词的选择关键要从其在从句中担任着的成分决定的，而不是在主句中的。p非限定性定语从句通常由逗号与修饰的名词相隔开，而且只能由which，who，whom，whose引导，其中which既可以指物，也可以指前面一整句话，这一点大家一定要注意。p另外介词和上面的关键词连用构成符合关系词的情况也很多
7、。例1：Idliketoexplaintheproposals_wehavereceivedmanyobjections.pA：towhichpB：towherepC：towhopD：towhatp答案：Ap解析：限制性定语从句，名词proposal为物，先行词为代替物的which。objectto反对，其中to是介词p例2：Asurveywascarriedoutonthedeathrateofnew-bornbabiesinthatregion,_weresurprising.pA：asresultspB：whichresultspC：theresultsofitpD：theresults
8、ofwhichp答案：Dp解析：非限定性定语从句，theresultofthesurveywassurprising，用为定语从句用which代替surveypShortlyaftermyreturn,IvisitedtheAppointmentsOffice,_Iwasinterviewedbytwocourteous,impersonalmen.pA：whatpB：whetherpC：whenpD：wherep答案：Dp解析：非限定性定语从句中，先行词表示地点，用where倒装句ponly后面加状语，并放于句首时，句子用倒装；而当其修饰其它成分时不倒装。p表示否定意义的副词或短语，如sel
9、dom，never，rarely，innotime。p注意Hardly/scarcely/barelyhadsbdonewhen这一句型，表示一就(assoonas后不加倒装)主谓一致p当主语后跟有with，togetherwith，aswellas，but，except等短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。p表示时间，距离，金钱，速度等的数量词作主语时，通常将其看作是一个整体，为单数。p就近原则:eitheror，neithernor，notonlybutalso等结构作主语时，由第二个词后的名词决定谓语形式。主语和谓语的一致关系主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement)p主语和谓语
10、的一致,是指主语在人称和数方面与谓语动词的一致关系。例1:Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhich_areturninmoneytothecommunity.A.doesnotbringB.didnotbringC.donotbringD.hasnotbrought答案C.donotbring注释which的先行词是services，故谓语用第三人称复数形式。译文有许多有价值的服务项目，公众也愿意支付其费用，但是这些项目没有给社区带来经济回报。主语和谓语的一致关系主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb A
11、greement)p例2:Theamountofpressurewhich_thematerialsaresubjecttothequalityoftheproducts.A.affectsB.affectC.affectingD.tobeaffected答案A.affects注释本句中subject是形容词，后接介词to,其介词宾语是which。译文这些材料所受到的压力的量影响产品的质量。主语和谓语的一致关系主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement)p例3:Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofgettingcancertha
12、n_inthepublicmindtoday.A.existsB.existC.existingD.existed答案A.exists注释than引导比较状语从句，从句中省略theanxietywhich。译文本应减少人们对患癌症的焦虑，可如今公众心目中这种焦虑却有过之而无不及。主语和谓语的一致关系主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement)p例4:Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecircleoftheinsectthat_notfullyunderstood.A.isB.areC.haveD.has答案
13、B.are注释关系代词that的先行词是elements，故谓语应为are。译文尽管进行了大量的研究，在这种昆虫的生活周期中仍有某些因素还没有完全弄懂。主语和谓语的一致关系主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement)p例5：Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthan_intraditionalmedia.A.existB.existsC.existingD.toexist答案A.exist注释than引导的定语从句中than作主语，其谓语与带形容词比较级
14、的先行词保持人称与数的一致关系。也有的语法书认为，than引导的是比较从句，后面省略了therestrictionsthat。译文与传统媒体中存在的限制相比，这些建议试图更多地限制使用和拷贝数字信息强调句p基本结构itis/was+强调部分+that/who(人)+句子中其他成分强调句型强调句型(The Emphatic Pattern)p英语常用的强调结构是“Itis(was)+被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)+who(that).”。一般说来,被强调部分指人时,用who;指事物时用that,但that也可以指人。在美国英语中指事物时常用which来代替that。1.Itistheusesto
