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1、LessonTwoMarrakechbyGeorgeOrwellAims1.Toknowthewritingtechniqueofexposition说明文.2.Tolearnthemethodsindevelopinganexpositorywriting,esp.theuseofexamples.3.ToappreciatethelanguagefeaturesTeachingContentsn1.Expositionn2.GeorgeOrwelln3.Detailedstudyofthetextn4.Organizationalpatternn5.Languagefeaturesn6.E
2、xercisesTimeallocation1.Backgroundinformation(15min.)2.Detailedstudyofthetext(120min.)3.Structureanalysis(15min.)4.Languageappreciation(15min.)5.Exercises(15min)ExpositionnAnexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningo
3、faproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.Descriptionn-dealswithappearancesandfeelingsNarration-dealswitheventsandexperienceExpositionnThingscanbeexplainedbyDefinitionThekeytoadefinitionisconcreteness具体性.Onehastogiveconcretefactstomakeadefinitioneffective.3.ExamplesItsthesimplest,themostcommon,bestmethod.5.
4、ComparisonandcontrastWelikenonethingtoanotherbypointingouttheirsimilarities(comparison)Weemphasizethedifferencebetweenthetwo.(contrast)6.AnalysisWemaydiscussthecauseandeffectofahistoricalevent,itsnatureanditssignificanceinhistory.Twopoints1.Generallythewritermakesastatementofthecentralthoughtorofhis
5、purposequiteearly.Thisstatementissometimescalledthethesis,andmayevenbethetitleofthepiece.2.Sometimesthewritermayfirstpresentanddevelophisfactsandmakehisgeneralstatementasaconclusionattheend.TheTextItisanexposition,apoliticalessay.Orwellleavesnodoubtabouthisfeelingsconcerningcolonialismanditsresults.
6、Hehasshownthereaderhowmillionsofpeoplecanbeignoredandtreatedaslessthanhuman.Theme-nThesufferingandmiseryofthecolonialpeopleinMarrakechnThewritergivesdescriptionsbyexamples.Theobjectivepresentationofexamplesshowthatthepeopleincolonialcountriesarepoverty-stricken.GeorgeOrwellnABritishnovelistandessayi
7、stbetweenthetwoworldwarsGeorgeOrwellsphotoHisLifenHereceivedgoodeducationinBritainandstudiedinthemostfamousschoolEden“.HisLifenMarrakechisoneoftheplaceshetravelledto.Histravelmadehimtakeahostileattitudetowardimperialism.Heshoweddeepsympathyforthepoorandbecameafirmsupporterofsocialism.HisLifenHejoine
8、dSpanishWar.Hewasseriouslywounded.TheSpanishsocialistforcesdividedintofaction.Thefactionhebelongedtowaspersecuted.Sohebecamesopessimisticanddepressed,whichledhimtowardanti-communistattitude.Hisbook-AnimalFarmHisWorksnInreadinghisworks,severalaspectsdrawourattention:1.Hisworksshowsharppowersofobserva
9、tionanddeepsympathyforsufferingpeople.2.Hisworksgiveadeepsenseofconvictionandurgency.DetailedstudyofthetextnMarrakechThemapThemarket1Themarket2Detailedstudyofthetext#1nAsthecorpse.Theopeningparagraphisverydramatic.Thechoiceofthissceneandthewordsheusesimpliesmuchmorethanwhatappearsonthesurface.1)dirt
10、y2)poorinacloud-nalargenumberofsmallthingsmovingthroughtheairasamassacloudofinsectscrowd-nItsuggestsn1)thelackofordern2)peoplearenotterriblyconcernedaboutthefuneral.allmenandboys,nowomennAccordingtoMuslimlaw,Muslimsmustrespectwomen,andforthisreasongirlsandwomenusedtobekeptinthehouse,wheretheycouldbe
