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1、6类刺槐花营养成分和活性物质检测分析,硕士论文刺槐是中国落叶阔叶人工林栽植范围最广泛的树种之一，速生，材质优，叶花营养丰富，具有材用、饲用、蜜源等多个方面的用处与价值。刺槐花量大，花蜜足，是我们国家主要蜜源植物之一，但刺槐品种繁多，市场上少有单一品种刺槐蜂蜜。国内外的蜂蜜市场对于刺槐蜜的需求宏大，但对其蜜源林的培育及蜜腺的研究极少。本研究从刺槐花营养成分和活性物质检测、蜜腺发育解剖学研究及刺槐花展示调查 3 方面对 6 种刺槐种质蜜源性状进行了观察、试验、测定和分析。 1通过检测不同种质刺槐花朵营养活性物质含量，为选育蜜源林良种提供科学根据。选取 6 个刺槐种质盛花期花朵，经过枯燥处理作为试样
2、，利用全自动紫外可见分光光度计等仪器和试剂，根据相关国家标准，分别检测总糖、复原糖、L(+)-抗坏血酸VC、蛋白质、花青素、总黄酮和总皂苷含量。方差分析结果表示清楚，6 种刺槐花营养和活性物质含量均达差异极显着水平P 0.01。蜜源 1 号、多彩青山和多花刺槐总糖和复原糖含量较高，为 31.41g/100g34.52g/100g 和 24.74 g/100g28.07 g/100g；粘枝刺槐含 VC 和蛋白质最高，分别为 233.4mg/100g 和 26.65 g/100g；多花刺槐、多彩青山和兴刺 22 花青素含量较高，为 0.140.25；总黄酮含量较高的品种是鲁刺 58、多彩青山、多花
3、刺槐和蜜源 1 号，在 294.88mg/100g442.92mg/100g 范围内；总皂苷含量较高的品种是多花刺槐、鲁刺 58、多彩青山、蜜源 1 号和粘枝刺槐，在 0.31 g/100g0.37g/100g 范围内。 2为讨论刺槐花蜜腺构造和整个花期中的动态变化规律，选择生长表现良好的标准株，分别在刺槐花不同发育时期即幼蕾期、显露期、始展期、展花期和谢花期采样，石蜡切片，分别采用番红固绿染色和 PAS 染色对蜜腺部位横切和纵切，显微镜下观察拍照。结果表示清楚：刺槐花蜜腺位于子房与雄蕊之间的花托上，属于花托蜜腺，由分泌表皮和泌蜜组织组成。刺槐花蜜腺泌蜜组织中含有淀粉粒，属于淀粉型蜜腺。从幼蕾
4、期、显露期到始展期，分泌表皮细胞由厚变薄，泌蜜组织细胞的排列由松懈到严密，细胞质逐步变稀，细胞中液泡逐步增大，淀粉粒逐步构成，积累增加至最大值；从展花期至谢花期，气孔和气孔室发育完全，泌蜜细胞的排列变疏松至萎缩变形，细胞质完全液泡化，淀粉粒开场减少，直至消失。刺槐花蜜腺组织细胞构造动态变化规律与其他花托蜜腺植物的变化规律具有类似性。 3为比拟 6 种刺槐的花展示，选择各品种 3 棵同等树势的同龄刺槐树，分别在盛花期进行实地观测、计量和统计。内容包括花期天数、单株总花序量、一年生枝上花序量、单个花序上小花量、总小花数、小花长度、花萼宽度、小花重量及鲜花含水率。 蜜源 1 号在花量方面表现突出，一
5、年生枝上花序量、单个花序上小花量、单株总花序量和总小花数均最大。粘枝刺槐花期最长，为 38 天，其次为多花刺槐，为 32 天。它们的花朵长与宽也比其他 4 种的要大。含水率最大值为 88.85%，最小值为 79.67%，分别是粘枝刺槐和蜜源 1 号。 本文关键词语：刺槐；蜜源性状；种质；花蜜腺；营养成分；花展示 Abstract Robinia pseudoacacia is one of the most widely planted tree species in deciduousbroad-leaved plantation in China.It is fast-growing, h
6、as excellent material quality and richnutrients in leaves and flowers. It has many uses and research values in wood, forage andhoney sources. Robinia pseudoacacia is one of the main nectar plants in China. But there aremany varieties of Robinia pseudoacacia and few single varieties of Robinia honey
7、on themarket. Robinia pseudoacacia honey is in great demand in the honey market at home andabroad, but there are few studies on the cultivation of its nectariferous forest and nutrients.Inthis study, we observed, tested, determined and analyzed the nutrient components and activesubstances of Robinia
8、 pseudoacacia flower, the anatomy of nectary development and theinvestigation of Robinia pseudoacacia flower display. Two varieties of Robinia pseudoacacianectar source forest, Duocai Qingshan and Miyuan No.1 , were selected from the clonesand new germplasms of Robinia pseudoacacia. 1The content of
9、nutritive active material in flowers of different germplasms ofRobinia pseudoacacia was tested to provide scientific basis for the selection and breeding ofhoneywort linliang. According to relevant national standards, the content of total sugar,reducing sugar, L(+)-ascorbic acid(VC), protein, anthoc
10、yanin, total flavonoids and totalsaponins were respectively detected. The results of variance analysis showed that the contentsof nutrients and active substances in all 6 germplasms of Robinia pseudoacacia weresignificantly different (P 0.01). The contents of total sugar and reducing sugar of the mu
11、ltipleRobinia neo-mexicana var. luxurians , Duocai Qingshan and Miyuan No.1 were higher,which were 31.41g/100g 34.52g/100g and 24.74 g/100g 28.07 g/100g. The Robiniaviscosa of VC and protein were highest at 233.4mg/100g and 26.65 g/100g, respectively. Thecontents of anthocyanins of Robinia neo-mexic
