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1、Unit 4 Exploring literature Welcome to the unit&ReadingGrammar and usage P30Leading inLeading inGreat literature is simply language charged with meaning to the utmost possible degree.Ezra Pound伟大的文学只不过是在最大程度上承载意义的语言。埃兹拉庞德My meaning simply is,that whatever I have tried to do in life,I have tried with
2、 all my heart to do well;that whatever I have devoted myself to,I have devoted myself to completely;that in great aims and in small,1 have always been thoroughly in earnest.David Copperfield,by Charles Dickens我的意思很简单，就是我无论在生活中试图做什么，都全力以赴地做好它；我无论献身于什么事业，都毫无保留地献身于它；无论做大事还是小事，我总是一丝不苟，兢兢业业。大卫科波菲尔查尔斯狄更斯L
3、eading inLeading in【人物小传】查尔斯，狄更斯（1812-1870）是著名的英国作家。1837 年他完成了第一部长篇小说匹克威克外传，这是他创作的第一部现实主义小说，后来他的创作才能日渐成熟，先后出版了雾都孤儿老古玩店董贝父子大卫科波菲尔艰难时世双城记远大前程等。狄更斯特别注意描写生活在英国社会底层的“小人物”的生活遭遇，深刻地反映了当时英国复杂的社会现实，为英国批判现实主义文学的开拓和发展做出了卓越的贡献。他的作品对英国文学发展有着深远的影响。Leading inLeading in【作品介绍】David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔大卫科波菲尔以第一人称视角通过主人
4、公大卫科波菲尔从童年屡遭不幸到自学成才，直至成为著名作家的经历，描绘了19世纪维多利亚时代英国社会的广阔图景，展示了当时各个阶层的人物形象，反映了作者的生活哲学和道德理想。Leading inLeading inYou can never have too much sky.You can fall asleep and wake up drunk on sky,and sky can keep you safe when you are sad.Here there is too much sadness and not enough sky.Butterflies too are few
5、and so are flowers and most things that are beautiful.Still,we take what we can get and make the best of it.The House on Mango Street,by Sandra Cisneros你永远不能拥有太多的天空。你可以在天空下睡去，醒来又沉醉。在你忧伤的时候，天空会给你安慰。可是忧伤太多，天空不够，蝴蝶不够，花儿也不够。大多数美丽的东西都不够。于是，我们取我们所能取，好好地享用。桑德拉希斯内罗斯芒果街上的小屋Leading inLeading inLeading inLeadi
6、ng in桑德拉希斯内罗丝，墨西哥裔美国作家，1954年生，当代美国著名女诗人，30岁时凭借芒果街上的小屋一书成名。另著有短篇故事集喊女溪及其他 诗集坏男孩 我恶劣的、恶劣的行为 长篇小说拉拉的褐色披肩等。【人物小传】Leading inLeading in芒果街上的小屋共由44个相对独立的短篇构成，所有故事发生在一条叫芒果街的芝加哥小街上。居住在拉美贫民社区芒果街上的女孩埃斯佩朗莎，生就具有对他人痛苦的同情心和对美的感受力，她用清澈的明眸打量周围的世界，用美丽稚嫩的语言讲述成长、讲述沧桑、讲述生命的美好、讲述年轻的热望和梦想。埃斯佩朗莎梦想着有一所属于她自己的房子，梦想着在写作中追寻自我，梦
7、想着获得自由和帮助别人的能力，梦想着早日远离贫困，飞出芒果街。【作品介绍】The House on Mango Street芒果街上的小屋Leading inLeading inQuestionsThink about the following questions and discuss with your classmates.1.Which of the excerpts makes you feel like reading the whole book?Why?2.What is your favourite work of literature?Why?WordsWordsWord
8、sWords1 1、in storein store（1）即将发生（在某人身上），等待着（某人）Eg:We dont know what life holds in store for us.我们不知道等待我们的将是什么样的生活。（2）贮藏着，准备着Eg:Hie always keeps several cases of milk in store.他总是备有几箱牛奶。WordsWordsWordsWords2 2、appealappeal（1）vi.有吸引力；呼吁，恳求搭配：appeal to sb.吸引某人appeal to sb.for sth.为某事向某人呼吁appeal to sb.