15、whichtelevisionisputdetermineitsvaluetosociety.A.theyB.thoseC.thatD.who强调句型强调句型(The Emphatic Pattern)2.Itwasnotuntilheenteredtheclassroomherealizedthathehadforgottentodothehomework.A.beforeB.whenC.thenD.that3.ItwasIsadoraDuncanwhoresponsibleformanyoftheinnovationsthathavemademoderndancedifferentfrom
16、classicalballet.A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.were强调句型强调句型(The Emphatic Pattern)4.Itisthenewsmostparentsofthehopethatthereisasafeandsociallyapprovedroadtoakindoflifetheythemselveshavenothad,buttheirchildrencan.A.thatdepriveB.thatitdeprivesC.thatdeprivesD.whenitdeprives5.Itisthebusinessofthescientisttoaccumula
17、teknowledgeabouttheuniverseandallinit,andtofind,ifheisable,commonfactorswhichaccountforthefactsthatheknows.A.whoareB.whichareC.whoisD.thatis连词的辨析pthat：可引导同位语从句、表语从句、主语从句、宾语从句等；that在这些从句中无实际含义，也不担任任何成分。pSo+形容词/副词thatsuch+(冠词或形容词)名词that，表示如此以至于。pwhat：可引导名词性从句，并在从句中担任主语、宾语等。pwhetheror/whetherorno是否，if则
18、无此用法。pby加表示过去的时间，则主句用过去完成时；加现在，则主句用现在完成时；加将来时间，则主句用将来完成时。p时间状语，条件状语还有某些让步状语中，不出现将来时，要用现在式表示将来时。p分辨一下表示因和果的连词，表示转折的连词，容易出选择题。连接手段连接手段(The Connective)p连接手段是考试的重要内容之一。在完形填空试题中经常测试考生正确运用连接手段的能力。连接手段一般包括连接词、连接代词、连接副词、关系代词和关系副词。例1:OnarainydayIwasdrivingnorththroughVermont_Inoticedayoungmanholdingupasignre
19、adingBoston.A.whichB.whereC.whenD.that答案C.when注释本题测试下列句型：主语+谓语(过去进行时或过去完成时)+其它成分+when+主语+谓语(一般过去时)+其他成分。该句型中when引导的分句表示分句行为发生的突然性,when常译为就在这时。例如：Ihadnearlyarrivedatthetownwhenhesuddenlyaskedme:DoyouspeakEnglish?译文在一个下雨天，我正驾车通过Vermont，就在这时我突然注意到一个年轻人举着一块牌子，上面写着波士顿。连接手段连接手段(The Connective)例2:Thesenior
20、librarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme_shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.A.eversinceB.muchasC.eventhoughD.ifonly答案D.ifonly注释ifonly与onlyif不同，ifonly引导的从句中谓语要用虚拟语气。onlyif只是if的强调形式。译文借阅处的年长的图书馆员答应帮我弄到这本书，只要他记得谁最后一次借这本书。连接手段连接手段(The Connective)例3:Noonewouldhavetimetoreadorlistentoanaccoun
21、tofeverything_goingonintheworld.A.itisB.asisC.thatisD.whatis答案C.thatis注释thatisgoingonintheworld是定语从句，修饰everything,译文没有一个人会有时间去阅读或收听介绍世界上正在发生的每一件事情。省略句p在一些时间，条件或让步状语从句中，当主句和从句的主语相同，而从句为主系结构时(即有be)，可将从句主语和系动词一起省略省略省略(Ellipsis)p省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种常见的现象，它可以使语言简洁明了。英语里被省略部分一般可以在句子中补上，但有时省略结构已成定型，如把省略部分补上，反
22、而不合乎习惯。本节所涉及的内容是有关考研试题中常见的句法上的省略。例1:Wehopethemeasurestocontrolprices,_takenbythegovernment,willsucceed.A.whenB.asC.sinceD.after答案B.as注释本句是as引导的特殊状语从句的省略型，翻译时作定语从句处理，可理解为省略了theyhavebeen。译文我们希望，政府采取的控制物价的措施将会取得成功。省略省略(Ellipsis)例2:Thebusinessofeachday,_sellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.A.itb
23、eingB.beitC.wasitD.itwas答案B.beit注释本题是省略whether和might后主谓倒装的让步状语从句，恢复后应为whetheritmightbesellinggoodsorshippingthem。译文每天的业务，不管是卖货还是运货，都进行得很顺利。省略省略(Ellipsis)p例3:Theprojectrequiresmorelaborthan_becauseitisextremelydifficult.A.hasbeenputinB.havebeenputinC.beingputinD.tobeputin答案A.hasbeenputin注释本题可理解为than后
