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1、语法复习十一：助动词与情态动词(一)助动词有be, have, do, will, shall。它们本身没有词义，只和实义动词的一定形式构成 复合谓语，用来表示时态和语态，构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。1 be (am, is, are, were, been)(l)“be + -ing”构成进行时态；(2)“be+过去分词”构成被动语态；(3) “be +动词不定式” 构成复合谓语：表示按计划安排要发生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year.总理 将于明年访问日本。 用于命令。Youre to do your homework bef
2、ore you watch TV.你得做完了作 业才能看电视。2、have (has, had)(1) “have+过去分词”构成完成时态。如：Have you seen the film ? (2) uhave been + -ing构 成完成进行时态。如：What have you been doing these days?这些日子你一直在干什么？3、do (does, did)(1)udo not + 动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。如：His brother doesn5t like playing basket.； (2)“Do +主语+动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。Does
3、 he go to school by bike every day? (3)“do+动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。如：I did go to see him, but he wasnt in我确实去看望他了，但他不在家。Do do some work.请一定做点什么；(4)代替前面刚出现的 动词以避免重复。My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did.4. willy shall (would, should)“will (shall+动词原形”构成一般将来时，一般来说shall用于第一人称，will用于第二人称 或第三人称，口语
4、中常用 will 代替 shll,如：We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.(二)情态动词情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必须” 或“应当”等之意。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。但不能单独作谓语动词用，必须和不带to 的不定式连用构成谓语动词。只有情态动词。ughl要和带to的动词不定式连用，在句中作谓语用。将情态动词置于主语之前即构成其疑问式，在情态动词之后加not既构成其否定式。现将各 情态动词的基本用法分述如下：/、can和could (could为can的过去式)的基本用法(1)表示能
5、力，如：He can speak English better than you. (2)在疑问句和否定句中表示“怀疑”、 猜测或可能性”,如：Can this green bike be Liu Dongs? (3)表示“许可”时can可以和may 换用，如：You can (may) go home now. (4)如果要表示语气婉转，可用could代替can,这时could 不再是can的过去式，如：Could you come again tomorrow? (5)can和be able to都可表示能力,两 者在意思上没有什么区别。但是can只能有现在式和过去式，而be able t
6、o则有更多的形式，如： He will be able to do the work better.2 may和might (might为may的过去式)的基本用法(1)表示允许或征询对方许可，有可以”之意，如：You may use my dictionary.在回答对方 说“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”时，一般多不用may或may not,以避免语气生硬或不容 气。而用比较婉转的说法进行回答。如：一May I use this dictionary? Yes, please.或 一 Certainly.在请求对方许可时，如果Might I?就比用May I？语气更婉转些，如：May I
7、have a look at your new computer?但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”对方做某事时，要用must not代替may not, 如: May we swim in this lake?No, you mustnt. Its too dangerous. (2)may 或 might 都 可以表示可能性，表示“或许”、“可能”之意，如果用mighl表示可能性，则语气更加不肯定, 如：They may (might) be in the library now .3、must的基本用法(l)must表示“必须”、“应该”之意，其否定式must not,缩写形式为mustnt,表
8、示“不应 该“不准“不许可或禁止”之意，如：Wc must study hard and make progress every day. You mustnt touch the fire. (2)对以must提出的疑问句，如作否定回答时，要用neednl或用dont (doesnt) have to (不 必)来回答，而不用mustnt,因为mustnt表示的是“禁止”或不许可之意，如： -Must we finish the work tomorrow? - No, you neednt (dont have to), but you must finish it in three da
9、ys. (3)在肯定句中must可以表示推测,表示“一定”或“必定”之意,如： Whose new bike can it be?It must be Liu Dongs. I know his father has just bought him a new one.can, could, may, must后接完成式的用法(l)can, could后接完成式的用法:在否定句或疑问句中表示对过去发生过的事情的“怀疑” 或“不肯定”的态度，Could he have said so?在肯定句中，可以表示过去可能做到而实际并没 做到的事情，有劝告或责备”的语气。如： When did you a
10、nswer her letter?Only yesterday. -Its too late. You could have answered it earlier, I am sure. (2)may, might 后接完成式的用法 表 示对过去某事的推测，认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了。如果使用might,语气就比较婉转或 更加不肯定，如：Mary might have learned some Chinese before.可以表示过去本来可以做到而 实 际没有做到的事情，有“劝告”或“责备”的语气，如：You didnt do the work well that day. You m
11、ight have done it better. (3)must后接完成式的用法：表示对过去某事的推测，认为某事在过去一 定做到 了，如：Liu Dong isnt in the classroom. He must have gone to the library.5、have to的基本用法:have to和must的意义相近，只是must侧重表示说话人的主观看 法，而 have to 则表示客观需要，如：1 must study hard. 1 had to give it up because of illness.6、ought to的基本用法表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事，
