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1、Error Correction改错改错题型介绍题型介绍u标标准准改改错错题题，以以替替换换原原文文的的词词为为主主，约约占占 60%70%，以以去去掉掉原原文文的的词词和和加加词词为为辅辅，约占约占 30%40%;u从从三三种种错错误误所所占占比比例例来来看看，语语法法和和词词汇汇为为 7 8 个，而上下文逻辑错误为个，而上下文逻辑错误为 2 3 个。个。Checklist1.缺词缺词/多词多词2.名词：数；可数性名词：数；可数性3.形容形容/副词：形式副词：形式/级级4.近义近义5.搭配搭配6.时态时态/语态语态7.动词动词8.虚拟语气虚拟语气9.非谓语动词非谓语动词10.As/like结
2、构结构11.定语从句的关系词定语从句的关系词12.前后照应前后照应a.主谓一致主谓一致b.时态一致时态一致c.指代一致指代一致d.修辞一致修辞一致13.逻辑关系：逻辑关系：连词连词/连接性副词连接性副词 反义词反义词 其它其它1 缺词缺词/多词多词缺漏缺漏:冠词、介词、代词、关系词、连词冠词、介词、代词、关系词、连词等等赘述赘述:相同相同或或相近相近的词语以及出现的词语以及出现两个主语两个主语等。等。1 缺词缺词/多词多词例例1 单数可数名词一般前应有冠词，但有些固定搭配单数可数名词一般前应有冠词，但有些固定搭配 中不用冠词。中不用冠词。Dishwashers and washing mach
3、ines do jobs that were once done by the hand.Key:by(the)hand by hand例例2 关系代词前的介词关系代词前的介词I suddenly realized that my own parents are the ones whom I can rely.Key:(on)whom例例3 不及物动词后接宾语应添加介词不及物动词后接宾语应添加介词But perhaps we should look at both sides of the coin before arriving hasty conclusions.This leads c
4、hanges in the way of life.Key:arriving(at)/leads(to)1 缺词缺词/多词多词例例4 并列的介词短语并列的介词短语The songs sounded via radios in restaurants，from cars passing on the highways and shoeshine(擦皮鞋擦皮鞋)parlorsKey:and(in)shoeshine parlors例例5 固定搭配中是否缺介词，注意固定搭配中是否缺介词，注意隔离修饰隔离修饰In every home a stereo or television will fill
5、the rooms sound.Key:fill the rooms(with)sound1 缺词缺词/多词多词例例6 定语从句中是否多了主语和宾定语从句中是否多了主语和宾语语In the nineteenth century,farm work and life were not much changed from that they had been in the old days.Key:thatwhat（原从句缺少宾语）（原从句缺少宾语）1 缺词缺词/多词多词例例6 宾语为动词不定式或从句时，必须在动词与宾语宾语为动词不定式或从句时，必须在动词与宾语补足语之间加上形式宾语补足语之间加上
6、形式宾语it。We have to make clear to each worker that everybody must observe these rulesKey:make make it 1 缺词缺词/多词多词例例7 Both natural and synthetic man-made rubber are of little value in their raw stateKey:去掉去掉synthetic或或man-made例例8 Monsoon winds（季风），（季风），sometimes masked by other features of the general
7、atmospheric circulation，they are associated with nearly all large continental land massesKey:去掉去掉they，同同Monsoon winds重复重复2 名词名词例例1 名词的限定名词的限定The day before the speech contest English teacherKey:my。可数名词前通常要加修饰语。此句虽然有可数名词前通常要加修饰语。此句虽然有English，但指代不明。根据上下文，加上，但指代不明。根据上下文，加上my比较比较贴切。贴切。2 名词名词例例2 名词可数与不可数
8、的误用名词可数与不可数的误用 Too much tests are disadvantage for students study.（误）（误）In modern society,people are under various pressures（误）（误）2 名词名词例例3 名词的单复数名词的单复数1)and asked me lots of question.Key:Questions“question”为可数名词，在为可数名词，在lots of后面，应加后面，应加-s。2)We study quite a few subject，such as maths,Key:subjectsA
9、few后面应跟可数名词的复数形式。后面应跟可数名词的复数形式。3 形容形容/副词与比较副词与比较例例1 形容词用来修饰名词或作表语，副词修饰形容词副词形容词用来修饰名词或作表语，副词修饰形容词副词或动词，经常有误用：或动词，经常有误用：It is essential that people be psychological able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.Key:Psychological psychologically 修饰形容词修
10、饰形容词Man has used metals for centuries in gradual increasing quantities.Key:Gradual gradually修饰动词（现在分词形式）修饰动词（现在分词形式）3 形容形容/副词与比较副词与比较例例2 系动词和感官动词后接形容词。系动词包括：系动词和感官动词后接形容词。系动词包括：be,appear,seem,become,turn,go,come,grow,keep,感官感官动词包括动词包括feel,smell,taste,sound,look等。等。其中有些系其中有些系动词又可以做实义动词：动词又可以做实义动词：bec
