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1、外刊语法填空含全文翻译和重难点句型讲解NeuroscienceSilentsynapsesHow adult brains learn the new without forgetting the oldLearning new things is hard. 1._(Remember) what has already been learned is harder. Any successful learning system, be it a brain or a piece ofartificial-intelligence software, 2._ strike the right
2、balance betweenstabilityandflexibility. It must bestableenough to remember important old things yetflexibleenough to learn new ones 3._destroyingold memory tracespreferablyfor as long as itexists.Learning is a result of changes in the pattern ofneuralconnectivityin the brain. Each connection between
3、 nerve cells, called asynapse, is a tinygapbetween the ends ofbranchesramifying from such cells. Messages jump 4. _ these gaps in the form ofmoleculescalled neurotransmitters. Current estimatessuggest there are600trillionsynapsesin a human brain.How, then, to deal with thestability-plasticitydilemma
4、particularly as brains age and, as it were, fill up? Research by Dimitra Vardalaki, Kwanghun Chung and Mark Harnett at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, just published in Nature, suggests one way is topreserveintoadulthooda type of memory-formingsynapsefound in children. These are called si
5、lentsynapses.Silentsynapsesare, however, useless 5._ they can be switched on at theappropriatemoment. And the researchers confirmed this is possible. They were able toinducethe silentversionson filopodia to turn intomature, activesynapsesbypairingthesimulatedreleaseofglutamatewith asubsequentsurgeof
6、 electricity inside the neuron.Thispairingof events caused silentsynapsesto start, within minutes,displayingreceptormoleculescharacteristicof activesynapses. The samepairing, applied 6._maturesynapses, did nothing. The researchers thereby show it is hard to get amaturesynapse_(change) the strength o
7、f its connection (thussatisfyingthestabilityside of thedilemma), _ easy to unsilence a silent one (satisfyingtheplasticityside).The next thing _(investigate)is how, why and when new filopodia appear. The discovery of all these eager-to-learn silentsynapsesand filopodia, Dr Harnett says, “is aleverfo
8、r us to get into understanding learning in adults and howpotentiallywe can get access to make _ notdegradeover the course of ageing or disease”.答案1.Remembering 2.must 3.without 4.across 5.unless 6.to 7.to change 8.but 9.toinvestigate 10.it 短语 1. 原文：must strike the right balance between stability and
9、 flexibility.词典：strike a balance between 在两者之间取得平衡例句：At times like that you have to strike a balance between sleep and homework.在那样的时候，你得在睡眠和家庭作业之间找到一种平衡。2.原文：preferably for as long as it exists词典：as long as只要；和一样长例句：Theres a list of repairs as long as your arm.有一份长得要命的修理单。3.原文：Learning is a result
10、of changes in the pattern of neural connectivity in the brain.词典：a result of .的结果例句：Much of the regions environmental depredation is a result of poor planning.这个地区的环境破坏大都是规划不周的结果4.原文：particularly as brains age and, as it were, fill up?词典：fill up 填补；装满；堵塞例句：We fill up our lives with meaningless tasks
