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1、专题十四简单句简单句1五大基本句型结构五大基本句型结构 简单句的基本句型作为甘肃近3年中考的特殊考点，一般会在语法与情景对话最后一道题出现，旨在让考生学会辨认句型。2017年省卷第45题和2017年兰州卷第40题都是考查句型，做这类题目时，考生不仅要知道如何判断句型，也要熟记各个成分的单词，如“S+V”、“S+V+O”、“S+V+IO+DO”，“S+V+O+OC”。句型结构例句主语系动词表语Your idea sounds good.你的意见听起来不错。主语不及物动词An accident happened yesterday.昨天发生了一起事故。主语及物动词宾语We want to see
2、him.我们想见他。主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语My father made me a kite.我父亲给我做了一只风筝。句型结构例句主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语We keep our classroom clean and tidy.我们保持教室干净和整洁。1.主语主语主语是整个句子陈述的对象,一般位于句首。名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等均可作主语。如：Mr.Yang is our English teacher.(名词)I like playing basketball very much.（代词）Three is my lucky number.（数词）To swim in th
3、e lake is very dangerous.（不定式）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（It作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的动词不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）When well have an English competition hasnt been decided.（主语从句）2.谓语谓语谓语一般位于主语之后,表示主语的行为或状态。谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语,主要通过时态、语态及主谓一致进行考查。3.宾语宾语宾语是谓语的对象或承受者,因此一般置于及物动词和介词之后。名词、代词
4、、不定式、动名词、从句等可作宾语。Lucy likes strawberries very much.（名词）I will never forget him.（代词）I want to buy some apples.（不定式）Eric enjoys reading story books very much.（动名词）Could you please tell me where the restroom is?（从句）4.表语表语用来说明主语的身份、特征或状态,常位于系动词之后。可以用作表语的词有：名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、从句等。如：Miss Liu is a d
5、octor.（名词）The dog looks smart.（形容词）I must be off now.（副词）The patient is out of danger.（介词短语）5.宾语补足语宾语补足语宾补是宾语的补充和延续,一般位于宾语之后,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：make,let,have,watch,see,find,tell,help,teach,order,hear,listen,consider等。宾补一般由名词、形容词、不定式短语、分词等充当。如：We elected him monitor.(名词)I found it difficult to le
6、arn English well.(形容词)The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语)He is going to have his hair cut.（过去分词）They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词)2疑问句疑问句 疑问句的考查面广，各个题型都有涉及，考生需要掌握几种疑问句，并灵活运用。常考的疑问句：一般疑问句和特殊疑问句；也会偶尔涉及对选择疑问句和反意疑问句的考查。考生不仅要学会分辨，更要灵活运用。一般疑问句一般疑问句概概 念念形形 式式例例 句句用yes或no回答的疑问句叫作一般疑问句Be+主语+
7、其他？Are you a football fan？你是个足球迷吗？Yes,I am.是的，我是。助动词+主语+动词原形/过去分词+其他？Do you enjoy listening to music？你喜欢听音乐吗？Have you been to America?你去过美国吗？情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他？Can he play the guitar？他会弹吉他吗？Yes,he can.是的，他会。特殊疑问句特殊疑问句 用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。回答时不能使用yes或no。特殊疑问词包括疑问代词、疑问副词和疑问词组。分类分类功能功能词汇词汇提问对象提问对象例句例句疑问代词对主
8、语、表语、宾语、定语进行提问what对物提问Who is the girl over there?那边的那个女孩是谁？Which color would you prefer,red or yellow?你更喜欢哪种颜色，红色还是黄色？who对人提问，主格，提问身份which哪一个，哪一些，询问特定的人或物whose谁的whom谁，宾格分类分类功能功能词汇词汇提问对象提问对象例句例句疑问副词对状语进行提问when何时，询问时间When did you go to Shanghai last time?你上次去上海是什么时候？How do you get to school every day?