9、to do sth.呼吁/恳求某人做某事Eg:The book appeals to readers of all ages and establishes a literary bond between parents and children.这本书老幼皆宜，并在父母和孩子之间建立了文学纽带。WordsWordsWordsWords（2）vt.上诉，申诉搭配:appeal（to sb./sth.）against sth.就（向）提起上诉Eg:I intend to appeal against this sentence.我打算对这个判决提起上诉。（3）n.呼吁，恳求；吸引力搭配：make
10、/launch an appeal to sb.for sth.向某人呼吁某事make/launch an appeal to sb.to do sth.呼吁某人做某事Eg:The police made an appeal to the public to remain calm.警方呼吁公众保持镇静。WordsWordsWordsWords3 3、in a word in a word 简言之，一句话，总之简言之，一句话，总之与word 相关的其他表达：have words with sb.与某人争吵have a word with sb.和某人谈一谈word for word 逐字逐句W
11、ord came that 有消息说in other words 换句话说eat ones word 食言keep ones word 遵守诺言WordsWordsWordsWords4 4、determinedetermine（1）vt.测定，查明，准确算出Eg:We set out to determine what happened that night.我们着手查明那天晚上发生的事情。（2）vt.确定，安排；决定，支配，影响Eg:Generally,a good educational background and highly developed moral sense can de
12、termine your future success.一般来说，良好的教育背景和强烈的道德意识能够决定你未来的成功。（3）.vt.决定，决心（做某事）搭配:determine on.决心/决定.determine to do sth.（表示动作）决心做某事，决定做某事Eg:They determined on an early start.他们决定早点出发。WordsWordsWordsWords5 5、sensitivesensitive（1）adj.感觉敏锐的，艺术感觉好的，有悟性的Eg:The actors sensitive performance received a big ro
13、und of applause.这位演员细腻的演出获得了热烈的掌声。（2）adj.易生气的，易被惹恼的，神经过敏的be sensitive to/about 对神经敏感Eg:Dont be so sensitive and I was not criticizing you.不要这么敏感，我不是在批评你。（3）adj.（对低温、光、食物等）敏感的，过敏的搭配：be sensitive to 对敏感/过敏（4）adj.体贴的，善解人意的搭配：be sensitive to 对体贴WordsWordsWordsWords6 6、reflect reflect（1）vt.反射；显示，表明；反映，映出
14、（影像）搭配：reflect the views of.表明的意见reflect sb./sth.in sth.在某物里映出某人/某物Eg:The windows reflected the bright afternoon sunlight.窗户反射着午后明媚的阳光。（2）vt.&vi.沉思，认真思考搭配:reflect on/upon 认真思考WordsWordsWordsWords7 7、contain vt.contain vt.包含，含有，容纳包含，含有，容纳易混易混词辨析辨析contain意为“包含，含有”，侧重于“整体内有”，也可指在某一范围或容器内能容纳某物，不用于进行时态。S
15、ome plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people.有些动植物含有对人有害的天然毒素。include意为包括，侧重于被包含者只是整体中的一部分。The tour included a visit to the Science Museum.这次游览包括参观科学博物馆。SentencesSentencesSentencesSentences1、sb.was doing sth.when（1）此句型表示“某人正在做某事，这时（突然）”，句中when作并列连词，连接两个并列分句，前一分句通 常用过去进行时
16、，后一分词通常用一般过去时。（2）when表示“这时/那时（突然）”时，相当于and then，and just then或and a that time。when 可与suddenly连用以加强语气。在此用法中when不能用while替换。Eg:I was thinking about the basketball match when someone knocked on my desk.我正想着篮球比赛，这时突然有人敲了我的桌子。SentencesSentencesSentencesSentences2 2、表示、表示抽象抽象地点地点的名词后接的定语从句的名词后接的定语从句当先行词为表示
17、抽象地点的名词，如point，situation，case，stage，condition，scene，activity，position，site，spot等，且关系词在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词where或介词+关系代词引导定语从句。Eg:He got into a situation were in which it was hard to tell what was right and wrong.他陷入一种难以判断是非的局面。StructureStructureStructureStructurePara.1:A child found a shell from which he
18、heard strange,low,musical sounds.Para.2:We need to love literature,and make an effort to explain it.Para.3:The first quality of literature is its description of truth and beauty.Para.4:The second quality of literature is its appeal to our feelings and imagination.StructureStructureStructureStructure