11、.我们终日忙忙碌碌，过得毫无意义。5.原文：something similar almost certainly applies to people.词典：apply to 适用于；应用于例句：The convention does not apply to us.该协定对我们不适用。6.原文：To carry out their search for filopodia, the trio used a sensitive microscopy technique called eMAP.词典：carry out 执行，实行；贯彻；实现；完成例句：She needed a clear hea
12、d to carry out her instructions.她需要一个清醒的头脑来执行命令。 7. 原文：they needed to test how the filopodia responded to glutamate词典：respond to 响应例句：The world community has been slow to respond to the crisis.国际社会对该危机的反应向来迟缓。8. 原文：They found that mature pyramidal-neuron protrusions generated electrical activity whe
13、n exposed to glutamate词典：expose to 接触；暴露于例句：The area where most refugees are waiting is exposed to the elements.大部分难民滞留的地区暴露在风雨之中。9.原文：useless unless they can be switched on at the appropriate moment.词典：switch on 接通，开启例句：You switch on, push in the disk and there you are!你打开开关，把磁盘推进去就行了10.原文：how pote
14、ntially we can get access to make it not degrade over the course of ageing or disease词典：get access to获得；接近；可以使用例句：How does a private pilot get access to the airways?一个私人飞机的飞行员如何获得航线使用权呢？长难句原文：Research by Dimitra Vardalaki, Kwanghun Chung and Mark Harnett at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
15、 just published in Nature, suggests one way is to preserve into adulthood a type of memory-forming synapse found in children.分析：在这个句子当中，句子主语是Research，谓语是suggests，宾语部分是一个宾语从句。宾语从句中，one way是主语，系动词是is，而表语是不定式部分to preserve into adulthood a type of memory-forming synapse found in children；just published
16、in Nature是过去分词做后置定语修饰限定主语Research。译文：麻省理工学院的迪米特拉瓦尔达拉基（Dimitra Vardalaki）、钟光勋（Kwanghun Chung）和马克哈内特（Mark Harnett）刚刚在自然杂志上发表的一项研究给出了一种解决方法，那就是将儿童身上发现的一种记忆形成突触保存到成年。这些突触被称为沉默突触。原文： The researchers thereby show it is hard to get a mature synapse to change the strength of its connection (thus satisfying
17、the stability side of the dilemma), but easy to unsilence a silent one (satisfying the plasticity side). 分析：在这个句子当中，句子主语是The researcher，谓语是show，宾语部分是一个宾语从句。宾语从句中，it是形式主语，系动词是is，而表语分别是hard和easy，通过连词but连接，to get a mature synapse.和 to unsilence a silent one .才是真正主语，原句式应该是to get a mature synapse. is har
18、d but to unsilence a silent one . is easy。译文：研究人员由此表明，要让一个成熟的突触改变其连接的强度（从而满足稳定性方面的需求）是很难的，但激活沉默突触（满足可塑性方面的需求）却很容易。写作技巧But Drs Vardalaki, Chung and Harnett have shown not only that they are present in adulthood, but also that they are common, at least in mice.但是这三位博士的研究表明，它们不仅存在于成年期，而且相当普遍，至少在老鼠中如此。表
19、达：not only but (also)在句中常用来连接两个对等的成分，also可以省略。Not onlybut (also)用来连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单、复数遵循“就近原则”，即和but (also)后的名词或代词的数一致。not onlybut (also)连接两个分句，当not only位于句首，前一个分句常用倒装来表示强调，而but (also)后的分句仍用陈述语序。例句：Not only you but also he is tired of having one examination after another.不但你，而且他也讨厌一次接一次的考试。Not only is
20、the teacher himself interested in foreign films, but also all his students are beginning to show an interest in them.不但老师自己对外国电影感兴趣，就连他所有的学生也开始对外国电影感兴趣了。背景知识突触(synapse):两个神经元之间或神经元与效应器细胞之间相互接触、并借以传递信息的部位突触。突触一词首先由英国神经生理学家C.S.谢灵顿于1897年研究脊髓反射时引入生理学，用以表示中枢神经系统神经元之间相互接触并实现功能联系的部位。而后，又被推广用来表示神经与效应器细胞间的功能关系部位。Synapse来自希腊语，原意是接触或接点。突触前细胞借助化学信号，即递质(神经递质)，将信息转送到突触后细胞者，称化学突触，借助于电信号传递信息者，称电突触。段落大意【1】持旧迎新：如何实现记忆的稳定与灵活之间的均衡【2】背景介绍：人的学习与突触的关系【3】研究背景：沉默突触或许是解决记忆稳定性与塑造性的钥匙【4】研究验证：沉默突触只有在适宜的情况下才会激活【5】研究结果：改变成熟突触相对困难，打破突触沉默状态相对容易【6】研究前景：如何实现人学习能力的“持旧迎新”5学科网（北京）股份有限公司