9、你每天怎样去上学？where何地，询问地点、位置why为什么，询问原因how怎么样，询问方式选择疑问句选择疑问句分类分类功能功能例句例句概念形式例句给出两种或两种以上的情况，要求选择其中一种情况回答的问句叫作选择疑问句一般疑问句+or+选择项？Do you like green or purple?你喜欢绿色还是紫色？特殊疑问句+选择项+or+选择项?When will you go abroad,this year or next year?你什么时候出国，今年还是明年？选择疑问句不用yes或no回答,可用完整的陈述句或其简略形式作答,也可用不定代词all,either,neither或no
10、ne作答,只要根据实际情况回答便可。如：Would you like some juice or tea?你想要些果汁还是茶？Neither.都不要。Which do you want to drink，tea or coffee？你想喝什么，茶还是咖啡？I prefer coffee.我更喜欢喝咖啡。中考常考的中考常考的how词组辨析词组辨析词组词组含义含义用法用法how long（2017省卷41题;2015兰州27题）多长（时间）对持续的时间进行提问，答语用“For+一段时间”或“Since+过去的时间点”。多长（长度）对物体的长度进行提问。how soon（2016兰州38题）多久（以
11、后）对将来的时间进行提问，答语用“In+一段时间”。how far多远对距离进行提问。how often（2017兰州29题）多久一次对频率进行提问。how many多少少对数量进行提问，后跟可数名词复数。how much多少对数量进行提问，后跟不可数名词。多少钱多少钱对价格进行提问。how old多大对年龄进行提问反意疑问句反意疑问句名称名称句型结构句型结构例句例句反意疑问句肯定陈述句+否定附加问句Lucy often goes to school on foot,doesnt she?露西常常步行去上学，对吗？否定陈述句+肯定附加问句You havent finished your wor
12、k,have you?你还没有完成你的工作，是吗？Lets祈使句，shall we?Lets have a rest,shall we?咱们休息一下，好吗？肯定（否定）祈使句，will you?Be sure to come on time,will you?保证按时来，好吗？考点小练1.have you lived in Xian?Since my parents found jobs here.A.How long B.How far C.How soon D.How oldA2.We have to finish the work now,?A.dont we B.havent we C
13、.have we D.do we3.is my schoolbag,Mom?It is on your bed.A.Where B.When C.What D.Whose4.You didnt know I wanted to see you.It has been a year since I saw you last time.A.how often B.how long C.how much D.how farBAC5.一班和三班的比赛将在什么时候举行？the match between Class 1 and Class 3 be held?6.他因为太累了几乎不能保持清醒，他能吗？H
14、e can hardly stay awake because he is so tired,?7.你钢琴弹得真好。你多久上一次钢琴课？You play the piano so well.do you take piano lessons?8.你们学校附近有一个漂亮的公园,没有吗？There is a beautiful park near your school,?When willcan behow oftenisnt there3感叹句感叹句 甘肃近3年中考对感叹句的考查主要有以下考点：1.what和how的判断；2.冠词的考查；3.句型转换。因此考生不仅需掌握感叹句，而且要灵活运用感
15、叹句。what和how引导的感叹句结构形式形式句型结构句型结构例句例句what引导（2017省卷33题）What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+(主语+谓语)！What a beautiful present(it is)！多么漂亮的一件礼物啊！What+形容词+可数名词复数形式+(主语+谓语)！What interesting stories(they are)!多么有趣的故事！What+形容词+不可数名词+(主语+谓语)！What nice music(it is)！很美妙的音乐！形式形式句型结构句型结构例句例句how引导How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！How fine the wea
16、ther is！天气真好！How well he plays the violin！他小提琴拉得多好啊！How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+(主语+谓语)！How beautiful a present(it is)!多么漂亮的礼物啊！How+主语+谓语！How time flies!时间过得真快呀！巧记感叹句感叹句，表情感，how与what放句前。名词词组跟what，how与形副紧相连。为使句子更简洁，主谓部分可省略。考点小练10.The Jungle Book is an amazing movie.(改为感叹句)amazing movie The Jungle Book is!wha
17、tan11.Look!happily the baby is playing over there!A.How B.What C.What a D.How aA4祈使句祈使句 甘肃近3年中考对祈使句的考查，主要侧重于动词，有时会和连词一起考查。祈使句句式祈使句句式肯定形式肯定形式否定形式否定形式Do型：(please)动词原形+其他（2017省卷29题）(Please)Sit down!Dont stand up!Be型：be+表语Be quiet!Dont be late for class!Let型：let+宾语+动词原形+其他Lets have another try.Dont let
18、the boy draw here.Let the boy not draw here.No型：no+名词/动名词No parking!No littering!12.interesting TV program Running Man is!I watch it every week.A.How B.What C.What a D.What an13.interesting the book is!I want to buy one,too.A.How B.What C.How an D.What an14.great fun we had in the Central Park last
19、Sunday!A.How B.What C.What a D.How aDAB祈使句的回答用一般将来时。如：Please remember to bring my notebook to school.请记得把我的笔记本带到学校来。OK,I will.好的，我会的。“祈使句+and/or+结果状语”结构。如：Work harder,and youll get good grades.再努力一些，你将会取得好成绩。考点小练15.(wake)up your father,please.Its time for work!16.(be)kind and helpful to the people a
20、round us for life is not long.WakeBe巧记祈使句的口诀巧记祈使句的口诀祈使句，无主语，动词原形来开始；Do,Be,Let三种形式，委婉请求“请”字用；否定句式很简单，“Dont”打头最常见。17.Boys and girls,in bed.Its bad for your eyes.A.dont read B.to read C.read D.not read18.harder,and youll make your dream come true one day.A.Studying B.To study C.Study D.Studied19.Sorry