19、Para.5:The third quality of literature is its permanence.It contains two elements:universal interest and personal style.Para.6:Literature is the experience of life in forms of truth and beauty,the written record of mans thoughts and feelings,and the history of the human soul.StructureStructureStruct
20、ureStructurePart 2Part 2Para.2:How to Para.2:How to appreciate appreciate literatureliteraturePart 1Part 1Para 1:introduction to the topicPara 1:introduction to the topicThe wonder of The wonder of literatureliteraturePart 3Part 3Para.3-Para.5:Para.3-Para.5:Three qualities Three qualities of literat
21、ureof literaturePart 4Part 4Para 6:SummaryPara 6:SummaryStructureStructureStructureStructure根据课文内容选择正确答案根据课文内容选择正确答案1.What is the authors purpose of sharing the story in Para.1?A.To entertain the readers.B.To share one of his experiences when young.C.To show us a way to a new world.D.To introduce th
22、e topic of the passage.2.What should we do to enter and enjoy the new world mentioned in Para.2？A.Determine literatures qualities.B.Love literature and try to make an explanation of it.C.Study literature and enjoy little songs or great books.D.Understand human race and the natural and social environ
23、ments.StructureStructureStructureStructure3.What qualities of literature does the example of the shell show？A.The first quality.B.The second quality.C.The third quality.D.The first and the second qualities.4.What elements should the literature contain to achieve permanence？A.Dreams and magic.B.Truth
24、 and beauty.C.Universal interest and personal style.D.The authors thoughts and feelings.第二课堂第二课堂Literature is the textbook of human life.文学是人的生活的教科书。同时，文学也是生活的调味剂。让我们在第二课堂好好放松一下，共同欣赏以下有意思的作品片段吧！第二课堂第二课堂破碎故事之心破碎故事之心小说一开始写一个典型的男孩遇见女孩的故事。里面的主要人物贾斯汀霍根斯拉格(Justin Horgenshlag)和雪莉莱斯特(Shirley Lester)一同乘坐第三大道
25、的公交车上班。霍根斯拉格对雪莉一见钟情，迫不及待地要请她出去。这时，塞林格打断了叙述，向读者解释说，他没法按原计划继续写作(他指出，故事原来要投给克利尔)。对他构思的情节来说，这两个人物太普通了，他好像没法以合适的方式让他们“走到一起”。塞林格先是引着读者领略一系列幽默的插曲，这些插曲最终把不幸的霍根斯拉格送进了监狱，之后作者决定打消构建浪漫故事的念头。现实是黑暗的：雪莉和豪根斯拉格之后相互再也没说一句话，他们在第三大道下车，各奔东西，继续他们没有爱的和世俗的生活，故事到此结束。破碎故事之心是美国作家杰罗姆大卫塞林格所创作的短篇小说。故事戏仿当时的浪漫小说和流行的警匪片，讽刺了商业杂志推销。第
26、二课堂第二课堂Excerpts from The Heart of a Broken Story 贾斯汀霍根施拉格，周薪30美元的印刷小工，每天有差不多60来个陌生女人从他眼前经过。由此推算，在霍根施拉格住在纽约的这几年里，眼前要经过大约75120个不同的女人。在这75120个女人里，大概有25000个在15 30岁之间。在这25000个里只有5000个体重105125磅之间。在这5000个里只有1000个长得还过得去。只有500个有一定魅力；只有100个相当迷人；只有25个能引来一声长而缓的口哨声。但只有一个让霍根施拉格一见钟情。Every day Justin Horgenschlag,t
27、hirty-dollar-a-week printers assistant,saw at close quarters approximately sixty women whom he had never seen before.Thus in the few years he had lived in New York,Horgenschlag had seen at close quarters about 75,120 different women.Of these 75,120 women,roughly 25,000 were under thirty years of age
28、 and over fifteen years of age.Of the 25,000 only 5,000 weighed between one hundred five and one hundred twenty-five pounds.Of these 5,000 only 1,000 were not ugly.Only 500 were reasonably attractive;only 100 of these were quite attractive;only 25 could have inspired a long,slow whistle.And with onl
29、y 1 did Horgenschlag fall in love at first sight.第二课堂第二课堂Excerpts from The Heart of a Broken Story I came to New York from Seattle.I was going to become rich and famous and well-dressed and suave.But in four years Ive learned that I am not going to become rich and famous and well-dressed and suave.I