24、省略了thelaborthat的比较状语从句。译文这个项目需要的劳动力比已经投入的还多，因为项目任务十分艰巨。省略省略(Ellipsis)例4:JeanWagnersmostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfroAmericanpoetryishisinsistencethatit_inareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.A.istobeanalyzedB.hasbeenanalyzedC.beanalyzedD.shouldhavebeenanalyzed答案C.beanalyzed注释本题答案是省略sho
25、uld的虚拟语气，因为主句中insistence是欲望名词，故同位语从句中谓语须用虚拟语气。译文吉恩华格纳对美国黑人诗歌研究的不朽贡献是他主张不仅要用世俗的，而且应该用宗教的观点来分析研究美国黑人诗歌。非谓语动词p非限定动词(NonfiniteVerb)是动词的非谓语形式。非限定动词在句中不能单独作谓语,不受主语的人称和数的限制;它在句中可以充当各种句子成分。非限定动词包括n动词不定式n动名词n分词（现在分词、过去分词）不定式、分词和动名词不定式、分词和动名词(Infinitive)p不定式的用法：p例1:Peoplecannotbut_puzzled,fortheysimplycannotu
26、nderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.A.feelB.feelingC.tofeelD.shavingsfelt答案A.feel注释cannotbut接动词原形,意为不得不，只好。例如：IcouldnotbutadmitthathewasrightandIwaswrong.译文人们不得不感到困惑，因为他们简直无法理解，他怎么会犯这样一个愚蠢的错误。不定式、分词和动名词不定式、分词和动名词(Infinitive)p例2:Thosepart-timestudentsexpectsomejobs_oncampusduringthecomingsu
27、mmervacation.A.toofferB.tobeofferedC.tohaveofferedD.beingoffered答案B.tobeoffered注释expect后接动词不定式。offersb.sth.向某人提供某物；students是句子的主语，所以动词不定式用被动态，即tobeoffered。译文那些打工的学生期望在即将来临的暑假中能在校园内向他们提供更多的工作。不定式、分词和动名词不定式、分词和动名词(Infinitive)p例3:Thestudentsexpectedthere_morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.A.isB.Be
28、ingC.havebeenD.tobe答案D.tobe注释therebe的动词不定式形式是theretobe,在本题中作expected的宾语。译文这些学生期望在期末考试以前有更多的复习课。不定式、分词和动名词不定式、分词和动名词(Infinitive)p例4:Itisntcoldenoughforthere_afrosttonight,soIcanleaveJimscaroutquitesafely.A.wouldbeB.beingC.wasD.tobe答案D.tobe注释fortheretobeafrost是由therebe句型转化来的特殊形式的带逻辑主语的动词不定式，作结果状语。译文今晚
29、天气不致冷到有霜冻，因此我能把吉姆的汽车安全地停在外面。其他平行结构平行结构(The Parallel Structure)p当句中的信息是以并列列举的形式表示时,所列举的成分必须在语法上是并列的。例1:Countlessdivorcedpoliticianswouldhavebeenelectedoutofofficeyearsagohadtheyeventhoughtofadivorce,letalone_one.A.gettingB.togetC.gottenD.get答案C.gotten注释letalone(更不用说)后接同等成分，即并列结构。本句中thought与gotten是并列结
30、构,均为过去分词。译文无数离婚的政治家如果过去即使想到要离婚,更不要说真的离婚了,他们本来就会落选。平行结构平行结构(The Parallel Structure)例2:AsfarasIamconcerned,hispoliticsareratherconservativecomparedwith_.A.thatofotherpoliticiansB.onesofotherpoliticiansC.otherpoliticiansD.otherpoliticians答案D.otherpoliticians注释politicians意为politicianspolitics，与前面hispoli
31、tics相并列。此处politics意为政治观点，故谓语用第三人称复数are。译文我的看法是，与其他政治家的政见相比，他的政见是相当保守的。平行结构平行结构(The Parallel Structure)p例3：Aslongaspoorpeople,whoingeneralarecoloured,areinconflictwithricherpeople,whoingeneralarelighter_,theresgoingtobeaconstantracialconflictintheworld.A.skinB.skinningC.skinnedD.beingskinned答案C.skinn
32、ed注释arelighterskinned与前面的arecoloured是并列结构。lighterskinned意为肤色更浅的，其中的lighter是副词比较级。译文只要穷人(一般是有色人种)与富人(一般是白人)发生冲突，世界上就会发生不断的种族冲突。试题举例：情态动词p26.Marysscoreonthetestisthehighestinherclass;she_havestudiedveryhard.pA.mayB.shouldC.must D.oughttop60.-IhavetakensomeoneelsesT-shirtbymistake.IsitJanes?p-It_behers