12、ana var. luxurians Dieck, Duocai Qingshan and Xingci 22 was higher, which were 0.14% 0.25%. The varieties with higher totalflavonoids content were Luci 58 , Duocai Qingshan , Robinia neo-mexicana var. luxurians and Miyuan No.1 , which were within the range of 294.88mg/100g 442.92mg/100g. The varieti
13、es with higher content of total saponins were Robinianeo-mexicana var. luxurians , Luci 58 , Duocai Qingshan , Miyuan No.1 and Robiniaviscosa, within the range of 0.31g /100g 0.37g /100g. 2Paraffin sections were prepared at different development stages of Robiniapseudoacacia flowers, including early
14、 bud stage, exposure stage, beginning stage, anthesisperiod and withering stage. The results showed that the nectary of Robinia pseudoacaciaflowers was located on the receptacle between the ovary and the stamens, belonging to thereceptacle nectary. The nectary contained starch grains, which belonged
15、 to the starch type. From the early bud stage and exposure stage to the beginning stage, the nectary cells arrangedfrom loose to close, the cytoplasm gradually became thin, vacuoles in the cells graduallyincreased, and starch grains gradually formed and accumulated. From the anthesis period tothe wi
16、thering stage, the arrangement of nectary cells became loose to atrophy and deformation,the cytoplasm vacuolated completely, and starch grains began to decrease and disappear. 3In order to compare the flower display of six species of Robinia pseudoacacia,three Robinia trees of the same age with the
17、same tree potential of each variety were selectedand observed, measured and counted at the flowering stage. The contents include florescence,total inflorescence volume, inflorescence on annual branches, inflorescence per inflorescence,total floret number, length of inflorescence, floret width, weigh
18、t of inflorescence and watercontent of flowers. Miyuan No.1 is outstanding in flower quantity, that had the highestinflorescence on annual branches, inflorescence per inflorescence, total inflorescence volume,and total floret number. The longest flowering period of Robinia viscosa was 38 days,follow
19、ed by Robinia neo-mexicana var. luxurians for 32 days. Their flowers are longer andwider than the other four. The maximum moisture content was 88.85% and the minimum was79.67%. They were Robinia viscosa and Miyuan No.1 , respectively. Key words: Robinia pseudoacacia; nectar traits; germplasms; nutri
20、ents; floral nectary;flower display 目录 中文内容摘要.I Abstract.III 1 前言. 1 1.1 刺槐的特征与用处.1 1.1.1 多花刺槐特征特性.1 1.1.2 粘枝刺槐特征特性.2 1.1.3 蜜源 1 号特征特性.2 1.1.4 多彩青山特征特性.2 1.1.5 辽刺兴 22 特征特性.3 1.1.6 鲁刺 58 特征特性.3 1.2 蜜源植物.3 1.3 花卉生化性质.4 1.3.1 花卉中医药学研究.4 1.3.2 刺槐花的营养成分和活性物质.5 1.4 刺槐花展示.6 1.4.1 花期.6 1.4.2 花量.6 1.5 蜜腺.7 1
21、.5.1 蜜腺的分布和类型.7 1.5.2 蜜腺的构造与发育.7 1.5.3 刺槐泌蜜规律.8 1.6 蜂蜜.8 1.6.1 蜂蜜的营养成分及活性物质.8 1.6.2 蜂蜜的效用.10 1.6.3 刺槐蜜.11 1.7 研究目的与意义.11 1.8 技术道路.13 2 材料与方式方法. 13 2.1 研究内容.13 2.2 试验材料与仪器试剂.13 2.2.1 试验采样地大概情况与采样品种.13 2.2.2 试验仪器与试剂.14 2.3 刺槐花营养成分和活性物质检测与分析.15 2.3.1 取样及试样制备.15 2.3.2 检测内容及方式方法.15 2.3.3 测定总糖含量.15 2.3.4
22、测定复原糖含量.16 2.3.5 测定蛋白质含量.17 2.3.6 测定 L(+)-抗坏血酸含量.18 2.3.7 测定总黄酮含量.19 2.3.8 测定总皂苷含量.19 2.3.9 测定花青素含量.20 2.4 刺槐花蜜腺石蜡切片.21 2.4.1 选树择花.21 2.4.2 试验内容.21 2.4.3 试验流程.21 2.5 不同品种刺槐花展示观测.22 2.5.1 选取目的树.22 2.5.2 统计内容.23 2.5.3 统计方式方法.23 3 结果与分析. 23 3.1 刺槐花营养成分和活性物质检测.23 3.1.1 检测结果.24 3.1.2 检测结果分析.24 3.2 刺槐花蜜腺切片结果与分析.26 3.3 刺槐花展示特性调查.29 3.3.1 花期天数.29 3.3.2 花序量比拟结果.30 3.3.3 小花大小比拟结果.30 4 讨论. 31 4.1 刺槐花营养成分试验.31 4.2 刺槐花蜜腺研究.32 4.3 刺槐花展示可能影响因素.33 5 结论. 34 5.1 刺槐花营养成分和活性物质.34 5.2 刺槐花蜜腺位置及发育动态.34 5.3 刺槐花展示比照.34 以下为参考文献. 36 附录. 44