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1、科技论文讨论部分的写作方法与内容4大案例分析,学术论文写作Discussion (讨论)部分非常重要。在这部分，你要把“结果 中展示的证据线索和“前言 中的背景资料关联起来。但是，很多作者(十分是来自非英语国家的作者)经常不够重视“讨论 部分，以为只需把结果罗列出来，然后让读者自行去得出结论即可。但是，给出结果而不讲明其意义会造成结果被随意解读，减小了研究的影响力。而期刊编辑往往希望论文能推进该研究领域，并构成影响力，所以有必要善用“讨论 部分来尽可能加强论文的影响力。 Discussion是一篇科技论文中非常难写的部分之一。Discussion 最考验一个作者研究问题的深度和广度。深度就是论
2、文对于提出问题的研究到了一个什么样的程度，广度是指能否从多个角度来分析解释实验结果。因而，Discussion的写作，一般分为下面三个步骤: 选择要深切进入讨论的问题。Results中 有的结果是重要的，有的则可一笔带过。选择适宜的结果在Discussion部分进行深切进入讨论。一般来讲，可根据如下原则来判定:假如你的结果具体表现出了实验的独特性，是其他研究中没有得到的，那这个结果就是要重点讨论的问题;有些结果和前人的研究一致，并没有显着性差异，就应该一笔带过而无需深切进入讨论。Discussion 的一个重要作用就是要突出自个研究的创新性，并具体表现出出显着区别于别人的特点，区别具体表现出的
3、是创新。 对选中的问题按一定层次从多个角度进行讨论，讲理要有根据，问题要讲清楚、讲透彻。选择的问题有时不止一个(多数情况是2个以上)，因而要按一定层次描绘叙述清楚。一般来讲，把最重要的放在中间，次之的放开始和末尾。放在中间能将审稿人的情绪带至高潮，前面是铺垫，后面是总结。好的Discussion应当从多个角度展开深切进入讨论:首先要有类似结果的比照，讲明自已结论的独特性。其次要系统阐述为什么会有这样的结果，方式方法有多种(从实验设计角度、从理论原理角度，从分析方式方法角度，或借鉴别人的分析方式方法等)。重要的是将这个问题深切进入阐述清楚，不能让人有意犹未尽之感(尽管审稿人总.会提出新的问题，我
4、们仍要尽量做到这一点)。 保持与Results的一致性，即结果和讨论要逐一对应。千万不要出现按讨论的内容能够推出与实验相反的结论这种情形，那证明你的讨论思路彻底的失败或你的实验压根儿就是失败的。所Discussion的文字描绘叙述和语言表示出的精到准确性尤为重要。写作经过应当注意英文表示出的习惯，避免出现误解。 Discussion部分的写作也有特定的构造。如此图1所示，Discussion 可分为两部分，当Results部分通过表征或计算等手段得到了详细的结果之后，Discussion部分能够对其进行详细的讨论，它是一个对Results深化、直观化的经过，使读者能迅速了解表征或计算结果的详细
5、含义。一篇科技论文中常有多个Results，正确的SCI论文写作方式方法是对每一个结果都进行具体的讨论分析，因而，在这里常会出现两种构造“R1 D1,R2 D2,R3 D3 或“R1R2R3. D1D2D3 ，即要么是一个结果跟一个讨论，要么是一系列结果跟一系列讨论。两种分析讨论的形式应根据实际需要选择。因而，构造1在Discussion中经常会重复屡次。在完成了所有表征或计算结果的讨论后，便进入了构造2的写作。构造2是对全文的结果与讨论(Results Discussion) 的总结，包括研究工作的详细情况、实际用处以及带来的详细影响等。这部分是将详细的Results一般化、通俗化。对于一个
6、非本领域的读者来讲，Discussion的文章最新提出的，通常要用“We confirm tha. 。 对于自个很自信的观点，可用“We believe that. 。通常，由数据推断出一定的结论，用“Results indicate/infer/suggest/ imply that. 。 在极其十分时才可用“We observe/ discover/put forward. . for the firsttime 来强调自个的创新。 假如自个对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用“We tentatively put forward( interpreted this to. ) 或 “The r
7、esults may be due to/caused by/attributed to/resulted from. 或“This is probably a consequence of. 或“It seems that. .canaccount for ( interpret) this. 或“It is possible that it stems from. 。 要注意这些构造的合理搭配。假如通篇是类型，那这篇文章的意义就大打折扣。假如全是，肯定会遭到质疑。所以要仔细分析自已成果的创新性以及可信度。 2.连接词与逻辑 写英文论文最常见的缺点是文章的逻辑不清楚，解决方式方法如下。 (1
8、)注意句子上下连贯，不能让句子独立 常见的连接词有however, also， in addition, consequently， afterwards ，moreover，furthermore, further, although, unlike， in contrast, similarly,unfortunately，alternatively， parallel results， in order to，despite， forexample，compared with, other results, thus, therefore等。 用好连接词能使文章层次清楚，意思明确。比方，
9、叙述有时间顺序的事件或文献，最早的文献可用“A advocated it for the first time ，接下来可用“Then，A furtherdemonstrated that ，再接下来，可用“Afterwards， . ，假如还有，可用“More recent studies by A 。假如叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开。比方，“A put forward th.In contrast, B believe/Unlike A，B suggest/On thecontrary (表示清楚与前面观点不同的观点)。假如只表示清楚两种观点对立，用“incontrast B.。假如两种
10、观点相近，可用“A suggest. .Similarly/Alternatively/A or B/A or B also des. 。 表示因果或者前后关系可用“consequently/therefore/as a result. 。 表示清楚递进关系可用“ furthermore/further/moreover/inadion. 。写完一-段英文,最好首先检查能否较好地应用了这些连接词。 (2)注意段落布局的整体逻辑 当我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面时，一定要注意逻辑构造。第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部分。如: Therefore， there are three aspects
11、of thisproblem have to be addressed.The first question in volves .The second problemrelates t.The third aspect deals with.清楚明晰地逐层叙述观点。可以以直接用first，second, third， finally等。 当然，furthermore/ in addition 等可以以用来补充讲明。 (3)讨论部分的整体构造 小标题能够有效地将讨论部分分层。通常第-一个片段指出文章最重要的数据或结果;补充讲明部分放在最后一个片段。文章的读者分为多个档次;除了让本专业的专业人士
12、读懂以外，一-定要让更多的外专业人读懂。所以能够把讨论部分分为两部分，一部分提出观点，另一部分具体介绍经过以及阐述的根据。这样专业外的人士能够了解文章的主要观点，将比拟专业的讨论当成黑箱子，供本专业人士进一- 步研究。 3.讨论部分包括什么内容 主要数据及其特征的总结;. 主要结论及与前人观点的比照; 本文的缺乏。 对第三点，一般作者看来不可取，但给出文章的缺乏恰恰是保卫自个文章的重要手段。刻意隐藏文章的漏洞是非常不明智的。所谓缺乏，包括下面内容: 研究的问题有点片面，讨论时一定要讲明。例如: It should be notedthat this study has examined on
