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1、初中英语词性及句子成分、初中英语词性及句子成分、-句型句型简单语法概况简单语法概况一、词性一、词性二、成分二、成分三、简单句五大句型三、简单句五大句型【一】词性【一】词性名词：表示人或事物的名称的词，如名词：表示人或事物的名称的词，如desk,Li pingdesk,Li ping。形容词：修饰名词代词，表示人或事物的形状、性质形容词：修饰名词代词，表示人或事物的形状、性质或特征的，如或特征的，如a(big)desk,He is(good).a(big)desk,He is(good).冠词：用在名词的前面，说明这个名词所指的是什么冠词：用在名词的前面，说明这个名词所指的是什么人或物，如人或物
2、，如a pen;The book is mine.a pen;The book is mine.数词：表示数量或顺序的词，如数词：表示数量或顺序的词，如oneone；The first busThe first bus代词：代替人或事物的名词的词，如代词：代替人或事物的名词的词，如ThisThis is Liis Li Ping.(He)isPing.(He)is mymybrother.brother.连词：用来连接两个或两个以上的词、词组或句子的连词：用来连接两个或两个以上的词、词组或句子的词，如词，如Li Ping and I;He is old.Li Ping and I;He is
3、old.动词：表示动作、行为的词，如动词：表示动作、行为的词，如play,like;play,like;副词：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表动作行为的副词：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表动作行为的性质或特征的，如性质或特征的，如He did it(very)(well),His English isHe did it(very)(well),His English is quitequite good.good.介词：用在名词或代词的前面，说明这个名词或代词介词：用在名词或代词的前面，说明这个名词或代词语句中其他词的关系，如语句中其他词的关系，如in the room,in front of
4、mein the room,in front of me感慨词：表达喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情的，如感慨词：表达喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情的，如Oh,aOh,a【二】句子的成分【二】句子的成分在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语直接宾在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语直接宾语、间接宾语语、间接宾语、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。一主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的一主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是是什么或什么或“是谁。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当是谁。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如：于名词的词或短语来充当
5、。它在句首。如：1 1Lucy is a beautiful nurse.Lucy is a beautiful nurse.名词作主语名词作主语2 2He reads newspapers every day.He reads newspapers every day.代词作主语代词作主语3 3Smoking is harmful to the health.Smoking is harmful to the health.动名词作主语动名词作主语2 24 4To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.To swim in Kunming Lake
6、 is a great pleasure.不定式作主语不定式作主语5 5What we should do is not yet decided.What we should do is not yet decided.主语从句作主语主语从句作主语二谓语二谓语说明主语说明主语“做什么做什么“是什么或是什么或“怎么样。谓语谓怎么样。谓语谓语局部里主要的词必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称语局部里主要的词必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。如：如：His parents are teachers.His parents are teachers
7、.系动词和表语一起作谓系动词和表语一起作谓语语We study hard.We study hard.行为动词作谓语行为动词作谓语WeWe dontdont finish reading the book.finish reading the book.助动词和行为动词助动词和行为动词一起作谓语一起作谓语He can speak English.He can speak English.情态动词和行为动词一起情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语作谓语三宾语三宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说相当
8、于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。She is doing her homework now.She is doing her homework now.名词作宾语名词作宾语She saysShe saysthatthatshe is ill.she is ill.宾语从句作动词宾语宾语从句作动词宾语We often help him.We often help him.代词作宾语代词作宾语3 34 4promisepromise容许容许,refuse,refuse拒绝等。拒绝等。间接宾语加间接宾语加“for“for的有：
9、的有：make,buy,do,get,play,ordermake,buy,do,get,play,order命令命令,sing,pay,sing,pay 等等1 1I give him a book.I give him a book.改成：改成：2 2He passes me the book.He passes me the book.他将书递给我。他将书递给我。改成：改成：3 3He writes me a letter.He writes me a letter.改成：改成：4 4He will buy me some books.He will buy me some books.