11、safe.Whentheywentout,theyworetheveilstocovertheirfaces.Butthislawhasbecomeakindofexcusetodiscriminateagainstwomen.pomegranates-nreferstothefruitofthepomegranatetree,anativeofAsia.Itisaroundreddishfruitwithamildflavour.ThewordcomestoEnglishfromtheoldFrench.pome-applegranate-havingmanyseedschant-1.awo
12、rdorgroupofwordsthatisrepeatedoverandoveragain,usuallybymorethanoneperson.2.areligiousprayerorsongthatisspokenorsungononlyaveryfewnotessothatthereisnotmuchvariationinit.appealto-nIfsomethingappealstoyou,youfinditattractiveorinterestingattract/interest/fascinateThesebooksaredesignedtoappealtochildren
13、.Theideaofbecomingdirectorofthefactoryappealedtohim.identify-nrecognise;beabletonameCanyouidentifyyourumbrellaamongahundredothers?Schoolboyscouldidentifyalmosteverycarasitpassedby.derelictbuilding-lotnItwouldbeanugly,forgotten,abandonedplacewhereabuildingwasbegunbutneverfinished.derelict-comesfromth
14、eLatinwordmeaning“toabandon”#2nHowpeopleareburiedinMarrakechwailashortchanthackanoblonghole(digwithoutcare)dumpthebodyflingoveritalittleofthedried-upearthThefactshowsthehumanlifehasnovalueatall.Thethesisn-Allcolonialempire.Itisthecolonialempiresthatmakethepeoplesopoor.Empiresarebuiltupbytreatingthep
15、eopleinthecolonieslikeanimals.Thisthesisisgoingtobesupportedbymoreillustrationsandexamples.Rhetoricalquestionsn-WhatsortofaudienceOrwellhadinmindwhenhewrotethisessay?-Clearlyheiswritingtoreadersofhisownraceandgeneralclass.Soifyousayyes,whydonttheyappeartobeso?undifferentiated-nYoucantdifferentiateon
16、ebrownstufffromanother,becausetheylookjustthesame.Iftheydohaveindividuality,itisirrecognizable,justlikeinsects,likebees.regularity-nastateorsituationinwhichthingshappenrepeatedlyThereisnoregularityabouthiswork.Hemakesthesamestupidsuggestionwithgreatregularity.Hisheartbeatswiththeregularityofaclockpe
17、ndulum.agazelle-gazellenahoofedmammalwithaslenderneckandringedhorns.Gazellesarefamousfortheirgraceandbeauty,andarenativetoAfricaandAsiamintsauce-nanEnglishspecialtymadeofacombinationofchoppedmintleaves,vinegar,andwater.Itstraditionallyservedwithroastlamb.stow-ntoput,hideawayinsafeplaceIfyoustowsth.s
18、omewhere,youputitneatlyawayinaplacewhereitcanbekeptuntilitisneeded.=storestowaway=hidestownWestowedalltheboxesintheattic.nPotatoesmustbestowedinacooldarkplace.nMyjewelleryissafelystowedawayinthebank.nHisbaggagewassafelystowedawayintheplane.#815nThewriterdescribedtheplight困境oftheJews,anpoorestminorit
19、yinacolonialcountry.Theirfatecouldbeworsethanthatofthenatives.quarters-napartment(room/house)residentialareaforparticularkindofpeoplenthedoctorsquartersnservantsquartersnofficersquartersnconfinedtoquartersnsleepingquartersghettoesorghettosnOrwellusesghettoshereinthetraditionalsenseofaportionofacityp
20、opulatedalmostexclusivelybyJews.nAghettoisapartofatownorcityinwhichmanypoorpeopleormanypeopleofaparticularrace,religion,ornationalityliveinisolationfromthemajoritygroupinthetownorcity.ghettoesorghettosItsaboutthisblackkidgrowingupintheghetto.-ghettolifeinEuropeancities-slumsandghettosovercrowding-na