13、ly/We concentrate ( focus ) on only/We have to .point out that we do not/Some limi tations of this study are. 结论存在缺乏，可用以下句式讲明The results do not imply/The resultscan not be used to determine ( or be taken as evidence of ) /Unfortunately， we .can notdetermine this from this data/Our results are lack o
14、f等。但指出这些缺乏之后，一定要加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些缺乏,为别人或者自个的下逐一步研究打下伏笔。如: Not with standing its limitation, thisstudy does suggest/However，these problems could be solved if we consider/Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate等。用中文来讲这是左右逢源，把审稿人想到的问题提早给-个交代，同时表示清楚你已经在考虑这些问题，但是由于文章长度、实验进
15、度或者实验手段的制约，暂时不能回答这些问题，这些问题在将来的研究中有可能实现。 3.1 常用词汇 或句型 Discussion部分常用词汇(见表1 ) 表1 Discussion 部分常用词汇- Discussion部分常用句型 (1)概述结果 The results indicate/ prove/ show/ reveal that. These results provide substantial evidence for the original assumptions. These experimental results support the original hypothes
16、is that. Our findings are in substantial agreement with those of Davis. The present results are consistent with those reported in our earlier work. The experimental values are all lower (higher) than the theoreticalpredictions. These results contradict the original hypothesis. These results appear t
17、o refute the original assumptions. Overall，our study revealed a variety of patterns at the community and population levels, none of which seem to indicate obvious decline in southeasternOhio s oak-hickory forests. The results given in Figure 4 validate ( support ) the second hypothesis. (2 )表示研究的局限性
18、 It should be noted that this study has examined only. This analysis has concentrated on. The findings of this study are restricted to. This study has addressed only the question of. The limitations of this study are clear. We would like to point out that we have not. However, the findings do not im
19、ply. The result of the study cannot be taken as evidence for. Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this data that. 3.2 案例及分析 案例3 To examine surface property of the hierarchical Co,O.MnO2 core-shellnanocomposite obtained with 1 mmol Co (NO3)2, we further measured BrunauereEmmette Teller (BE
20、T) and nitrogen adsorption desorption. Fig.4 presents thecorresponding nitrogen adsorption desorption isotherm and pore size distributioncurve of the nanocomposite.The adsorption desorption isotherm can be classifiedas type IV according to the profile of a hysteresis loop in a relative pressure (p/p
21、o)range of 0.51.0.This reveals that the as-prepared Co 3O4 MnO2 core-shellnanocomposite has a typical mes oporous structure, which is further veri fied fromthe Barrette Joynere Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution (PSD) data shown inFig.4(b).Nitrogen adsorption desorption results indicate that the h
22、ierarchicalCo3O.MnO2 core-shell nanocomposite had a BET surface area of 147.1 m2/g withFig.4 Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms (a ) and the pore sizedistribution plot ( b ) from the adsorption branch of the hierarchicalCo3O.MnO2 core-shell nanostructuresa pore volume of 0.41 cm/g.The pore siz
23、e distribution obtained from theadsorption branch by the Barrette Joynere Halenda (BJH) method indicates that ;the average pore size was about 11.3 nm.The high BET specific surface areaand the mesoporous structure can offer effici ent transport for electrons and ions,leading to a high electrochemica
24、l capacity for the hierarchical Co,O s MnO2nanocomposite.(Huang M, Zhang Y, Li F, et al.Facile synthesis of hierarchical CosO.MnO2core-shell arrays on Ni foam for asymmetric supercapacitors.J ournal of PowerSources, 2020, 252 : 98-106.) 案例3总共有7句完好的句子，作者通过第一、二句快速地介绍了Fig.4图谱的名称、作用等基本信息，让读者对表征图有一个简单的了解
