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1、第三章冠词冠词是一种虚词,本身不能单独使用，通常放在一个名词的前面，帮助说明该名词的词义。冠词有两种： 定冠词和不定冠词。高考试题中对冠词的考查主要从以下几个方面：一、a/an与the的区别于定冠词主要用在单数可数名词前表示泛指，包括a、an两种形式,a用于辅音音素开头的名词前面,an 用于元音音素开头的名词前面。例如:a telephone, a drawer, an advertisement, an aeroplane0 the 多 用于特指的单数名词、复数名词或不可数名词之前。教你巧学巧记：初学英语的同学，往往把不定冠词a和an混用，你可用这样一句话记住他们的用法:不见原因（元音），
2、别施“恩（n）” o如:一位老师a teacher一位英语老师 an English teacher一个男人a man一位老人an old man如果你再能再记住下面这句话，你就能顺利闯过这个难关。Mr Li has one fox.（李先生有一只狐狸。）这句话囊括了字母表里前面用不定冠词an的所有字母一假若这些字母作为一个独立的单词使用的话。这些字母是:a,e,f,h,i,l,m,n,o,r,s,x。除这些字母外，其余 的字母前面就用不定冠词a。二、a/an的使用特例一些表示情感的不可数名词，如feeling, honour, joy, pity, pleasure, surprise等，在
3、表示一种心理 情感时（前面多有一个描绘性的形容词），需加不定冠词。不可数名词 danger, difficulty, disappointment, failure, help, success, wonder 等，在表示* 种人或物”时，前面加不定冠词。例如：He is a success.他取得了成功。（他是一个成功者。）The meeting is a success.会议取得了成功。（这是一次成功的会议。）（3）不可数名词 education, history, knowledge, population, time, world 等，在表述其某一部分或某一方 面的内容、概念时,前面常
4、加不定冠词（have a history/ knowledge/ population.可视为固定搭配）。物质名词coffee, food, tea, fog, rain, snow, wind等,在表示一种或一场的意义（常有形容词 修饰）时，前面要加不定冠词。例如:a black tea（一种红茶） a heavy rain（一场大雨）具有动作意义的抽象名词在与动词have, take, make, give, let out等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作 时，此抽象名词前的冠词一般不可缺少。常见的这类短语有：have a 1ook/walk/rest/test/try/bath/break
5、take a look/walk/swim/rest/bathgive a laugh/smile/shout/talk/whistle在同源宾语中，与动词“同源”的名词前一般要加不定冠词。例如：die a.death;dream a. dream;fight a.battle;have a. sleep; have/ lead/ live a.life; smile asmile含有不定冠词的习语或结构1）与时间和方式有关的：a moment ago;after a while/momcnt/minute:for a timejhalf an hour;in a while/ moment/
6、 minute; in an instant: just a minute/momcnt;once in a whilcjonce upon a time;three meals a day;twice a weekall of sudden;as a result:as a rule;as a matter of; in a. way; in a hurry; in a loud/low voice; in a word;with a. hand;with a smile2）与一些常用动词构成的搭配：catch （a） cold; do a good deed; get a cold; ge
7、t in a word; give a concert/lessomgo out for a walk; have a cold/cough/fever/headache/pain;have a good time:have a match/meeting;make a face:make an effort;make a living;make a living:make a mi stake:make a noise;make a speech;make a start:make an apology;make it a rule;pay a visit;take a seat：take
8、a message for;take an interest in;keep an eye on:lend sb. a hand注意由于make a face/mistake等词组中的名词是可数的，因而它们也有其复数形式make faces/mistakes等，但也有结构习惯上只仅以复数形式出现。三、不定冠词a（n）的特殊位置不定冠词a（an）用于单数可数名词之前，如果名词之前有形容词则位于形容词之前，如a room, a bigroom,但有时它的位置特殊，其常见情况如下：1 .当名词被many, h被f, such, whai等词修饰时,不定冠词放在这些词之后。例如: Many a man
9、 has tried.We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.I have waited for half an hour.What a beautiful girl she is!2 .当名词前面的形容词有how, however, so, as, too等副词修饰时，不定冠词置于形容词之后。例如:He is as good a teacher as you.So clever a man as he is, he can t be cheated.This is too small a hat for him.How