10、5 5She is making me a cake.She is making me a cake.改成：改成：改成：改成：四宾语补足语四宾语补足语在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。语补足语称为复合宾语。如：如：They make her happy.They make her happy.形容词形容词I see her dan
11、ce.I see her dance.不定式不定式WeWell help you to make the Olympics a success.ll help you to make the Olympics a success.名词名词Please let him in.Please let him in.副词副词We heard her singing a song.We heard her singing a song.分词短语分词短语五表语五表语表语说明主语表语说明主语“是什么或者是什么或者“怎么样，由名词、形怎么样，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或容词、副词、
12、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或5 5短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。如：如：I am a teacher.I am a teacher.名词名词He is always happy.He is always happy.形容词形容词They are on the playground now.They are on the playground now.介词短语介词短语It gets cold.It gets cold.形容词形容词BeBe 动词动词amam，is is，are,was,wereare,was,were系动词系动词表保持表保持keep,s
13、tay,remainkeep,stay,remain表改变表改变getget，becomebecome，turnturn感官动词感官动词feelfeel，soundsound听起来听起来，seem/lookseem/look看起看起来来，tastetaste尝起来尝起来，smellsmell闻起来闻起来如：如：It sounds interesting.It sounds interesting.soundsound为系动词，为系动词，interestinginteresting为表语为表语We should all remain careful.RemainWe should all rem
14、ain careful.Remain为系动词，为系动词，carefulcareful为表语为表语六定语六定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。等。单个词作定语时，单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如：如：The black bike is mine.The black bike is mine.形容词形容词Whats your nameWhats your name?代词代词6 6They make
15、paper flowers.They make paper flowers.名词名词说明说明 1 1：当定语修饰不定代词：当定语修饰不定代词：nothing,nothing,anything,anything,everything,everything,somethingsomething等时，等时，定语在不定代词后面。定语在不定代词后面。如：如：I tellI tell形容词形容词interestinginteresting作不定代词作不定代词him something interesting.him something interesting.somethingsomething的后置定语
16、的后置定语He has something to do.He has something to do.to doto do 为不定式作后置为不定式作后置定语定语说明说明 2 2：短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名：短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。词之后。如：如：The boys in the room are in Class Four.The boys in the room are in Class Four.in the roomin the room是介是介词短语作词短语作the boysthe boys的后置定语。的后置定语。七状语七状语修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示
17、行为发生的修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。如：如：He did it carefully.He did it carefully.副词副词We often help him.We often help him.副词副词Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunda
18、y.Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.介词短语介词短语When I grow up,I am going to be a teacherWhen I grow up,I am going to be a teacher.从句作时间状语从句作时间状语7 7He sits there.He sits there.副词地点状语副词地点状语【三】简单句的五种根本句型【三】简单句的五种根本句型A.A.主语主语+不及物动词不及物动词(主谓主谓)如：如：The sun rises.The sun rises.太阳升起来。太阳升起来。The c
19、ar stopped.The car stopped.小汽车停下来了。小汽车停下来了。riserise和和语。语。B.B.主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语(主谓宾主谓宾)如：如：I love my country.I love my country.He helps me.He helps me.I like action movies.I like action movies.I buy a book.I buy a book.C.C.主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语(主系表主系表)如：如：Her brother is a driver.Her brother is a driver.W
20、e feel happy.We feel happy.feelfeel为系动词，表示感到为系动词，表示感到It gets dark.It gets dark.天黑了。天黑了。getget为系动词，表示变得为系动词，表示变得TomTom lookslooks ill.ill.TomTom看上去病了。看上去病了。looklook为系动词，为系动词，表示看上去，看起来表示看上去，看起来D.D.主语主语+及物动词及物动词+双宾语双宾语 直接宾语、直接宾语、间接宾语间接宾语(主谓主谓+直宾直宾+间宾间宾)如：如：He gives Tom a present.He gives Tom a present.