30、m a good printers assistant,but thats all I am.One day the printer got sick,and I had to take his place.What a mess I made of things,Miss Lester.No one would take my orders.The typesetters just sort of giggled when I would tell them to get to work.And I dont blame them.Im a fool when I give orders.I
31、 suppose Im just one of the millions who was never meant to give orders.But I dont mind anymore.我从西雅图来到纽约。我想要变得有钱有名有款有型。但四年过去了，我意识到我不会变得有钱有名有款有型。我是个优秀的印刷小工，仅此而已。有天印刷员病了，我就替他的活。我把事情搞得一团糟啊，莱斯特小姐。根本没人听我的。我叫排字员去工作时，他就咯咯乱笑。我不怪他。我命令别人的时候挺傻的。我想我不过是那数百万从没想过要发号施令的人之一。但我真的无所谓了。第二课堂第二课堂Excerpts from The Heart
32、of a Broken Story Theres a twenty-three-year-old kid my boss just hired.Hes only twenty-three,and I am thirty-one and have worked at the same place for four years.But I know that one day he will become head printer,and I will be his assistant.But I dont mind knowing this anymore.Loving you is the im
33、portant thing,Miss Lester.There are some people who think love is sex and marriage and six o clock-kisses and children,and perhaps it is,Miss Lester.But do you know what I think?I think love is a touch and yet not a touch.我老板刚雇了个23岁的小子。他才23岁，而我已经31了，并且在同一个地方做了四年。但我知道有一天他会变成印刷主管，而我还是当他的小工。但就算这样我也无所谓了
34、。爱你是我唯一重要的事，莱斯特小姐。有人认为爱是性,是婚姻,是清晨六点的吻,是一堆孩子，也许真是这样的，莱斯特小姐。但你知道我怎么想吗？我觉得爱是想触碰又收回手。Unit 4 Exploring literature Grammar Grammar and usageand usageLeading inLeading inLeading inLeading in用适当的情态动词完成下列句子，体会他们的语法特征。1.What shall I read？You have asked yourself this question more than once.Leading inLeading i
35、nLeading inLeading in2.If you are not sure what to read,you get ideas from different sources,but it is also important to develop your own taste.3.To start with,ask your friends,parents and teachers to recommend what books you read.4.However,you also decide for yourself what kind of books to read.答案：
36、1.might;2.can;3.ought to/should;4.must情态动词can 与could的用法may 与might的用法shall 与should/ought to的用法will 与would的用法must 与have to的用法dare的用法used to的用法情态动词的几种形式情态动词情态动词情态动词情态动词情态动词表示说话人的语气和情态，如需要、可能、必须、应该等。常见的情态动词有：can，could，may，might，must，ought to，shall，should，will和would。另外，dare，need，have to和used to也具有情态动词的某些
37、特性。情态动词有以下特征：1.在形式上，情态动词没有实义动词的各种变化，有的情态动词有过去式，其他情态动词如must，ought to等的过去式皆与一般式同形。2.在意义上，大多数情态动词有多个意义，如can可以表达“能力”“可能”“许可”等。3.在用法上，情态动词与助动词一样，须后接动词原形，构成谓语动词。一.can 与could 的用法1.表示能力。例：Can you lift this heavy box?你能举起这个重箱子吗？一.can 与could 的用法2.表示可能性，用于表示把握较大的推测，常用于疑问句和否定句中，cant/coundnt 表示不可能。例：That cant be
38、 Mary,for she is in hospital.那不可能是玛丽，因为她在住院。一.can 与could 的用法3.表示请求和许可（could用来表示请求时，是委婉的说法，回答时一般用can）。例：Could you please do me a favor?你能帮我个忙吗？一.can 与could 的用法4.用于肯定的陈述句中，表示伦理上的可能性，意为“有时会，（有时）可能会”。例：She can be very careless sometimes.她有时会很粗心。练习1.Jim says we stay in his house as long as we leave it cl
39、ean and tidy.A.must B.can C.need D.should2.In todays information age，the loss of data cause serious problems for a company.A.need B.should C.can D.must3.Samuel，the tallest boy in our class，easily reach the books on the top shelf.A.must B.should C.can D.need1.B。句意：吉姆说，只要我们保持房子干净整洁，我们就能待在他的房子里。根据as lo
40、ng as所引导的条件状语从句可知，此处应该选B，can表许可。2.C。句意：在当今的信息时代，数据的丢失可能会给公司带来严重的问题。根据语境可知，此处用can表示一种可能性。3.C。句意：塞缪尔，我们班最高的男孩，能轻易地够到书架顶层的书。根据句意可知，空处表能力，故选C项。4.It was really annoying；I get access to the data bank you had recommended.A.wouldnt B.couldnt C.shouldnt D.neednt5._I have a word with you？It wont take long.A.C
