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1、(法律运行的道德基础研究）中英文内容摘要,法制史论文摘 要法律运行是指法律的制定、执行、适用和遵守的经过，即立法、执法、司法和守法。法律固然是当代国家规范行为的主要手段，但它不能单独地实现良好效果，必须通过吸收和反映一定的道德内容，借助道德的基础作用，才能真正实现有效运行。本文首先从立法、执法、司法和守法四个方面对法律运行以道德为基础的涵义进行解析，说明道德为法律运行提供精神引领、主体保证和内在支撑，道德指导法律的制定，支持法律的施行，保证法律的持久遵守。道德对法律运行的基础作用具体表现出为：其一，道德是立法的价值基础和精神引领。通过道德对法的公正性评价，促使法的制定、修改和废除，使法保持正确
2、的伦理方向。其二，道德是法律施行的重要支持和主体保证。法律施行离不开人的详细操作，执法者和司法者的道德操行直接影响着执法与司法的公正，是法律得以施行的重要保证。其三，道德是自觉守法的内在支撑和持久气力。法律强迫性的有效发挥依靠于个体内在的道德认同，否则法律就不能得到普遍持久的遵守。其次，通过法律运行以道德为基础的学理分析、历史追溯和现代审视，即理论与实践两个方面充分论证了法律运行必须以道德为基础的理论根据和实践根据。理论根据具体表现出在：道德规范是法律规范的重要来源，道德标准是法律良善的评价尺度，道德公平是法律追求的价值目的，道德自律是法律功能的必要补充，道德判定是法律施行的重要手段。实践根据
3、具体表现出在：西方国家的道德正义高于法律正义，古代中国的为政以德、教化人心，新中国初期的思想教育统揽全局、现代中国的德法合治等事实，均表示清楚道德在法律运行中发挥着重要的基础作用。再次，明确指出在价值观多元化的当今时代，道德缺失对法律运行产生消极的影响，表如今：其一，立法道德的缺失导致立法内容的公平性弘扬缺乏，立法程序的民主化和公开化程度不够，部分地区仍然存在部门立法利益化现象；其二，执法道德的缺失导致执法不严与执法腐败；其三，司法道德的缺失引发司法不公与司法腐败；其四，守法道德的缺失引发制售有害食品、侵犯劳动者权益、不正当竞争等众多违法犯罪现象。因道德缺失引发的违法行为充分反映出外在违法与内
4、在道德之间的密切关联性。第四，对法律运行中道德缺失的原因进行讨论，主要从道德的多元化、道德的利他性、道德情绪的正当性、道德需要的物质基础以及社会制度的道德引导五个方面展开分析。从道德的多元化来看，多样性道德对主导性道德构成一定程度的消解；从道德的利他性来看，由于缺乏对道德中快乐与知足感的保卫，阻碍了道德利他性的构成与稳固；从道德情绪来看，荣辱感的错位和公平感的缺失严重影响了道德情绪的正当性；从道德需要来看，物质需要的知足是道德生成的基础，道德建设无法超越注重生存利益的客观现实；从社会制度对道德的引导来看，我们国家的考核制度突出经济职能而弱化公共服务，司法制度缺乏有效监督和必要保障，这必然会阻碍
5、以公平为核心的执法道德与司法道德的生成。最后，在总结道德缺失原因的基础之上，提出加强法律运行道德建设的实现途径。其一，应提高法律运行主体的道德素养。以社会核心价值观为法律运行的道德基础；建立道德赏罚制，全面提高公民的道德素质；同时加强官德建设，发挥示范作用。其二，要加强立法道德建设。通过加快完善财税立法和教育立法，以实现再分配公平；同时完善立法程序的民主性与公开性。其三，要加强执法道德建设。通过转变职能建立超越性；同时改革任免和考核制，落实权利运行和官员财产公开制，建立连带责任制，以引导执法道德的生成。其四，要加强司法道德建设。通过完善司法独立制、司法审讯公开制、错案追查制、司法职业保障制等，
6、以实现司法公正。其五，要加强守法道德建设。通过加大违法成本培育经营者的守法道德；通过提高劳动收入比重培育劳动者的守法道德；通过完善社会保障制度培育弱势群体的守法道德等。综上，道德是法律运行的基础，只要从违法现象内在的道德原因着手，进一步加强道德建设，才能真正促进法律的制定、执行、适用和遵守，切实推动国家的法治进程。本文关键词语： 法律运行；道德基础；原因审视；实现途径Abstract：The operation of the law refers to the process of enactment, execution, application andcompliance, in othe
7、r words it means legislation, law enforcement, judicature and law-abiding.Although law is the main mean to regulate the behavior in a modern country, but it cannotachieve good results alone. It can be operated effectively only by absorbing and reflectingcertain moral content, and the aid of the mora
8、lity.This thesis analyzes the essence of the operation of the law on the basis of the moralityfrom four aspects that are legislation, law enforcement, judicature and law-abiding, andclarifies the fact that the morality can provide spiritual guidance, main insurance and internalsupport for the law, a
9、nd the fact that the morality guides the enactment of the law, supportsthe implementation of the law and guarantees persistent law-abiding. The fundamental rolesof the morality on the operation of the law are as following: firstly, morality is of fundamentalvalues and provides spiritual guidance for
10、 legislation. An evaluation of the fairness of the lawby morality impels the enactment, amendment and repeal of the law, and maintains the rightethics direction of the law. Secondly, morality is an important support and subject guaranteeto implementation of the law which is inseparable from the conc
11、rete operation of people. Themorality and conduct of law-executor and judicature, which is the important guarantee to theimplementation of the law, directly influenceing the justice. Thirdly, morality is the internalsupport and the enduring power of consciously abiding by the law. Effective obligato
12、ryoperation of the law depends on the individual s moral identity, or the law can t be universallyand lasting observed.Secondly, theoretical and practical support of the operation of the law based on themorality is fully proved from two aspects of theory and practice by means of theoreticalanalysis,
13、 history review and contemporary scan. The theory evidence is reflected in: Thenorm of morality is an important resource of the norm of the law, the standards of morality isthe scale to estimate whether the law is proper, morality fair is the pursuit of the law,morality autonomy is the essential com
14、plementary of the function of the law, and moralityjudgment is an important means of the law enforcement. The practice evidence reflects in:Many facts indicate that morality plays an important elementary role in the operation of thelaw, such as morality justice being above the law justice in the Wes
15、t, ideological and politicaleducation centralizing overall situation in the initial stage of China, and the government withboth morality and law in the present age of China.Thirdly, this thesis clearly pointed out that in nowadays with pluralistic sense of worth,morality deficiency has a negative im