21、for being late again.here on time next time,or youll be punished.A.Be B.Being C.To be D.BeenACA5There be句型句型 甘肃近3年中考对There be句型的考查，主要侧重于时态和be动词的单复数。还有some,any的用法，以及一般疑问句的转换等。1.“There+be+sb./sth.+地点”表示“某处有某人或某物”。be动词必须和主语保持人称和数的一致。如果主语部分是两个以上的主语时，be动词一般和邻近主语的数和人称保持一致。2.“There+be+sb./sth.+地点”的否定形式是在be
22、动词后面加not,not any,no。3.若变为一般疑问句则需要把be提前到句首。注意：There be结构有不同的时态，而且可以和各种助动词或情态动词连用。如：There was a sports meeting yesterday.昨天举行了一场运动会。There have been a lot of accidents around here.这里已经发生了许多起事故。There must be a mistake somewhere.肯定有某个地方出错了。考点小练20.There (be)lots of sheep and pigs on my uncles farm now.21.
23、There (are)some good advice about how to reduce air pollution on the Internet.22.There some milk and apples in the fridge.A.is B.are C.has D.have23.There some flowers on the teachers desk just now,but now there is nothing on it.A.have B.was C.were D.hadareisAC6主谓一致主谓一致 主谓一致指谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致。具体分类如
24、下：1.语法一致原则语法一致原则主语和谓语通常是语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式时，谓语动词也采用单数形式；主语是复数形式时，谓语动词也采用复数形式。(1)谓语动词使用单数的情况：不定代词either,neither,each one,the other,another,anybody,anyone,anything,someone,somebody,something,everyone,everybody,everything,nobody,no one,nothing等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Is there anything wrong with your bike?你的自
25、行车出什么故障了吗？由each,eachand each,everyand every,every等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Each boy and each girl was given a new book.每个男孩和女孩都收到一本新书。用one,every one,each one,any one,each,either,neither等+of+复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Every one of the students is studying hard.每个学生都在努力学习。Neither of the girls is outgoing.这两个女孩都不外向。
26、不定式或v.-ing形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Reading is learning.读书就是学习。To see is to believe.眼见为实。(2)谓语动词使用复数的情况：谓语动词使用复数的情况：当and或bothand连接两个或多个名词作主语时，谓语动词采用复数形式。如：Tom and Mike are good friends.汤姆和迈克是好朋友。某些只有复数形式的名词(如：clothes,trousers,shorts,pants,shoes,gloves)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：My shoes were worn out.我的鞋子穿坏了。(3)其他情况
27、：其他情况：主语后接有with,along with,together with,as well as,besides,rather than,but,except,like等词或短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。如：The boy together with his parents goes to the museum once a week.那个男孩同他的父母每周去一次博物馆。Nobody but Wang Hua and Li Lei was in the classroom.只有王华和李磊(当时)在教室里。2.意义一致原则意义一致原则意义一致又叫概念一致，即谓语动词是
28、单数形式还是复数形式要看主语所表达的概念。(1)集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如：family(家庭，家人),crew(全体工作人员),crowd(人群),company(公司，伙伴),audience(观众),committee(委员会),government(政府),group(一群人，组)。如果表示整体概念，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示集体中的成员，则谓语动词用复数形式。如：His family is going to move.他家要搬走了。(2)表示度量、价格、时间、长度等的名词复数或词组作主语时，一般被看作一个整体，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：Three y
29、ears is a long time.三年是一段很长的时间。(3)由all,either,neither,most,more,some,any,none作主语时，若代表复数可数名词，谓语动词用复数形式；若代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Now all has been changed.现在一切都已经变了。3.就近原则就近原则(1)由or,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also连接并列主语时，谓语动词要与靠近它的主语一致。如：One or two days are enough to visit the city.参观这个城市一两天就够了
30、。(2)在There be或Here be句型中，如果有并列的两个名词作主语，谓语动词要与靠近它的主语一致。如：There is a girl and four boys in the room.房间里有一个女孩和四个男孩。There are four boys and a girl in the room.房间里有四个男孩和一个女孩。考点小练24.Nobody (like)to be criticized.25.The rich (be)not always happy.26.I heard one third of the books in Tianjin Library (be)new.