33、.Sheseldomwearsred.pA.wontB.cant C.needntD.mustntp61.-MayIgotoplaybasketballnow,mum?p-No.You_finishyourhomeworkfirst.pA.canB.mustC.mayD.need试题举例：连词p27.Hecannotbetired_hehaswalkedonlyhalfamile.pA.sinceB.whetherC.whenD.aslongasp31.Abusinessmanshouldknowhisbuyersnotjust_buyers,but_people.pA.likelikeB.l
34、ikeasC.asasD.aslikep62.Shewasinthemiddleoftellingmethenews_acloudcameoverherface.pA.whereB.whyC.whenD.whilep35._thefactthathisinitialexperimentshadfailed,Prof.Whitepersistedinhisresearch.pA.BecauseofB.AstoC.InspiteofD.Inviewofp71.Theuniformmakesuslooklikeabunchofclones,especially_wearedoingmorningex
35、erciseintheplayground.pA.sinceB.whichC.asD.whenp72._difficultthesituationwas,wemanagedtosurvive.pA.HowB.HoweverC.WhatD.Whenp73._Iunderstandwhatyousay,Icantagreewithyou.pA.EvenB.WhileC.BecauseD.Nomatterp107._fivehundredpeoplearebelievedtohavedrowned.pA.AsmanyasB.AsmuchasC.SomanyasD.Somuchas试题举例：名词复数p
36、51.Allofthe_inourschoolwillattendaspecialmeeting.pA.womenteachersB.womanteachersC.womenteacherD.womanteacher试题举例：时态p59.BythetimehearrivesinBeijing,we_herefortwodays.pA.shallstayB.havebeenstayingC.willhavestayedD.havestayedp85.IwontcomplainaslongasI_whereIwanttogo.pA.willgetB.getC.gotD.wouldgetp112.M
37、aggie_thefloorwhenshe_thedoorbellring.pA.wassweepingheardB.sweptheardpC.wassweepingwashearingD.sweptwashearing试题举例：虚拟语气p74.Itisnecessarythatyou_bepresentatthemeeting.pA.shouldB.couldC.mayD.willp75.Ifhumanbeingshadbeenabitlessgreedyandcruel,morebirdsandanimals_dyingout.pA.oughttoavoidB.couldhavebeena
38、voidedC.shouldhaveavoidedD.mighthaveavoidedp90.Idratheryou_makeanycommentontheissueforthetimebeing.pA.dontB.wouldntC.didntD.shouldntp100.Themadmanwasputinthesoftpaddedcelllesthe_himself.pA.injureB.hadinjuredC.injuredD.wouldinjure试题举例：定语从句p28.Thereason_Icamelateforthemeetingwasthatmycarbrokedown.pA.w
39、hyB.becauseC.thatD.whichp70.Asurveywascarriedoutonthedeathrateofnew-bornbabiesinthatregion,_weresurprising.pA.asresultsB.whichresultsC.theresultsofitD.theresultsofwhichp117.Thepainting,_wassetinthewoodframe,isDaVincisauthenticworks.pA.whichB.thatC.whenD.who试题举例：非谓语动词p30.Though_money,hisparentsmanage
40、dtosendhimtouniversity.pA.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedinp63.Thenewgovernmentistryingtojustify_theincometax.pA.increasing B.toincreaseC.increaseD.increasedp64.Rather_bytheparty,helefthalfanhourbeforeitwasended.pA.tobeboringB.boredC.tobeboredD.boringp69.Thepilotaskedallthepassengersonboardtorema
41、in_astheplanewasmakingalanding.pA.seatedB.seatingC.seatD.tobeseatingp76.Youshouldgivetheapplicationtotheman_atthatchair.pA.sitsB.tositC.satD.sittingp77._theprogram,theyhavetostaythereforanotherthreeweeks.pA.NothavingcompletedB.Notcompleted C.NotcompletingD.Havingnotcompletedp79.Shewaslyinginbed_aboo