11、ome成为成为,appear出现出现,turn转动转动,go去去,come来来,grow种植种植/成长成长,keep保留保留I frequently feel weakly and dissatisfied with myselfAll the dishes taste most deliciously.Key:weakly weak deliciously delicious3 形容形容/副词与比较副词与比较例例3 -ly结尾的词不一定都是副词结尾的词不一定都是副词，如，如friendly,woolly长长绒毛的绒毛的,costly昂贵的昂贵的,lonely,elderly,olderly,
12、fatherly,brotherly,deadly等，注意区分。等，注意区分。例例4 以以a-开头的形容词一般只作表语：开头的形容词一般只作表语：afraid,alike,akin,alive,alone,asleep,awake,ashamed,afloat,alight发亮发亮/燃着的燃着的 等。如果用作了定语，则需更换成相应形式。等。如果用作了定语，则需更换成相应形式。3 形容形容/副词与比较副词与比较例例5 有些副词有两种形式，但意义不同，需加以区分有些副词有两种形式，但意义不同，需加以区分High高高 highly：高度地：高度地Deep深深 deeply：深深地：深深地Wide宽宽
13、/大大 widely：广泛：广泛/大大地大大地Hard努力努力 hardly：几乎不：几乎不Near近近 nearly：几乎：几乎/将近将近close近近 closely：细心：细心/严密严密/密切密切Late迟迟 lately：最近：最近Most最最 mostly：主要：主要/通常通常Just 刚刚/仅仅/正好正好 justly 公平公平/正当正当/精确地精确地Pretty相当相当/非常非常 prettily漂亮地漂亮地/令人愉悦地令人愉悦地3 形容形容/副词与比较副词与比较Right就就/正是正是/顺利顺利 rightly正确正确/当当/公正地公正地Slow缓慢缓慢(go/run/spea
14、k/read)slowly慢慢慢慢/渐渐地渐渐地Loud/loudly大声地大声地 （louder/loudest）Fair公平公平/公正公正/正好正好 fairly 相当相当/适度适度/公正公正Easy不着急不着急/慢慢慢慢/容易容易 easily轻易轻易/容易容易/很可能很可能Dead突然突然/完全完全/直接直接 deadly极为极为/死一般地死一般地Clean完全完全/一直一直 cleanly干净利落地干净利落地Clear清楚清楚/完全完全/远离远离 clearly 清楚清楚/显然显然/明亮明亮 3 形容形容/副词与比较副词与比较He got up,walked across the r
15、oom,and with a sharp quick movement flung the door widely open.Widely open wide open3 形容形容/副词与比较副词与比较例例6.比较结构中，一般用比较结构中，一般用than来连接，但有些词用来连接，但有些词用to如：如：superior/inferior/senior/junior.或者或者asasTheir fields yield twice as much corn this year than they did last year after adopting the advanced technolog
16、y.Key:Than as3 形容形容/副词与比较副词与比较例例7.有些词本身就是最高级不可在添加有些词本身就是最高级不可在添加more/most excellent;perfect;complete；entire(ly);extreme;unique;round;dead;alive;ultimate;utter;square等。等。They may learn that questions which seemed most entirely objective then appear to be highly biased to someone else.Most entirely en
17、tirely 3 形容形容/副词与比较副词与比较例例8.混淆比较的两部分。如：混淆比较的两部分。如：The climate in the coastal cities is much warmer than in the interior cities（在（在than与与 in之间应加指示代词之间应加指示代词that句中用于句中用于比较的两个部分是气候而不是地区。）比较的两个部分是气候而不是地区。）4 近义词近义词某些近义词表面意思讲得通，但不贴切或不准确，某些近义词表面意思讲得通，但不贴切或不准确，需要进行替换。需要进行替换。Deciding how much discomfort and
18、risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter.High highly 极为极为/高度高度Between sunrise and sunset,streets and highways are a constant source of voice from cars,busesVoice noise5 搭配搭配主要涉及形容词、名词、动词等与介词的搭配；动主要涉及形容词、名词、动词等与介词的搭配；动词、形容词与名词的搭配以及比较结构等固定搭配。词、形容词与名词的搭
19、配以及比较结构等固定搭配。On some fields,this has clearly not happened.On some fields inWe asked a lady,who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the way they occupied the space around themon the way by/from the wayThis has probably been the case in quite a while.infor5 搭配搭配Such reaso
20、ns are totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients.Dependent in dependent onIf he was absent because of sickness,there was often no job from him when he returned.From him for him We have little time to read some books which we interest.are interested in.6 时态和语态时态和语态例例1 根据