21、双宾语双宾语他给汤姆一他给汤姆一件礼物。件礼物。Mother make a new dress for meMother make a new dress for me.双宾语双宾语妈妈妈妈8 8stopstop都是不及物动词，因此后边不必加宾都是不及物动词，因此后边不必加宾为我做了一件衣服。为我做了一件衣服。E.E.主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语(主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补)如：如：They call her Mary.They call her Mary.宾补宾补他们叫她他们叫她MaryMary。We make our classroom clean and t
22、idy.We make our classroom clean and tidy.宾补宾补我们我们使我们的教室干净而整齐。使我们的教室干净而整齐。HeHe alwaysalways makesmakes usus laugh.laugh.宾补宾补他总使我们他总使我们笑。笑。一、一、典型例题典型例题写出划线局部的句子成分。写出划线局部的句子成分。1.Lily is cleaning the desk now.1.Lily is cleaning the desk now.2.Her garden is the best in our town.2.Her garden is the best i
23、n our town.3.Liu Ming is thirteen years old.3.Liu Ming is thirteen years old.4.I like this book very much.4.I like this book very much.5.The girl on the blue bike is5.The girl on the blue bike is JanesJanes sister.sister.6.She di6.She didnt comednt come to my party because she was ill.to my party be
24、cause she was ill.7.Wang Ping does his homework carefully.7.Wang Ping does his homework carefully.8.We will go8.We will goto the Childrens Palaceto the Childrens Palace once a week.once a week.9.They are in the classroom.9.They are in the classroom.10.It sounds good.10.It sounds good.11.His name is
25、Paul.11.His name is Paul.9 912.We always go to school early.12.We always go to school early.二、课后练习二、课后练习(一一)挑出以下句中的宾语挑出以下句中的宾语 My brother doesnt do his homework.My brother doesnt do his homework.A AB BC CD D People all over the world speak English.People all over the world speak English.A AB BC CD D
26、 You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.A AB BC CD D How many new words do you learn?How many new words do you learn?A AB BC CD D Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?Some of the students in the school want
27、to go swimming,how about you?A AB BC CD D(二二)挑出以下句中的表语挑出以下句中的表语 The old man is feeling very tired.The old man is feeling very tired.A AB BC CD D Why is he worried about Jim?Why is he worried about Jim?A AB BC CD D The leaves have turned yellow.The leaves have turned yellow.A AB BC CD D Soon They all
28、 become interested in the subject.Soon They all become interested in the subject.A AB BC CD D She is the first to learn about it.She is the first to learn about it.A AB BC CD D(三三)挑出以下句中的定语挑出以下句中的定语 They use Mr.Mrs.with the family name.They use Mr.Mrs.with the family name.A AB BC CD D What is your g
29、iven name?What is your given name?A AB BC CD D On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.A AB BC CD D I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.A AB BC CD D The man downstairs was trying to sleep.The ma
30、n downstairs was trying to sleep.A AB BC CD D四四)挑出以下句中的宾语补足语挑出以下句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.1010A AB BC CD D He asks her to take the boy out of school.He asks her to take the
31、boy out of school.A AB BC CD D She find it difficult to do the work.She find it difficult to do the work.A AB BC CD D They call me Lily sometimes.They call me Lily sometimes.A AB BC CD D I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.A BA BC CD D(五五)挑出以下句中的状语挑出以下句中的状语 There is a big smile
32、 on her face.There is a big smile on her face.A AB BC CD D Every night he heard the noise upstairs.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.A AB BC CD D He began to learn English when he was eleven.He began to learn English when he was eleven.A AB BC CD D The man on the motorbike is travelling too fa
33、st.The man on the motorbike is travelling too fast.A AB BC CD D With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.A AB BC CD D(六六)划出句中的直接宾语划出句中的直接宾语()和间接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story.Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for
34、 me last week.My father bought a new bike for me last week.Mr.Li is going to teach us history next term.Mr.Li is going to teach us history next term.Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.Does he leave any message for me?Does he leave any message for me?1111典型例题答案典型例题答案一一.写出划线局部的句
35、子成分。写出划线局部的句子成分。1.1.主，谓，宾，状主，谓，宾，状2.2.定，状定，状3.3.表表4.4.谓，宾，状谓，宾，状5.5.定，定定，定6.6.谓，状谓，状7.7.谓，宾，状谓，宾，状8.8.谓，状谓，状9.9.表表10.10.表表11.11.定，表定，表12.12.状，状状，状课后练习课后练习(三三)D D D D B B A A B(B(四四)D D B B D D C CB B1212(五五)C C C C A A B B B(B(六六)C C C C C C C C D D(七七)D D A A D D D D A(A(八八)us,us,间接宾语间接宾语a story,a story,直接宾语直接宾语 me,me,间接宾语间接宾语 a new bike,a new bike,直接宾语直接宾语 us,us,间接间接宾语宾语 history,history,直接宾语直接宾语 Tom,Tom,间接宾语间接宾语 it,it,直接宾语直接宾语 me,me,间接宾语间接宾语message,message,直接宾语直接宾语13131414