25、。然后作者在第三句介绍了表征结果的Result 1，即R1“hysteresis loop in a relativepressure (p/po) range of0.5 1.0 ， 并在第四句中对此进行了初步的评价D1“typical mesoporous structure 。然后在第五句和第六句中，作者继续介绍了第二个表征结果R2“BET surface area of 147.1 m/g with a pore volume of 0.41 cm/g,average pore size was about 11.3 nm ，并为此做出了评价D2“The high BETspeci f
26、ic surface area and the mesoporous structure can offer efficient transport forelectrons and ions, leading to a high electrochemical capacity for the hierarchicalCo,O.MnO2 nanocomposite 。因而，这个案例中，作者使用了常见的R1D1、 R2D2.方式方法进行R D介绍。 |案例4 The intensity of core-level N 1s XPS spectra gradually increased ast
27、he thermal treatment temperature increased as shown in Fig. 5(a), indicatingthe enrichment of the N dopant. Specifically, the atomic N was found to .reach 0.07 per Co atom in N2-Co;O.To confirm the chemical form ofthe doped N, the core-level N 1s XPS spectrum of N2-Co3O, was furtheranalyzed and deco
28、nvoluted into two peaks located at 398.2 and 400.2 eV . The peak at 400.2 eV corresponds to the chemisorbed N2 molecule ontothe surface, while the peak at 398.2 eV has previously been assigned to theN3- species, which are indicative of Co-N bonds . However, the binding energyis found to be lower tha
29、n that of cobalt nitride. This observation supportsthe formation of substitutional diluted N3- dopants in the Co3O4 matrix, whichresults in additional charge transfer from Co to N.No other impurity was .detected.Meanwhile, the Co 2p3/2 peak center for the N doped Co,O4 samplescontinually shifted pos
30、itively as the nitridation temperature increased Fig. 5(b),corresponding to the decrease of Co valence state due to the partial replace of lattice O by N.To facilitate analysis, we have deconvoluted the 0 1s peaksinto lattice O centered at 530.4 eV, adsorbed O centered at 531.6 eV, and 0from surface
31、 H2O centered at 533.2 eV .Fig. 5(c) presents the calculatedO proportions in all the samples as a function of annealing temperature.0 Overall, the adsorbed O exhibited a rising trend, while the lattice O did theopposite.This suggests that the N-dopant could replace the lattice O and in sodoing endow
32、 the strong adsorption ability of O2. 12 Furthermore, O2 temperature-programmed desorption (O2-TPD) spectra were recorded to investi gate the oxygenspecies adsorbed on the catalyst surfaces for the samples.?As expected, thedesorption peak of adsorbed O moved toward higher temperature with increasing
33、N dopant, confirming the enhanced adsorption energy of O2. Yu M, Wang Z, Hou C, et al.Nitrogen -doped Co3O4 mesoporous nanowirearrays as an additive-free air-cathode for flexible solid-state zinc-air batteries.Advanced Materials, 2021, 29 (15). 案例4共有13句完好的句子，整体构造和案例3类似，都采用的是R1D1、R2D2、R3D.构造。唯一-的不同在于
34、，作者省略了与案例3中的第一、二句话类似的构造，没有对图片进行详细的介绍，直接进入了图片内容描绘叙述。案例4的第一-句介绍了第一个结果R1“N 1s XPS spectra gradually increased as thethermal treatment temperature increased ,同时在第- -句话中紧接着就对R1进行了评价“indicating the enrichment of the N dopant 。第二句话是第一句话的补充讲明。而第三句则阐释了XPS分析的第二个结果R2“two peaks locatedat 398.2 and 400.2 eV ，第四句
35、对第三句的结果进行了分析D2“The peak at400.2 eV corresponds to the chemi sorbed N2 molecule onto the surface，whilethe peak at 398.2 eV has previously been assigned to the N- species， which areindicative of Co-N bonds 。第五句是对第四句的补充讲明。第七句介绍了XPS的第三个表征结果R3“Co 2p3/2 peak center for the N doped Co3O4 samplescontinually
36、 shifted positively as the nitridation temperature increased ，并马上分析了其原因“corresponding to the decrease of Co valence state due to thepartial replace of ltticeO by N 。 Fig.5 (a) Core-level N 1s and (b) Co 2p3n XPS spectra of all the samples (c) Theproportions of lattice O, adsorbed 0 and 0 in H2O for the Co3O4 andN-doped Co3O4 samples as a function of annealing temperature(d) O2-TPD spectra of all the samples