42、k.pA.toreadB.readingC.tobereadingD.tohavereadp84.Johnsuggested_anythingaboutituntiltheyfoundoutmorefacts.pA.nottosayB.notsayC.tosaynotD.notsayingp101.Janeneverdreamsof_forhertobesentabroadverysoon.pA.therebeingachanceB.theretobeachancepC.therebeachanceD.beingachancep104.Onhearingthenewsof_theexamina
43、tion,theboywasveryhappy.pA.hishavingpassedB.hepassedC.hisbeingpassedD.topassp109.Hehadbeenhavingtrouble_ahotelroom.pA.reservingB.toreserveC.reservedD.reservep113.Iwishyouwouldntspendsomuchtime_TV.pA.towatchB.watchC.watchedD.watching试题举例：附加疑问句p110.Ibelieveyoullgetthroughthetoughmoment,_?pA.dontIB.won
44、tIC.dontyouD.wontyou试题举例：名词性从句p105.Areyoucertainthatthisis_inhisletter？pA.grandfatherexpressedB.whatgrandfatherhasexpressedpC.grandfatherhasexpressedD.whichgrandfatherhasexpressed试题举例：with用法p65._rapiddevelopmentofrailways,aviationandoceantransport,longdistancetravelinghasbecomemoreandmorecommon.pA.T
45、heB.ItwastheC.WiththeD.Therewasthep78.Shewalkedacrosstheimmenseroom_everyonelookingather.pA.withB.asC.whileD.when试题举例：倒装句p80.Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoice_.pA.washeabletomakehimselfhearB.washeabletomakehimselfheardC.hewasabletomakehimselfheardD.hewasabletomakehimselfhearp81._thatourknockingcouldn
46、otwakehimup.pA.DeeplyhesleptB.SodeeplyhesleptC.DidhesleepdeeplyD.Sodeeplydidhesleep试题举例：感叹句p116._acharminggirlsheis!pA.WhatB.HowC.WhichD.That试题举例：被动语态p83.Themoderncigarette_tohavebeeninventedbyagroupofTurkishsoldiers.pA.isB.saidC.saysD.issaid试题举例：主谓一致p120.NotonlyTombutalsohiswife_fondofwatchingtelev
47、ision.pA.areB.wereC.beD.was试题举例：词序p98.Iftapwaterwereasdangerousassomepeoplethink,_wouldbegettingsick.pA.alotofmoreusB.morealotofuspC.alotofussomeD.alotmoreofus句子规则：改错p1.Iamlikemyparent.p2.Heisloveshisteacher.p3.Hekeepsswimeveryday.p4.Hewantsdrinkaglassofwater.p5.Helikesplayviolin.p6.Jackdonotlovemat
48、hematics.p7.Maryhatesinging.p8.Mymothercookverygoodfood.p9.Hewantmetoseehimtomorrow.p10.Henotknowsmyname.p11.Inotlikeyou.p12.Henotlikeswimming.p13.Younotwenthome.p14.Inotlikeswimming.p15.Iwantedtowenttomymothershome.p16.Idonotliketoswimming.p17.Ididnotatedinner.p18.Iwillnotwenthome.p19.Hedidnotwenth
49、ome.p20.Youmayleavingnow.p21.Hecanswimming.p22.Hedoesnotgoestowork.时态：改错p1.TheyaredrivingwhenIwenttoseethemyesterday.p2.ItrainedhereveryofteninTaipei.p3.Hegiveshisbooktohisbrotherlastmonth.p4.Hegotoworkeverymorning.p5.Helikestotoldstories.p6.Iliketowenttochurch.p7.Thesunsetsnow.p8.Theyareplaythepian
50、onow.p9.Iamloveyou.p10.Hewereagoodstudentbefore.p11.HegoestochurchlastSunday.p12.Itrainslastnight.p13.Iamplayingwhenyoucalled.p14.ItisrainingwhenIdrovetoworklastnight.p15.Hedonotknowme.p16.Iwereswimmingwhenmymothercame.p17.Theyissingingnow.p18.Hedonotliketoswim.p19.Healwayswearablackcoat.p20.Heiswat