21、时间状语（包括副词（词组）和从句）或逻辑根据时间状语（包括副词（词组）和从句）或逻辑对句子的时态作出正确判断。对句子的时态作出正确判断。Where tuberculosis（肺结核）（肺结核）vanished,it came back.Vanished had vanishedBy the time the sun sets this evening,I will have finished the book I am writing for the last six years.am writing have been writingI was walking along the road,
22、and there are not so many cars on the street.There are there were6 时态和语态时态和语态熟记事态的特殊规律熟记事态的特殊规律陈述真理或常识性事件时，用一般现在时陈述真理或常识性事件时，用一般现在时时间、条件从句中不能用将来时时间、条件从句中不能用将来时6 时态和语态时态和语态例例2 静态动词不能用进行时态：静态动词不能用进行时态：a.be动词和动词和have(有有)b.apply to;belong to;differ from;cost;weigh;measure;fit;hold(容纳容纳);lack;resemble等等c
23、.表示感觉的动词表示感觉的动词:feel;hear;see,smell;tasted.心理或情感动词心理或情感动词:assume;believe;consider;detest(憎恶憎恶);feat;hate;hope;wish;like;love;regret;know;suppose;understand;want;remember;imagine;notice6 时态和语态时态和语态He resembles his father.I know that this issue is important.I have English classic literary books.Cf.I a
24、m having a wonderful time in Hawaii.6 时态时态/语态语态例例3要根据句意确定使用主动还是被动要根据句意确定使用主动还是被动被动语态不仅出现在谓语的位置上，还出现在非被动语态不仅出现在谓语的位置上，还出现在非谓语动词结构中，还有不同的时体变化。谓语动词结构中，还有不同的时体变化。Whenever we hear of a natural disaster,even in a distant part of the world,we feel sympathy for the people to have affected.To have affected t
25、o have been affectedThe old Jewish custom of bathing the feet of all strangers that came within their gates is still be practicing in parts of Palestine.Is still be practicing is still being practiced7 动词动词例例4 除了要时态除了要时态/语态，还要注意语态，还要注意是否及物动词是否及物动词The traffic accident was taken place at the junction
26、of two highways.（误）（误）The traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways.（正）（正）Because of his excellent performance,the boss rose his salary.（误）（误）Because of his excellent performance,the boss raised his salary.（正）（正）6 时态和语态时态和语态例例5 只有及物动词或词组才用被动形式；只有及物动词或词组才用被动形式；但并非所但并非所有及物动词都可用于被动结构：
27、有及物动词都可用于被动结构：如如have;let;become;get;fit;suit;lack;resemble 小心被动结构不规则动词的过去分词形式小心被动结构不规则动词的过去分词形式Throughout history,shoes have been wore not only for protection but also for decoration.Have been wore have been worn7 动词动词例例1 介词介词to和不定式符号的混淆和不定式符号的混淆Too many tests will do harm to cultivate our independe
28、nt thinking.（误）（误）Too many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking.（正）（正）All these contributed to solve the serious problem.（误）（误）All these contributed to the solution to the serious problem.（正）（正）7 动词动词例例2 情态动词的误用情态动词的误用It may not good to our health.（误）（误）It may be not goo
29、d to our health.（正）（正）They should spent much time.（误）（误）They should spend much time.（正）（正）8 非谓语动词非谓语动词例例1现在分词形式与过去分词形式混淆。现在分词形式与过去分词形式混淆。如：如：The victory was no more convinced than I had expectedConvinced convincing 令人信服的，表示主语特令人信服的，表示主语特征征The teacher went into the classroom,following by some student
30、sFollowing followed8 非谓语动词非谓语动词分词和不定式的不同含义：分词和不定式的不同含义：现在分词：主动或进行（或完成）；现在分词：主动或进行（或完成）；过去分词：被动或完成；过去分词：被动或完成；不定式：将要发生或目的不定式：将要发生或目的Succeeding in passing the examination,she is extremely happy.因为（已发生）因为（已发生）To succeed in passing the examination,she needs to work much harder.为了（目的）为了（目的）例句例句1.The smal