41、an B.Must C.Shall D.Should 6.When I was a child，I watch TV whenever I wanted to.A.should B.could C.must D.need练习4.B。句意：这真的很让人恼火，我无法使用你推荐的那个数据库。根据句意可知应选couldnt，表示不能够。wouldnt不愿意；shouldnt不应该；neednt不必。5.A。句意：我可以和你谈谈吗？不会花太长时间。can在此表示请求。must必须；shall 表示征求对方意见或向对方请示；should 应该。6.B。句意：当我还是个孩子的时候，我想什么时候看电视就可以看
42、。should 应该；could能，可以；must必须；need需要。由语境可知答案为B。二.may与might 的用法1.may和might在肯定句中表示允许，意为“可以”。在疑问句中用于征求许可，意为“可能，或许”。例：Youcankeepthebookfortwoweeks.这本书你可以借两个星期。二.may与might 的用法2.表示推测，意为“可能，或许”。例：She may be at home today.3.may用于祈使句中，表示祝愿。例：May you be happy forever.1.You_feel all the training a waste of time，
43、but Im a hundred percent sure later youll be grateful you did it.A.should B.need C.shall D.may2.Life is unpredictable；even the poorest become the richest.A.shall B.must C.need D.might练习1.D。句意：你可能觉得所有的培训都是浪费时间，但是我百分之百确信以后你将感激你参加过培训。根据句子中的but Im a hundred percent sure later youll be grateful you did i
44、t可判断出，空处表示推测，所以要用may，意为也许，可能。2.D。句意：生活是不可预料的，即使是最贫穷的人也可能成为最富有的人。might 表示”可能。三.shall与should/ought to 的用法 1.表示征求对方的意见或向对方请示，用于主语是第一或第三人称的疑问句中。例：Shall I give you the book tomorrow？我明天给你这本书，可以吗？2.表示说话人的命令、警告、许诺或威胁等，用于主语是第二或第三人称的陈述句中。例：He shall be punished.他会受到惩罚的。ShallShallShallShall三.shall与should/ought
45、 to 的用法3.用在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，一般用于第三人称且用于陈述句中，意为应该，必须。例：No person shall carry a mobile phone into the examination room during the College Entrance Examination.在高考时任何人都不能将手机带进考场。ShallShallShallShall三.shall与should/ought to 的用法Should/ought toShould/ought toShould/ought toShould/ought to1.表示责任与义务，意为应该，
46、应当；ought to语气更强。例：We should/ought to help the disabled.我们应该帮助残疾人。2.表示说话人根据一定的情况作出推测，意为“应该会，可能”例：She should/ought to complete the task today.她今天应该完成任务。三.shall与should/ought to 的用法3.should表示惊讶、意外或不应该发生的事，意为竟然”例：Why should you come so late today？你今天为什么来得这么晚？4.should在条件状语从句中，表示假如，万一”。例：If you should chan
47、ge your mind，do let me know.假如你改变想法，一定要让我知道。Should/ought toShould/ought toShould/ought toShould/ought to练习1.Its strange that he have taken the books without the owners permission.A.would B.should C.could D.might2.I havent got the reference book yet，but Ill have a test on the subject next month.Dont
48、worry.You have it by Friday.A.could B.shall C.must D.may3.I dont care what people think.Well，you .A.could B.would C.should D.might1.B。句意：很奇怪，他竟然未经主人的允许就拿走了那些书。should 表示竟然，符合语境。2.B。shall 在此与第二人称主语连用，表示说话人的许诺。3.C。句意；我不在乎人们怎么想。哦，你应该在乎。should意为应该，应当，符合语境。1.表示请求，would比will语气委婉。表示习惯或倾向等。例：Would you please
49、 let me have a look？请让我看一看，好吗？2.will用于表示一般的习惯；would用于描述过去的习惯或例行的活动，意为“总是，总会”。例：Jealousy will spoil friendship.忌妒会破坏友谊。He would come to help us when he was free.他有空时，总来帮助我们。四.will和would的用法3.表示意愿、意图或决心，可用于各种人称。will意为“要，愿”；would用于过去时中，意为“愿意”。例：Iwillneverdothatagain.我再也不做那样的事了SheaskedifIwouldgowiththem.
50、她问我是否愿意同他们一起去。四.will和would的用法练习Days later，my brother called to say he was all right，but_say where he was.A.mustnt B.shouldnt C.wouldnt D.mightntC。句意：几天后，我的哥哥打电话说他一切都好，但是不愿说他在哪儿。wouldnt 不愿意，符合语境。mustnt禁止；shouldnt 不应该；mightnt 或许不。五.must与have to的用法1.表示义务、命令等，意为“必须”，更强调说话人的主观态度。其否定形式为mustnt，意为不许，禁止；对以mu