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1、会计学1西安交通大学研究生英语写作西安交通大学研究生英语写作Objectives 1.1.Give an appropriate definition for a Give an appropriate definition for a summarysummary2.2.Know the characteristics of a good Know the characteristics of a good summarysummary3.3.Learn the techniques in summary Learn the techniques in summary writingwrit
2、ing4.4.Learn the steps in summary writingLearn the steps in summary writing5.5.Practice Practice 第1页/共20页I.What is a summary?n nA summary is a A summary is a shortenedshortened passage,which passage,which retains the retains the essential informationessential information of the original.of the origi
3、nal.It is a fairly brief restatement-It is a fairly brief restatement-in your own in your own wordswords -of the contents of a passage.-of the contents of a passage.n nNote:you simply Note:you simply reportreport back what the writer back what the writer has said,has said,withoutwithout making value
4、 judgments.making value judgments.第2页/共20页II.Characteristics of a good summaryn nCan be understood Can be understood withoutwithout reference to the reference to the original;original;n nIs a Is a faithfulfaithful reproductionreproduction of,or contains of,or contains only the ideas or information o
5、f,the only the ideas or information of,the original;original;n nIs Is briefbrief without any unnecessary detail;without any unnecessary detail;n nIs a readable Is a readable unifiedunified whole whole第3页/共20页III.Techniques in summary writing1.1.ParaphrasingParaphrasingTo paraphrase means to To parap
6、hrase means to completelycompletely and and correctlycorrectly express other peoples ideas in express other peoples ideas in ones own words.ones own words.第4页/共20页Examples:1.Youve cooked us all 1.Youve cooked us all a hot potatoa hot potato.(a troublesome person or issue)(a troublesome person or iss
7、ue)2.Prevention is better than cure.2.Prevention is better than cure.(It is better to prevent something (It is better to prevent something unpleasant from happening than unpleasant from happening than try try to put it right afterwards.)to put it right afterwards.)第5页/共20页It helps us understand the
8、original better.It helps us understand the original better.It helps us grasp the central idea and the It helps us grasp the central idea and the main points.main points.It helps us write summaries that are brief It helps us write summaries that are brief and to the point,and in our own words.and to
9、the point,and in our own words.The importance of paraphrasing第6页/共20页ReadRead the original carefully and the original carefully and comprehendcomprehend its meaning wholly and its meaning wholly and correctly.correctly.Consider the original article as Consider the original article as a a wholewhole,
10、not in isolated sentences.,not in isolated sentences.Steps of paraphrasing第7页/共20页2.2.Grasping the central ideasIII.Techniques in summary writing第8页/共20页3.3.Ways of condensationn nUse synonyms or synonymous phrasesHe had a good command of English.(He knew English well.)n nChange the structure of sim
11、ple sentencesMy brother has an appreciation of modern art.(My brother appreciates modern art.)III.Techniques in summary writing第9页/共20页n nTurn complex sentences into simple sentencesHe received a welcome that was as cold as ice.(He received an icy welcome.)n nCombine the sentencesHurry up.If you don
12、t,youll miss the train.(Hurry up or youll miss the train.)第10页/共20页4.4.Finding the topic sentence and making an outline topic sentence/outline第11页/共20页IV.How to write a summary?1.1.The importance of summary writingThe importance of summary writing2.2.Necessary elements for a good summaryNecessary el
13、ements for a good summaryn nProper citationProper citation title,author,source;title,author,source;date of publication and the text date of publication and the text (journal articles)(journal articles)第12页/共20页n nThesis statement the topic or general subject matter of the text;the authors major asse
14、rtion,comment,or position on the topic第13页/共20页n nSupporting ideas major supporting ideas;relationships among these ideas no specifics the authors purpose in writing no personal opinions,ideas,and inferences.第14页/共20页n nGrammar and the structure of writingGrammar and the structure of writing avoid d
15、irect quotation;avoid direct quotation;use transitional words use transitional wordsn nLengthLength 1/4 to 1/3 of the original 1/4 to 1/3 of the original 第15页/共20页ReadRead the article the article To understand the article and find the To understand the article and find the general theme.general them
16、e.Reread Reread the articlethe article Divide into sections and label each Divide into sections and label each section.section.Understand the important parts.Understand the important parts.Write Write one-sentence summariesone-sentence summaries Summarize each section of thought.Summarize each secti
17、on of thought.3.Steps in writing a summary第16页/共20页Formulate the thesis statement Weave the one-sentence section-summaries together.Write the first draftA.A.In the first sentence or two:1.1.The authors nameThe authors name2.2.The articles or chapters nameThe articles or chapters name3.3.The authors
18、thesis statementThe authors thesis statementB.B.Then the summary sentences for each paragraph or section.第17页/共20页C.C.Express in your own words,to avoid plagiarism.D.D.Occasional supporting ideas if necessary.Note:1.1.Eliminate unnecessary words and repetitions.Eliminate unnecessary words and repeti
19、tions.2.2.Eliminate personal ideas and inferences.Eliminate personal ideas and inferences.3.3.Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas.Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas.4.4.Conclude with a summing up sentence.Conclude with a summing up sentence.第18页/共20页Edit the dr
20、aft Is all the important information in the summary?Is all the important information in the summary?Am I listing things out?Am I listing things out?Am I saying the same thing over and over again?Am I saying the same thing over and over again?Have I left out my personal views and ideas?Have I left out my personal views and ideas?Does my summary hang together?Does my summary hang together?Is my grammar,punctuation,and spelling correct?Is my grammar,punctuation,and spelling correct?Write the final draft第19页/共20页