12、语气比should强，例如：Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations. (2)表示推测，注意与 must 表示推测时的区别:He must be home by now .(断 定他已到家),He ought to be home by now .(不十分肯定),This is where the oil must be.(比较直率), This is where ihe oil ought lo be.(比较含蓄)；(3) “ought + have+过去分词”表示过去应做某事而 实际未做。例如：You ought to have help
13、ed him. (but you didnt)这时,ought 与 should 可以互相 换用。注意，在美国英语中ought to用于否定和疑问句时to可以省略。例如：Ought you smoke so much? You oughtnl smoke so much.7、dare的基本用法dare (dared为其过去式)作情态动词用时，主要用于否定句，疑问句和条件从句中，如： Dared he bread the traffic regulations again? (2)在现代英语中dare常用作行为动词，其变化与一般 行为动词相同，如：She dares to stay at hom
14、e alone at night.8、need的基本用法(l)nced作情态动词用时，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，如：He neednt worry about us now. (2)need也可作为行为动词用，可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句中，其后可接名词、代词、动名 词或带 to 的动词不定式为其宾语。如：You need to practise reading aloud every day. (3)neednt 接完成式可以表示过去做了一件本来不必要做的事情，如：- Did you answer the letter yesterday? -Yes, I did. - But you ne
15、ednt have answered it.9、shall的基本用法(l)shall用作情态动词时，用于第二、三人称，表示说活人的意愿，可表示“命令”、“警告”、 强制威胁或允诺”等意，如：He shall go first, whether he wants to or not. (2)在疑问句 中，shall用于第一、三人称，表示说话人的征询对方意见或请求指示，如：Shall I open the door?10 should的基本用法(l)should作为情态动词可以表示“建议”或“劝告”,有“应该”之意，如：You should learn from each other. (2)sh
16、ould后接完成式表示过去没有做到本来应该做的事情，或是做了本来不应该 做的事情。如：You should have give him more help.11 . will的基本用法用于各人称，可以表示意志或决心”,如：I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen. (2)在疑问句中用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意愿, 如：Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium? (3)will 可以表示一种习惯
17、性的动 作，有总是或会要之意，如:Every morning he will have a walk along this river.12、would的基本用法(l)would作为will的过去式，可用于各人称，表示过去时间的“意志”或“决心”，如：He promised he would never smoke again. (2)在疑问句中，用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请 求或许问对方的意愿时，比用will的气更加婉转，如：Would you like some more coffee?在日 常生活中，学用“I would like to”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意，以使语气婉
18、转，如：Iwould like to do Ex.2 first. (4)would可以表示过去的习惯动作，比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯” 的含义。如： Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class. / During the vacation he would visit me every week. (5)表料想或猜想，如：It would be about ten when he left home./ What would she be doing
19、there?/1 thought he would have told you about it.13、used to, had better, would rather 的用法(l)used t。表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变，例 如：He told us he used to play foot ball when he was young.在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调 句中，可有两种形式。疑问句:Did you use to/ Used you to go to the same school as your brother?否 定句：I use
20、dnt to / didnt use to go there, (usednt 也可写作 usent)；否定疑问句：Usenet you to/ Didnt you use to be interested in the theatre? 强调句：I certainly used to/ did use to smoke, but it was a long lime ago.；其反意疑问句或简略回答中,也有两种形式:She used to be very fat. didnt she?/ use(d)nt she? Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did.
21、/ Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did./ used to. (2)had better 意为“最好”，后接不带 to 的不定式，例如：We had better go now . Yes, we had (wed better/ we had better)./ Hadnt we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)/1 think Fd better be going.(用于进行时态，表“最好立即)/ You had better have done that (用于
22、完成 时态,表未完成动作)注:had belter用于同辈或小辈,对长辈不可用。(3)would rather意为“宁 愿”，表选择，后接不带 to 的不定式，例如：Fd rather not say anything./ Would you rather work on a farm?/ -Wouldnt you rather stay here?-No, I would not. Td rather go there.由于 would rather 表选择，因 而后可接 than,例如：I would rather work on a farm than in a factory. /1
23、would rather watch TV than go to see the film/1 would rather lose a dozen cheny trees than that you should tell me one lie./ Td rather you didnt talk about this to anyone.(句中的d rather 不是情态动词，would 在此 是表愿望的实义动词)练习、助动词与情态动词1. If they to do this work, he might do it some other way.A. were B. should C.