21、dv+vingdry-cleaningover-eatingupdatingdowngradingsore-eyed-nEyesareinfestedfrom1.malnutrition2.lackofmedicalcare3.unhygienicconditionskull-cap-naclose-fittingbrimlesscapnItisoftenwornindoorsandoftenbyOrthodoxJews.MenwhostrictlypracticeJudaismareneversupposedtohavetheirheadsbared.Theremustbesomepiece
22、ofclothetc.betweenmanandGod.infest骚扰，寄生于-nWheninsects,ratsorotheranimalsinfestaplant,area,theyspreadinalargenumbersandcoverthearea,usuallycausingdamage.noverrun;swarm;pack;crowd;teem;flood;fill;bethickwithfly-infested-fulloffliesThebackyardwasinfestedbyrats.booth货摊，公用电话亭-nastallforsellinggoodspublic
23、telephoneboothanannouncerboothamotionpictureprojectionboothprehistoric史前的，陈旧的-nancient;out-of-dateorold-fashionedHisideasonmoralsarereallyprehistoric.(derogorhumor)nIsSimonsprehistoriccarstillworking?lathe-namachineforshapingwood,metalwarp-ntocausetobend,curve,ortwistoutofshapenThehotsunwarpedtheboa
24、rds.nSomegramophonerecordswarpinveryhotweather.frenziedadj.nfullofuncontrolledexcitementnWillthispushhimtoofarandleadtoafrenziedattack?nShewasclimbingnowwithasortoffrenziedhaste.-afrenziedmobofoverathousandstudent-makefrenziedeffortsself-contained-nselfsufficientAself-containedcommunityisoneinwhicha
25、llornearlyalltheneedsofthecommunityaremetfromwithin.Thereislittleneedtogooutsideformaterialorculturaldesires.TheJewishghettosareself-containednotonlybypreferencebutalsobynecessity,sinceJewsmayhavebeenunwelcomeoutside.agoodjob-coll.BrEnafortunatestateofaffairsnThisrestaurantisnotcheap,soitsagoodjobyo
26、uvebroughtplentyofmoney.nHesgone,andagoodjobtoo.Thatsonlyforshow-nTheJewonlypretendstoworkasapoorlabourer.show-n.sthfalseorsuperficial,pretencenImakeashowofinterest,butIreallycouldnthavecaredless.nHeputonagoodshow,buthedidntdeceiveanyone.nHeisnotreallyill;heisjustputtingonashow.witchcraft-nOrwellisp
27、robablyreferringtomanyoccasionsinthe1600sinbothEnglandandAmericawheninnocentwomenweretriedandoftenburnedorotherwisepunishedforwitchcraft.Bytheverynatureofthechargeitwasimpossiblefortheaccusedtodefendherself,justasitwasfortheJews.AndliketheJewswitchesservedasscapegoatsfortheillsofsocietythatcouldntbe
28、explained.SuchtrialsreachedtheirpeakinAmericaatSalem,Massachusetts.#1617nHaveyoualreadysensedoutthetone?Orwellhereisextremelybitterandironical.Hedidntopenlycriticizethewhitecolonialistswhopaidnoattentiontothepeoplewhosufferfrompovertyandmisery.Instead,hepretendsthattheyhaveasoundreasontoignoresuchpe
29、ople.Thepeoplesimplycannotbeseenbecausetheyareofthecoloroftheearth.InahotcountrynYoudontevenseethelaboreploughingthefield.nSouthofGibralter-allcountriesorearinNorthAfricanEastofSuez-themiddle-eastAsiancountriesItisonlybecauseofthisn“This”herestandsforthefactthatpeoplealwaysmissthepeasantslaboringint
30、hefieldsbecausetheyhavethecoloroftheearth.Itisonlybecauseofthisreasonthatthesepoorstarvedcountriesareacceptedastouristresorts.WhatdoesMoroccomean.nMoroccobeingaFrenchcolony,tomanyFrenchmenMoroccohasnomoremeaningthanaplacewheretheymightfindagovernmentjob,buyanorangegrovewiththeirmoneyorinvesthismoney