31、Lets borrow some.27.Maybe there (is)any school in twenty years.likesarearewont be28.There are a number of books in the library and the number of them (be)increasing.29.Everybody except Mike and Linda there when the meeting began.A.is B.are C.was D.were30.Either you or I invited to the important meet
32、ing.A.be B.am C.is D.areisCB7强调句强调句 1.强调句句型强调句句型陈述句的强调句型：It is/was+被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+that/who(当强调主语且主语指人)+其他部分。如：It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.他是昨天碰见李平的。注意:构成强调句的it本身没有意义；强调句中的连接词用that，who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that，who不可省略；强调句中的时态 只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was，其余的时态用It is。2
33、.对谓语动词的强调对谓语动词的强调It is/wasthat结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/does/did.如：He did write to you last week.上周他确实给你写了信。考点小练31.It is I who going to see the film.A.is B.are C.am D.be32.careful when you cross the road.A.Do B.Do be C.Is D.AreCB专题十五复合句复合句1宾语从句宾语从句 分析甘肃近3年中考对复合句的考查，一般出现在语法与情景对话、完形填空等题型中。宾语从句主要考查语序及引
34、导词，定语、状语从句多以考查连接词为主；三种从句都以考查时态、语态为重点。判断从句类型，主要依据其在句子中担当的成分而定。从而选择相应的引导（关系）词、时态和语序等。宾语从句的考查侧重其引导词、语序和时态。宾语从句的语序应该为陈述句语序，即：主语+谓语+宾语+其他；其次，从时态角度考虑，一般情况下，宾语从句的时态和主语的时态保持一致，但是，如果有明显的时间状语，要以时间状语来判断时态；最后，再根据答语来判断疑问词。宾语从句宾语从句用法用法例句例句引导词（2016省卷26题；2015省卷79题；2017兰州45题；2016兰州54题；2015兰州46题）that引导宾语从句时，只起连接作用，在口
35、语中可省略。The radio says(that)it will rain tomorrow.收音机报道说明天将会下雨。what,when,where,how,whatever,whenever,wherever,who,whom,whose等特殊疑问词作引导词，在句中作一定的成分。I dont know what they are going to do.我不知道他们打算干什么。Please tell me how you go to school.请告诉我你怎样去学校。当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时，引导词用whether或if，表示“是否”。Could you tell me if/
36、whether it snows in winter in Australia?你能告诉我澳大利亚冬天下雪吗？宾语从句宾语从句用法用法例句例句语序（2016省卷32题；2015省卷46题；2017兰州34题；2016兰州33题；2015兰州33题）从句一律用陈述句语序，即主语+谓语+其他。Do you know where Tom lives?你知道汤姆住在哪儿吗？时态主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用相应的时态。I hear Joe left for Beijing yesterday.我听说乔昨天去北京了。主句是一般过去时，从句使用过去的某种形式。Kate said she was w
37、atching TV at this time yesterday.凯特说昨天的这个时候她正在看电视。从句表示的是客观事实、真理、自然现象等时，不管主句使用什么时态，从句都用一般现在时。Miss Hu said that the earth goes around the sun.胡老师说地球绕着太阳转。宾语从句用法口诀宾语从句用法口诀宾语从句三注意：时态、语序、引导词。主句一般现在时,从句时态随句意。主句若是过去时,主从时态要一致。宾从表达是真理,一般现在代过去。引导词也不难,陈述要用that连。一般问句表“是否”,if或whether来连接。特殊问句作宾从,疑问词连接就能行。还有一点要说明
38、,陈述句语序要记清。主句动词“猜想”词,“否定转移”莫忘记。考点小练1.Im planning a trip to the beach tomorrow,but I still cant decide .A.where Im going B.how Im going C.why Im planning D.when Im planningB2.I have some tickets for the basketball match.I wonder .A.where you buy the tickets B.why you like to go there C.if youd like to
39、 come along D.when you watch the match3.If you cant find the place,I will show you .A.what it is B.what it was C.where it is D.where it wasCC4.Jenny is on holiday now.I wonder .A.when she will come backB.when she came backC.when will she come backD.when did she come back5.Could you tell me a moment
40、ago?A.what were they talking aboutB.what are they talking aboutC.what they were talking aboutD.what they are talking aboutAC关系代词关系代词所作成分所作成分先行词先行词例句例句that（2015省卷72题；2016兰州34题）主语、宾语（可省略）、表语人、物Do you know the girl who/that often comes here?你认识经常来这儿的那个女孩吗？who（2017省卷52题；2016省卷49题；2015省卷33题；2017兰州76题；201