24、will D. canwas told yesterday that the company me to Rome next week for a business conference.A. should have sent B. were going to send C. should be sending D. should sendLeis lake a walk,? A. will we B. dont we C. do we D. shall we3. He was a good swimmer so he swim to the river bank when the boat
25、sank.A. could B. might C. should D. was able towent to the doctors yesterday, I had to wait for half an hour before he see me.A. can B. may C. might D. could-this book be yours? -No, it not be mine. It be his.A. Can, must, may B. May, might, must C. Can, may, must D. Must, can, mayWe didnt see him a
26、t the lecture yesterday. MHe it.A. mustnt attend B. cant have attended C. would have not attended D. needed have attendedThey the plane, or perhaps they have been prevented from coming for some reason.A. can have missedB. may have missedC. can have lostD. may have lostSince the ground is white, it l
27、ast night.A. had snowed B. must have snowed C. must be snowing D. must have been snowing 10. You must be fifty,?A. mustnt you B. neednt youC. arent you D. mnynt you11 . You must have seen him off yesterday,?A. haven11 you B. didnt you C. mustnt you D. neednt you.That must be a mistake.No .it be.A. c
28、ant B. isnt able to C. can D. was able toHe had known the matter before you told him, so you have told it to him.A. mustnt B. cant C. needntD. shouldntHow so?A. dare you to say B. dare you say C. do you dare say D. dare to say 15. You are their teacher. You care of them.A. should to take B. might to
29、 take C. ought to takeD. need to takeShe is studying medical science now but she a lawyer.A. used to beB. would be C. were D. had beenIf you were in an English-speaking country, you, too,English every day.A. will be used to speakB. will be used to speakingC. must be used to speakD. would be used to
30、speakingdid not call to make my airline reservation （预订）but I.A. should have B, may haveC. must haveD. shall haveAs a girl, she get up at six every day.A. wouldB. will C. mightD. shouldDont you remember that we to the cinema tonight?A. would go B. goC. are going D. will be gone21.Shall I tell John a
31、bout it? No, you. Ive told him already.A. needntB. wouldnlC. mustntD. shouldnt22. Would you mind if I open the window?，A. I dont like itB. Yes .pleaseC. No, pleaseD. No. Im sorry23. Would you tell me something about the affair?M”A. Yes .pleaseB. AH rightC. Not at allD. Ido24. M:?T:Id love to, but Im
32、 afraid I have no time.”M:()h, no. Youll surely come over.T: Ifs very nice of you. But Im sorry I have to go to a meeting.A. Do you have lunch out in a restaurantC. Did you go to see the filmB. Shall I have you with me at my birthday D. Have you enjoyed yourself at the party Yes, IB. Shall I have yo
33、u with me at my birthday D. Have you enjoyed yourself at the party Yes, IA. ought toB. ought to have26. Would you like to go out for a walk?A. Id like toB. Id like27. you succeed !A. CanB. May28. Did he need then?A. leaveB. to leave29. Do you think if he daresA. speakB. speaking3(). HeC. oughtD. hav
34、e ought toYes,C. rn like toD. I wouldD. WillD. leftD.spokenC. MustC. leavingin public.C. to speakeating American food since he came here.A. used toB. has been usedC. has been used toD. was used to31. A computer think for itself; it be told what to do.A. may not, mustB. mustnt, might32. you mind my o
35、pening the window?A. ShallB. Should C. WillC. shouldnt, couldNot at all.HD. WouldD. canft, must33. 1 didnt hear the phone. I asleep.A. must beB. must have been C. should have beenD. could have been34. You me about it earlier, but you didnt.A. should have told B. would have told C. must have toldD. s
36、hould tell35. The teacher told the students that they keep silent in class all the time.A. ought to notB. ought not to36. uMay I go now?n No, youA. mustntB. needntC. mightnt37. You do the exercise if you dont want to.A. may not B. cantC. mustntC. ought not to haveD. wontD. needntD. cant25. You ought
37、 to have come here ten minutes ago?38. You pay more attention to your spelling next time.A. would B. shouldC. willD. shall39. The girlA. dare not go40. The girlB. dare not goout alone al night.C. dare not to goC. dares not goD. does not dare goThere be a lot of small houses on both sides of the street.A. used toB. get used toC. wouldD. did use to参考答案：语法复习十一：助动词与情态动词15 ABDDD 6-10CBBBC 11-15 BACBC 16-20 ADA AC 21-25 ACBBB 26-30 ABBCC 31 35 DDBAB 36-40 ADBAA