10、beautiful a girl she is!3 .当单数可数名词前的形容词被quite修饰时，不定冠词放在quite之后。例如：Today is quite a hot day!注意：rather修饰形容词时，a/an可放在rather前，也可放在rather之后。例如：Swimming became rather a popular exercise.He came after a rather long time.四、the的使用场合特指双方都清楚的内容时，名词（无论何种名词）前面常加Ihe（如前面的考题1、2）。一些与天文、地理有关的名词前习惯上常加theo比较：in the uni
11、 verse/sky, fl： in space/heaven 等。表示类属的单数名词前加LhCo有普通名词构成的专有名词前常加theo乐器名词前要加theo序数词和形容词最高级前常加theo注意表达分数的序数词前不加the。另外，序数词前也可加不定冠词，表达在原基础上“又一”的内涵。试比较：the third第三a third又一个/次（原已有两个/次）姓氏复数名词前加the表示夫妻两人或一家人。（8）在强调（或暗含）“两者中较”意义的句型中，比较级前加the。the more. the more.句型中的the不可省略（注：实际上，此句型中the是副词）。0在 ubeat/hit/knoc
12、k/pat/strike sb. +in/on the+部位”及 ucatch/ grasp/ pull/ take/ seize sb. +by the+部位”的句型中或在“be blind/wounded/hurtin the+部位”的句型中，the 股不删不换。A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in leg.A. a B. one .讣2 D. hisKeys:CHe hit Bob on the nose.The policeman caught the thief by the arm.The camel was lame in
13、the left foot.QD年代名词前常加theoin the 1990s; in the year 1998,但:in 1998“ the+adj. ”结构表达一类人或物时，the 一般不可缺少。这类形容词常见的有： dead, old, living, poor, rich, sick, wounded 等。例如：The sick are taken good care of in this hospital.在某些表示山脉、群岛、河流、海洋、 用定冠词。如：the Changjiang River 长江the Times 时代周刊the Great Hal 1 of people 人
14、民大会堂the Warring States Period 战国时代 含有Ihc的习语或结构1）与时间、地点有关的：报纸、杂志、大建筑物、朝代、时代、政党等专有名词前，要ihe Atlantic 大西洋the Great Wall 长城the Communist Party of China 中国共产党all the timcjall the year around;at the age of;at the samethe beginning of;at the endof ;by the end of;in the end;in the beginningjin the day;in the
15、 daytime; in the afternoon/cvcning/morning;the day before yesterday;the day after tomorrow;the other dayat the bottom of;at the edge of;at the foot of:at/in/on the corner of;by the side of;in the cinema;in the direction of;in the distance;in the middle of:in the sky;in the sun;in the world;in/under
16、the shade;in/on the street;in/on/to the east of;on the left/right;on the ground;on the way to;on the other side of2）其他较固定的搭配：at the lop of one, s voice;by the way;in the darkness;in the habi t of;in the form of;on/over the radio:under the leadership of;wi th the help of.break the law;form the habit
17、of doing sth. ;join the army/league;keep the balance of nature: listen to the rad io; make the bed; make the best use of; put sb. to the trouble of doing sth. ; take the side of;tell the truth.What* s the difference between. ?Whats the matter with. ?Whats the popu1ation/height/1ength/weight of. ?注意定
18、冠词的倒置1 .当定冠词与all, half, both, double等词连用，修饰名词时，定冠词要放在这些词之后。例如：Lend me all the books you have.Both the windows are not open.We walked half the journey.The car runs at double the speed.2 .当定冠词与表示倍数、分数的词连用时，需要放在这些词之后。例如：The room is three times the size of that one.This stick is two-thirds the length of
19、 that one.3 .当much, exactly等词修饰same时，the放在这些词之后。例如:You talked much the same as she did.Both of them have exactly the same suitcase.教你巧学巧记:定冠词“the”在英语中使用率很高，然而它的用法却较难掌握。有些词前要加定冠词，有些却不要用， 其基本用法就是特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。除此而外，还有许多地方都必须要用“the”。为了便于记忆， 可以利用下面的两段顺口溜：一、使用定冠词口诀沙漠、河流与群山，列岛、海峡与海湾，阶级、党派、国家名，组织团体和机关，方位、朝