41、6兰州41题）主语人He is the man who wants to see you.他就是那个想见你的人。whom宾语（可省略）人Hes the boy(whom/that)I talked with just now.他就是刚才和我说话的那个男孩。2定语从句定语从句关系代词的用法关系代词的用法 用来修饰前面的名词或代词的具有完整的主谓结构的句子叫作定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的是关系代词that,who,whom,which,whose和关系副词when,where,why。关系代词或关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间，既起连接作用，又充当从句
42、的一个成分。定语从句的基本结构为：先行词+关系词+从句。which（2015兰州52题）主语、宾语(可省略)、表语事、物A dictionary is a book which gives the meanings of words.字典是一本给出单词意思的书。时间Ill never forget the days(which)we spent together.我将永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。地点The school(which)we visited yesterday is a famous one in Shanghai.昨天我们参观的那所学校是上海的一所名校。whose定语人、物W
43、hats the name of the boy whose father is a doctor?父亲是位医生的那个男孩叫什么名字？注意：注意：当关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。如：He is one of the boys who like playing basketball.他是喜欢打篮球的男孩之一。只能用关系代词只能用关系代词that的几种情况：的几种情况：1.当先行词为不定代词anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little时。如：Is there anything that I can do for yo
44、u?有什么我能为您效劳的吗？2.当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。如：He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过这次考试的人。3.当先行词被the only,the very 修饰时。如：The only thing that I want to do is to have a rest.我唯一想做的事就是好好休息。4.当先行词既有人又有物时。如：The film star and her film that you have just talked about are really well-known.你刚刚谈到的那位影星和
45、她的电影都非常出名。5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing over there?站在那边的那个男人是谁？关系副词的基本用法关系副词的基本用法关系副词关系副词所作成分所作成分例句例句when时间状语I still remember the day when our new school was built.我依然记得我们新学校建成的那天where地点状语This is the place where I studied last year.这是我去年学习的地方。why原因状语Please tell me the re
46、ason why you were late.请告诉我你迟到的原因。考点小练6.Yesterday was my birthday.My friend sent me a CD is made by Eason Chan.A.who B.what C.which D.whom7.Why dont you like fishing?Fishing is a hobby needs much patience,but Im not patient at all.A.who B.that C.why D.whatCB8.Do you know the man saved three pupils i
47、n the accident?A.who B.what C.whom D.whose9.Yesterday Li Ming went to the village his family lived ten years ago.A.when B.which C.where D.that10.I come here to explain the reason I was absent from the meeting.A.why B.who C.that D.how11.Ill never forget the day the great scientist came to our school
48、and gave us a speech.A.that B.which C.when D.where12.Books are everywhere,but its not easy to find one is really interesting.A.that B.who C.it D.what13.Why are you so worried?Ive lost the watch my dad bought me for my birthday.A.whom B.who C.whose D.whichACACAD3状语从句状语从句 考生在做状语从句的试题时，应多多注意主句与从句时态一致的问
49、题：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态一致问题一般分为下列几种情况：1.主现从现主现从现：若主句是祈使句或主句中有情态动词,那么从句用一般现在时表将来。如：Be careful when you cross the road.过马路时要小心。You can get good grades if you study hard.如果你努力学习，你将取得好成绩。2.主将从现主将从现：在时间、条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表将来。如：If she comes here tomorrow,I will go to the park with her.如果明天她来这里
50、,我将和她一起去公园。3.过去时态过去时态：若主从句都是叙述过去的事情,则主从句可以用一般过去时或过去进行时。如：Mother was cooking when I got home yesterday.昨天我到家时妈妈正在做饭。类别类别连接词连接词例句例句时间状语从句（2016兰州78题）when/while/as，before，after，since,until/till，as soon asI was doing my homework when he came.他进来时，我正在做作业。条件状语从句（2017省卷34题）if，unless，as long asWell go to see