31、l college generally provides a limited number of courses and specializations but offers a better student-faculty ratio,thus permit individualized attention to students.permitting。小院校提供的课程专业较少，但师生小院校提供的课程专业较少，但师生比例较高，因此能够允许特殊的个体指导和关注。比例较高，因此能够允许特殊的个体指导和关注。2.Becoming a skilled photographer,a person sh
32、ould have both manual dexterity（灵巧，灵敏）（灵巧，灵敏）a good eye for detail.Becoming To become例句例句3.Even the quiet of our carefully protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passed jet.4.So a sportsmans individual way of walking with raised shoulders is often imitated by an admired fan.Pas
33、sed passingAdmired admiring 追星族常常模仿运动员抬高肩追星族常常模仿运动员抬高肩膀大摇大摆走路的方式。膀大摇大摆走路的方式。Admire和和pass都是由中心语发出，主谓关系都是由中心语发出，主谓关系例句例句5.The boy s delighting look tells us that he passed the examDelighting delighted 高兴的、兴奋的，表示主语高兴的、兴奋的，表示主语状态状态6.You can pass any factory or construction area and the roar of their mac
34、hinery will make your ears ringing.Tom had his arm breaking yesterday.8 非谓语动词非谓语动词例例2不定式与动名词相互混淆。如：不定式与动名词相互混淆。如：To lie is viceTo lie Lying 此处指此处指抽象的概念性动作抽象的概念性动作Lying about it will only make matters worseLyingTo lie 此处指此处指具体的一次性动作具体的一次性动作8 非谓语动词非谓语动词例例3 非谓语动作发生时间与谓语动作发生时间的方非谓语动作发生时间与谓语动作发生时间的方面出现错误
35、。面出现错误。I remember locking the door when I left home this morningLocking having locked非谓语动作发生时间早于主语动作发生时间。非谓语动作发生时间早于主语动作发生时间。8 非谓语动词非谓语动词例例4 特殊非谓语动词结构方面出现错误。特殊非谓语动词结构方面出现错误。You have to practice to speak English as much as possible now since you are going to England next yearto speakspeakingpractise后
36、的宾语要用-ing形式。）8 非谓语动词非谓语动词例例5 非谓语动词不单独作谓语。非谓语动词不单独作谓语。At the beginning of 19th century working hours were from sunrise to sunset,pay was awful,(and)working conditions being poor and dangerous.were8 非谓语动词非谓语动词例例5 如果非并列句中有两个以上谓语动词，是错误的，如果非并列句中有两个以上谓语动词，是错误的，这时只能保留一个，其它的改为非谓语动词形式：这时只能保留一个，其它的改为非谓语动词形式：C
37、onsider the great need for improving many aspects of the global environment,one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources(that are poured into the space exploration efforts).8 非谓语动词非谓语动词例例6 作宾语时，要注意用动词不定式还是动名词。作宾语时，要注意用动词不定式还是动名词。有时两者皆可，但意义不同，如有时两者皆可，但意义不同，如forget,remember,try,r
38、egret,stop,continued等等作宾补时，要注意不同形式的意义差别，以及和作宾补时，要注意不同形式的意义差别，以及和谓语动词的搭配。谓语动词的搭配。Mary was heard singing in the next room then.I saw David Beck play football on TV last night.8 非谓语动词非谓语动词例例7 分词（包括带连词的分词）短语作状语时，逻分词（包括带连词的分词）短语作状语时，逻辑主语须与主句主语一致。辑主语须与主句主语一致。Sports activities are essentially modified form
39、s of hunting behavior.Viewing biologically,the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised hunting pack.Viewed9 虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气分为两种：虚拟语气分为两种：be型和型和were型。型。例例1 Be型型(should)+do(动词原形）：用于表示命令、动词原形）：用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语（见下页）之后的决定、建议等词语（见下页）之后的that-分句中。分句中。What do you think of the doctors recommendat
40、ion that our friends stayed a few more days in hospital?stay/should stay9 虚拟语气虚拟语气例例2 用于用于if,though,whatever,lest,so long as引导的分引导的分句中，表示推测、让步、防备句中，表示推测、让步、防备If the rumor be true,everything is possible.Whatever be his defense,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.Though everyone desert you,I will not.Q