31、.ToanEnglishmanMoroccomeansnothingbutaromantic,mysteriouscountrywhichhehasreadinthenovels.Camels,castlesaretheromanticbitsinhismindbythenovels.erode-nwearaway;eatintoIfrockorsoilerodesoriserodedbytheweather,seaorwind,itcracksandbreakssothatitisgraduallydestroyed.nRainandriverserodedthesoftsand-stone
32、s.desolate-nbarren;(ofaplace)inaruinedandneglectedstate1.Ifsthisdesolate,itisemptyofpeopleandlackingincomfort.2.Ifsb.isdesolate,theyfeelverysad,lonelyandwithouthope.Theforestwasleftdesolatebythefire.Afterthewarthetownwasadesolateplace.Shehasbeendesolatesincelosingherjob.desolate-nv.-Thelandwasdesola
33、tedbyfloods.Weweredesolatedbythedeathofourgoodfriend.lucerne-nnamedfromtheFrenchLuzerne(glowworn-fromitsshinyseeds)ismorecommonlycalledalfalfa.Itiswidelycultivatedandusedasforage.fodder-n.nroughfoodforcattleorhorses,gatheredfromthefieldsandstorednspike-n.longpointedpieceofmetalwithanoutwardorupwardp
34、ointnharrow-n.heavyframewithmetalteethordisksforbreakingupgroundafterploughingThisisasmuchequaltonTheanimalsyokedtotheploughhadjustenoughstrengthtoploughthesoiltoadepthofaboutfourinches.Theycouldnotmakedeeperfurrows.getatntoreachnMarrakechisverydry.Evenatadepthof30or40feetthereisonlybutatrickleofwat
35、er.Para19.nMiserablelifeofwomenIsupposethatnTheauthorgavetheoldwomanalittlemoney.Theresponsewasashrillwailforshewasgreatlysurprised.Theoldwomanwasfullyaccustomedtohermiserableexistenceandtonotbeingtakennoticeofbyanyone,soshealmostconsideredtheauthortobedoingsomethingunnaturalbygivingherthemoney.Shea
36、cceptedhernShetookitforgrantedthatasanoldwomanshewasthelowestinthesociety,thatshewasonlyfitfordoingheavyworklikeananimal.St.Bernarddog-nASaintBernarddogisalarge,strongdog,thebreedofwhichcomesfromSwitzerland.Thesedogsareoftenusedasapatroldogsinthemountains.ThenamecomesfromthemonksoftheSaintBernardmon
37、asterywhomadeuseofthebreed.fifteen-handsmulenAmuleabout60inchesor5feethighinfuriate-v.nfillwithfuryorrageoutrage;aggravate;enrage;provokeComparisonnDonkeyandWomannBothareoverloaded.nBotharewillingcreatures.nBotharesmall.nBothareill-treated.nBothhaveanmiserableend.ContrastnDonkeyandWomannVisiblenInvi
38、siblenImplication-Womenareworsetreated.Para.22.As the storks nThe passive plodding,earth-bound blacks are contrasted with the glittering white birds so great,pure and lofty who sail above them in the sky.While the former are weighed down by heavy packs,are sweating and uncomfortably hot,the latter a
39、re to soar unfettered in the cool sky aboveContrastnStork-northnNegrosouthclumpandclatternonomatopoeiawordsdescribingthesoundofbootsandironwheelsastheymovedovertheroad.SenegalesenTheblacksoldierswerefromSenegal.nSenegal:RepublicofSenegal,acountryinwesternAfrica,formerlypartofFrenchWestAfrica,populat
40、ion5,085,388,capitalDakar.Itbecameindependentin1960.Senegalese1Map of Senegalreach-me-downnBritishcolloquialismnsecond-handorreadymadeclothingwide-eyednWiththeeyesopenedwidely,asbecauseofsurprise,fear,lackofsophisticationIsawhowitwas.nIunderstandthereasonwhy.nThisistheresultofcolonizationThiswretche