20、代、独一词，会议、文件及报刊，木器、建筑、海洋群，定冠词来不能删。注：以上情况需使用定冠词。二、冠词省略口诀泛指复数日三餐球类运动季节前星期月份节假日，抽象物质或习惯。注：1.以上情况省略冠词。2 .农历的节假日需用定冠词。3 .泛指单数可数名词前用不定冠词。五、零冠词的使用具有单纯意义的专有名词前不用冠词。例如：China：Beijing;New York;Mr Smith泛指意义的复数名词前不用冠词。单纯表示三餐、四季、球类或棋类方面的名词前不用冠词。例如：We often have lunch at 12:00.（2）1 dont like playing football, but I
21、 like playing chess.比较：a quick breakfast;al 1 through the winter：during the summer; in the winter of 1999学科名词前一般不加冠词。比较：He 1 ikes English.The English 1anguage is not so easy to master.Whats the English for 电脑？以基数词形式表达序数时,不加冠词，即“名词+基数词” =ihe+序数词+名词”。例如：He is a student of.A.Class First B. the Class On
22、e C.Class One D. First Class比较：Class Onc=thc First Class;World War II=thc Second World War含day的节日名词前不用冠词。具有单纯意义的物质名词或抽象名词前一般不用冠词。容易错的这类零冠词名词有：fun, music, nature, poverty, progress, society, weather.另外，还需注意：有些名词不能与a/an一起使用，但在特指时可以根据情况与the一起使用，最具代表 性的这类词有：advice, beauty, experience, homework, housewor
23、k, work, information, news, practice, room, research.在一些单数名词前，有时习惯上也不加冠词。需要同学们特别留意的有以下五种情况：单数名词前已有指示代词、物主代词修饰时，不再加冠词。例如：（误）Vy a friend came to see me last week.（iE）My friend/A friend of mine came to see me last week.表示独一无：的职位、官衔的名词，如captain, chairman, head, president等，在句中作表语、同位 语或补足语时，多不加冠词。例如：He is
24、 head of the English Department.（系主任只有一个）He is a teacher of the English Department.（教师不只是一位）但man, mankind表示“人类”:word表示“消息或通知时，习惯上不加冠词。例如:（误）The man will conquer nature.（jE）Man will conquer nature.（误）The word came that I was wanted on the phone.（IE）Word came that I was wanted on the phone.系动词turn后通常接
25、零冠词单数名词。例如：（误）0ne of the boys turned a thief.（IE）One of the boys turned thief/became a thief.由as/though引导的倒装结构中，习惯上使用零冠词单数名词。例如：（误）A child as/though he is, he knows a lot.（lE）ChiId as/though he is,he knows a lot.（IE）Though/Although he is a chi Id, he knows a lot.含有零冠词的一些习语或结构by后接交通工具类名词，表示方式或手段时：by
26、bus/bike/boat/plane/spaceshi p,etc.但：on foot/horsebackby后接由海、陆、空的交通、旅行等方式或手段时：by ai r/sea/land/road/raiIway/waler, etc.by后接其他名词表示方式时：by electrici ty/hand/1eIler/machine/posl/rad io,etc.by构成某些习语时：by accidcnt/chancc: by means of;by way of;by mistake, etc.表示“用某种材料”时：in ink/pcn;pcnci1, etc.比较：with a pen
27、/pcncil在以 in 或 with 结构表示某种情感或状态时：in danger/excitement/ health/ hunger/ fear/ safety/ silence/ sorrow/ surprise/ thought/trouble, etc.with anger/co1d/envy/fear/p1easure/pride/satisfaction,etc.在介词或连词连接的两个相同、相对或关系密切的一些固定词组中：all day and all night;day and night;day by day;arm in arm;east and west;face to
28、 face:father and son:husband and wife:hand in hand;heart and soul;man and woman;one by one;little by little:shoulder to shoulder;side by side;step by step;time and time,etc.与时间、地点、方式或状态有关的一些词组中：after graduation/1iberationjall night long;at dinner;at first;at last;at night;at noon;at once;at present;