16、pact on the operation of the law, manifested in: firstly,lack of morality of legislation leads to lack of fairness of contents of legislation. Democraticand open degree of legislative procedure is not enough, and phenomenon of legislationconducted by benefits still exists in some areas; secondly, la
17、ck of morality of law enforcementleads to unfairness and corruption; thirdly, lack of judicial ethics causes judicial unfairnessand corruption in the judiciary; fourthly, lack of morality of law-abiding causes many illegaland criminal phenomena such as the manufacture and sale of harmful food, viola
18、tion ofworkers rights, improper competition and so on. Illegal acts caused by lack of moralitydemonstrate the close relation between the extrinsic breaking the law and inherent morality.Fourthly, the thesis probes into the reason of lack of morality in the execution of the law,analyses mainly from f
19、ive aspects of pluralism of morality, altruism of morality, legitimacy ofmoral emotion, material bases of morality and social systematical guidance of morality. Interms of pluralism of morality, the pluralism morality dispels the dominant morality to certaindegree; In terms of altruism of morality,
20、due to the lack of protection of happiness andsatisfaction in morality, the formation and solidifying has been hindered; In terms of themoral emotion, dislocation of sense of honor and disgrace and lack of sense of fair haveseriously influence on the legitimacy of moral emotion; In terms of moral ne
21、eds, meeting thematerial need is the base of generation of morality, and moral construction cannot transcendreality on survival interests; In terms of the social system guidance of morality, thehighlighting of economic function of political system , the weakening of public service, andlack of effect
22、ive supervision and necessary guarantee of judicial system will impede thegeneration of morality of law enforcement and judicature which takes the equity as the core.Finally, on the basis of analyzing the reason for the morality deficiency, theimplementation path to strengthen the construction of mo
23、rality of operation of the law isproposed from several aspects below: Firstly, the moral accomplishment of the main bodywho are in charge of the operation of the law should be improved. The morality basis ofoperation of the law is the core values of the socialism. The moral reward and punishmentsyst
24、em should be established, and morality quality of citizens should be improved. Meanwhile,construction of government morality should be strengthened to play an exemplary role.Secondly, morality of legislation should be strengthened. Legislation in the field of financeand taxation and education should
25、 be accelerated and improved to accomplish the fairness ofredistribution, meanwhile improving democracy and openness of procedure of legislation.Thirdly, construction of morality of law enforcement should be strengthened. Transcendencegovernment will be established with the transformation of functio
26、n of government, meanwhilesystem of appoint, dismiss and assess of cadre should be reformed and the open system ofauthority operation and estate of official should be practiced. Joint and several liabilitiesshould be established to guide the construction of law enforcement morality. Fourthly, thecon
27、struction of morality of judicature should be strengthened. The independent system ofjudicature, open system of judicial trial, misjudged case investigation system and judicialoccupation guarantee system should be improved to accomplish the fairness of judicature.Fifthly, the construction of law-abi
28、ding morality should be strengthened. The law-abidingmorality of business operators should be cultivated by increasing the cost of breaking the law.The law-abiding morality of workers should be cultivated by raising the proportion of incomefrom labor. The law-abiding morality of disadvantaged group
29、should be cultivated byimproving social security system and so on.To sum up, morality is the foundation of the operation of law. Enactment, execution,application and compliance of law can be truly advanced only by setting about the inherentmoral reason of illegal phenomenon and further strengthening of morality development, ,andthe legal process can be practically promoted.Keywords: operation of the law; morality basis; reason scan; implementation path