41、uietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.If it would rain tomorrow,we would have to put off the exhibition.should rain 表示推测表示推测Be-型虚拟语气标志词型虚拟语气标志词v.Demand,command,suggest,require,ask,order,insist,advise,move,direct,recommend,propose,see(to it)that等等n.demand,request,suggestion,recommen
42、dation,advice,proposal,insistence等等a.important,fundamental,preferable,necessary,basic,vital,imperative,essential,requested,suggested,demanded等等9 虚拟语气虚拟语气例例3 有些词有多个意义，当不表示建议、命令时，有些词有多个意义，当不表示建议、命令时，就不能用虚拟语气，如：就不能用虚拟语气，如：Some evidence suggests that REM sleep be a time when the brain adapts to life exp
43、erience.Be is （一些证据表明，（一些证据表明，REM sleep可能是大脑可能是大脑适应生活经验的时间。）适应生活经验的时间。）Were-型型Were型型were/过去时体：常用于由过去时体：常用于由if,if only,as if,as though,though引导的条件、方式、让步状语从引导的条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示非真实条件或假设。句中，表示非真实条件或假设。要特别注虚拟语气的谓语动词形式是否正确。条要特别注虚拟语气的谓语动词形式是否正确。条件句虚拟语气的结构如下所示：件句虚拟语气的结构如下所示：时间时间If从句动词形式从句动词形式主句动词形式主句动词形式与现在事
44、实相反与现在事实相反过去式过去式W/C/Should/Might do与过去事实相反与过去事实相反过去完成式过去完成式W/C/Should/Might have done与将来事实相反与将来事实相反were to/should do/过去式过去式W/C/Should/Might do9 虚拟语气虚拟语气例例4 主句或从句的动词形式未用虚拟语气形式。主句或从句的动词形式未用虚拟语气形式。If we had more rain last summer，we would have a harvesthad had/would have had此句应用与过去事实相反的虚拟语气形式此句应用与过去事实相反
45、的虚拟语气形式9 虚拟语气虚拟语气例例5 条件句中还有一种特殊的混合虚拟语气。这种情况的条件句中还有一种特殊的混合虚拟语气。这种情况的谓语动词形式要根据具体时间来确定。谓语动词形式要根据具体时间来确定。If writing had never been invented(过去过去),we would have no books(现在现在).If he had failed his exam last year,he would have been taking it again in June.would be takingI would have gone to visit that bea
46、utiful city but I hadnt got in touch with you while I was in New York.didnt getIf you had been older，I would have al-lowed you to go that dayhad been were 条件句可指目前情况下的假设条件句可指目前情况下的假设9 虚拟语气虚拟语气例例6 Were-虚拟语气还可用其他形式表示虚拟语气还可用其他形式表示,如如without,but for,otherwise,or等。等。Without/but for your help,I would never
47、 make such great success.would never have madeThanks to the man timely saving,or the little boy would be drowned in the river.would have been drowned9 虚拟语气虚拟语气例例7 Were-型虚拟语气也用在表示臆想愿望的分句中，型虚拟语气也用在表示臆想愿望的分句中，常由常由Wish,suppose,imagine,would rather,would sooner that,would just as soon(that)等引导，如：等引导，如：I
48、wish it were spring all the year round.Just imagine everyone were to give up smoking.特殊虚拟语气特殊虚拟语气例例8 在在it is(high)time(that)从句中，也用从句中，也用were-型型虚拟语气，如：虚拟语气，如：It is high time that measures should be taken to decrease the birth rate in this country.were taken/had been taken10 As/Like的用法的用法like:象一样；（unl
49、ike）as:介词（作为）副词（如此）关系代词 连词（因为；随着；虽然；正如）as有很多固定搭配，用法极为复杂，见下页As 固定搭配固定搭配As if/though好像好像As/so long as只要只要Such as诸如；诸如；之类的之类的As apposed to 与与相反相反As for/to至于；关于至于；关于So as(not)to以便以便/以免；以致以免；以致Not so much as连连都不；与其都不；与其不如不如as above如上；同上如上；同上As against与与相比相比As of/from自从自从As much as多达；到多达；到程度程度As well(as)也
50、也/又又As well as not反正都行反正都行/一样一样As it is/as they are事实上；实际上事实上；实际上As it were仿佛，好像，可以说仿佛，好像，可以说as yet 到现在到现在/那时为止那时为止As as any不亚于不亚于As as ever永远；至今；自古；空前永远；至今；自古；空前As as can be极其；到了极其；到了的程度的程度He is as brilliant a politician as ever lived.他是至今最卓越的政治家。他是至今最卓越的政治家。As Vs.Which 在限定性定语从句中，在限定性定语从句中，As 常和先行词