41、dboy.nThismiserableblackboyis,asaresultofthecolonizationofhiscountry,aFrenchcitizen.Thereforehehasbeenforcedtoleavehishomeintheforestandcometoagarrisontownwherehehastodohardlaborsuchasscrubbingfloorsforthewhitesandwherehewillcatchsyphilis.Howeverthisboy,insteadofhatingthewhites,hasdeeprespectforthem
42、.Inthisconnectionninthiscase.nWhilespeakingofsuchthings(whilespeakingoftheonethoughtwhicheverywhitemanthinks)Itdoesntmattertwopence:nItdoesntmatterabit.nItdoesntmatteratall.NCOnN.C.O.orNonCOsnNon-commissionedofficer;anenlistedpersonofanyvariousgradesinthearmedforces,fromcorporal(下士)tosergeant(军士)inc
43、lusiveranksnThebodyofsoldiersofanarmy,asdistinguishedfromtheofficers.ncattles/soldiers-obedientSymbolnwhitebird/scrapsofpaper-symbolicoffreedomFiveexamplestoillustratethefact1.theburialofthepoorpeople2.anemployeeofthemunicipality3.poorlivingandworkingconditionsoftheJews4.poornaturalconditions5.miser
44、ablelifeofwomenThecauseoftheirpovertyn1.ColonizationAllcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthisfact(para.1;17)n2.RacialdiscriminationThepeoplehavebrownfaces-besidestherearesomanyofthem(para.3)Heisthesamecolourastheearth,(para.16)Thecauseoftheirpovertyn3.BlackpeoplesignoranceHeshowedhisprofoundresp
45、ecttohisenemy.He.hasfeelingsofreverencebeforeawhiteskinOnlytheNegroesdidntknowit“n4.PoornaturalconditionsOrganizationalpatternnSect.1(para1-2)Ex.1nobjectivepresentationofExample1theburialofthepeopleinMarrakechnSect.2(para3)thethesis-“Allcolonialempiresarefoundeduponthisfact”ntheauthorscentralideaCol
46、onizationisbasedonthefactthatpeopleareverypoor.OrganizationalpatternnSect.3(para4-7)Ex.2TheArabiangovernmentemployeeisaspoorasabeggar.nSect.4(para8-15)Ex.31)thelivingconditionsoftheJews2)thehardworktheJewsdo3)biasedattitudeagainsttheJewsOrganizationalpatternnThespecificexampleofthepeopleclamouringfo
47、racigaretteshowsthatthepeoplearesopoor,yetpeoplestillhaverumoursaboutthemandhavegreatprejudiceagainstthem.OrganizationalpatternnSect.5(para16-18)Ex.4nThecountryisverypoor.Thepovertywasnotnoticedbythewhitepeople.Becauseoftheirblackcolor,thewhitepeopledidntevenseethem.n1Thesoilsarepoor.dried-upsoilero
48、dedsoildesolatewastebroken-upbrick“n2Everythingisdonebyhand.capitalLs“Organizationalpatternn3Thefarmingtoolsarerough.Theploughissofrail,aroughironspikewhichstirsthesoiltoadepthofaboutfourinches.“n4Thefarminganimalsareweakandthepeasantscalculatecarefully.n5Thenaturalconditionsarepoor.dryTheyhadtodigd
49、eepditches.OrganizationalpatternnSect.6(para19-21)Ex.5themiserablelifeofwomennThewriterisdescribingobjectivelythephysicalappearanceoftheoldwoman,yethisangercomesthrough.Noticehischoiceofwords.(poor;old;mummified;reducedtobones;leatheryskin;bentdouble;crushingweight)OrganizationalpatternnSect.7(para2
50、2-26)conclusiondescriptionoftheblacktroopsingeneralandoneblacksoldierindividually.nItwontbelongforthewhitepeopletokeeptheseblackpeopleinignorance.Language1.simplewords,simplestatementstoconveydeepermeaning2.theuseofrhetoricalquestionswhichisveryeffectiveinconveyinghisanger3.terse,lucidprosestyle.Br.