29、at war：at work;from time to time;for sale;in lifejin need;in need of;in time;in time of：on duty;on sale：on show;on strike:on time;on watchat hand; in bed; in camp： in public; in space; in town:on top of ;at/in peace with;beyond reach of;out of reachjwithin reach：in colour：in character;in debt;in fac
30、t;in half/into halves;in honour of;in 1ine;in order;in price;in rags;in operation;in return;in search of;in use;for example;out of breath; ou l of danger ;oul of order; out oT sightjon guard; on fi re;wi thout pride; under construct ion/ repair, etc.在由常用动词构成的一些词组或搭配中：常用动词搭配词组：ask for advicc/hclp;cat
31、ch fire;catch/get/take hold of;come back to life;come to/into power;catch sight of;do good/harm/wrong to;have sports;have difficulty/ trouble in doing sth. ;kecp. in mindikccp in touch with;learn. by heart;lose weight;make fun of;make room for;make use of;put. into practice;put on weight;pay attenti
32、on to;sct fire to;sentence sb. to death;take care of;take pride in;take office;take part in(但：take an active part in);watch TV etc.巧记妙喻：冠词虽然只有两个，但用好却不容易。现将中学英语课本中不用冠词的一些情况以顺口溜的 形式归纳如下，希望能对同学们有所帮助。(1)独一职位在某地，用作表、补、同位语。(2)独立主格作状语，(3)By短语表方式。(4)Man字一词意“人类”，(5)对比含义两名词。(6)系词turn接表语，(7)新闻语体及标题。(8)具体意义变抽象，
33、(9)含有as/though的倒装句。(10)人名、地名、国一词，(11)抽象、物质不特指。(12)月份、星期、节假日，(13)学科、语言、称呼语。(14)颜色、病名、五感觉，(15)棋类、球类、三餐词。(16)复数形式表类别，(17)固定词组、惯用语。请对照下列各例句：I.Wc elected Mary chairman of our class.2.Book in hand.he went to the librarj.3 .We go to school bv bike.，bv bus every day.4 .Man must fight against pollution.5 .Fa
34、ther and son attended the meeting together.6 .He has W.rn.ed Icuchcr while I am still a student.7 .Fire broke out at midnight.8 .He keeps house(他当家).He is at school.Hero asHhouch he is.he dare do that.10 .China is a country with a long history.I l.No news is good news.11 .Sept. 1() is Teachers, Dav.
35、13 .Mr l,i.can you speak English?14 .Red is a kind of colour./He died of cancer(癌症)./Do you have good sight?15.1 like basketball.hut John is fond of playing chess.AVont you stay for lunch?16.Students must obey school rules.17.She likes to read in bed./He came here in a car instead of on foot.5. “有无冠
36、词，含义有别”的结构或搭配1. al birth 刚出生时at a birth 一胎2. at table 吃饭 at the/a table 在桌子旁3. at school 求学，上学 at the school 在学校4. by day白天 by the day按日计算5. go to bed上床睡觉 go to the bed朝床边走去6. go to church/collcgc/hopital/prison/school 做礼拜/上大学/住院/坐牢/上学go to the church/college/hopital/prison/school 到（那个）教堂/大学/医院/监狱/学
37、校去7. go to sea当水手，出航 go to the sea到海边去8. in hospital/prison, etc.在住院/坐牢，等in the hospital/prison, etc.在（那个）医院/监狱,等9. in charge of 负责 in the charge of 由负责10. in future 今后 in the future 将来11. in front of 在前面 in the front of 在的前部12. in place of 代替 in the place of 在的位置上13. in office执政，掌权 in the office在办公室14. on earth到底，究竟，在世界上on the earth在地球上15. of age 成年 of an age 同龄16. out of question 亳无疑问 out of the question 不可能17. take place 发生 take the place of 取代18. with child怀孕 with a chi Id带着孩子，和孩子一道19. have a word with 与交谈 have words with 与吵架a number of大量的，很多 the number of的数量，的数字