非谓语动词高考考点精讲精练讲义--高考英语备考专题复习.docx

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1、mR髓动词点精讲懒义一、考查非谓语动词的句法功能1 .考查非谓语动词做主语在非谓语动词中,能做主语的非谓语动词有不定式和动名词。两者的区别是:表示具 体的、一次性的或将来的动作,多用不定式;表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为,多用 动名词。此外动名词做主语通常位于句首;不定式做主语那么常置于句末,而把形式主语it 放在句首。【典例 1 Its standard practice for a company like this one (employ) a security officer.解析:to employ。根据句法,句中it是形式主语,真正的主语是后接的不定式;a company 是不定

2、式动作的执行者,所以用不定式的主动形式。【拓展】不定式做真正主语的常用句型有:It is necessarWimportant/. (for sb.) to do sth.; It is kind/foolish/. (of sb.) to do sth.- It takes sb. some time to do sth.【典例2】As time is pressing, I think (take) a taxi is the best way to get from here to the conference Centre.解析:taking。根据句法,I think后接的宾语从句中缺

3、少主语,表示一般性的行为,所 以此题用动名词的一般式做主语。【典例 3】It,s no use (complain) without taking action.解析:complaining0此题考查固定句型Its no use doing sth.,句中it是形式主语, 真正的主语是动名词。根据句意,没有被动关系,所以用动名词的主动形式。【拓展】 在句型“It is + no use/ no good /useless/ senseless/ worthwhile/ fun/ a waste of time doing sth”中,用it做形式主语,而把真正的主语(动名词)置于句尾做后置主语

4、。2 .考查非谓语动词做宾语可以做宾语的非谓语动词只有动名词与不定式。动名词做宾语常表示一个概念或习惯 性动作;而不定式做宾语表示具体的、一次性的、个别的或可表示将来的动作。【典例 4 It,s quite hot today. Do you feel like (go) for a swim?解析:considered。根据句法,此题中有两个连词that与what,可连接三个谓语动词, 即:is acknowledged, is与are dying for,所以第四个动词consider只能用非谓语动词形 式;consider与其前的名词an iphone6构成动宾关系,故用过去分词cons

5、idered做后置 定语。2 .判定非谓语动词的逻辑主语确定要采用非谓语动词之后,下一步就是要找到其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能做谓 语,但仍具有动词特点,其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫逻辑主语。非谓语动词做主语补足语、 宾语、状语时,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语;做宾语补足语时,其逻辑主语是宾语;做定 语时,逻辑主语是所修饰的名词;复合结构自带逻辑主语。非谓语动词用主动形式还是被 动形式,主要看非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间的关系来判定。止匕外,如果分词与句子的主语 不一致,分词必须要有自己的逻辑主语,也就是要用独立主格结构。典例 28 (see) from the top of the building,

6、our school is very beautiful.解析:Seen。see是及物动词,与句子主语our school之间构成动宾关系,所以用过 去分词seen做状语。【典例 29】Having got the news, he stood there silently for long, his lips _ (tremble) constantly.解析:trembling。此题考查独立主格结构,题中没有连词,无法并存两个句子,所以 tremble只能用动词的非谓语形式;tremble是不及物动词,逻辑主语lips与tremble之间 构成逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现在分词trembli

7、ng。3 .判定非谓语动词的语态分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后,分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间是主动还是被动 关系。如果非谓语动词是及物动词,逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系, 用主动形式;逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,用被动形式。如果非谓 语动词是不及物动词或系动词,只能用主动形式。【典例 30 (finish) all the homework, the boy went out to play football.解析:Having finishedo句子主语the boy与finish之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系,并且非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词went o

8、ut这一动作之前,所以用现在分词完成式 的主动形式。4 .判定非谓语动词的时态在选定了主动或被动后,还要考虑动作发生的时间问题,即时态。如果非谓语动词所 表示的动作与主要的谓语动词所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或在它之后发生,那么用 to do (主动)或to be done (被动);如果所表示的动作与主要的谓语动词所表示的动作 同时或几乎同时发生,并强调正在进行的情景或持续性,那么用to be doing或doing(主动), being done (被动);如果所表示的动作在主要的谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,那么用 to have done (主动),to have been don

9、e (被动)或 having done (主动),having been done (被动)或done (被动或完成或既表示被动又表示完成)。【典例 31 The building (construct) now will be used as a reading room.答案:being constructedo construct与the building之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系;再根 据句中时间状语now,说明大楼正在建造,所以用现在分词进行式的被动形式。【典例 32 The building (construct) next year will be used as a readin

10、g room.解析:to be constructed。construct与the building之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系;再根 据句中时间状语next year可知,大楼将在明年建造,所以用不定式的被动形式表示将要发 生的动作。【典例 33 The building _ (construct) last year is used as a reading room.解析:constructedo construct与the building之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,再根据句 中时间状语last year可知,大楼已经建成,所以用过去分词表示被动和已经完成的动作。【典例 34】Tom sat

11、 under a tree chatting with his friends and (see) his former teacher, stood up in no time.解析:seeing。根据句法,此句是简单句,and连接两个并列谓语sat与stood up,所 以see只能用非谓语动词;句中主语Tom与see之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现 在分词做原因状语。【注意】(1) having been done或done做状语时两者可以互换,但如果侧重于时间 先后,那么常用having been done;充当其他成分时用done。(2)已经形容词化了的分词,ed形容词,通常说明人

12、,意为“(某人)感到;ing 形容词通常说明事物,意为“(某物)令人.”或“令人的(事物)”。(3)“及物动词+介词”表示状态,该结构中动词常用过去分词,如:devoted to, dressed in, lost in, seated (in/on), accustomed to, caught in, compared to/with, crowded with, equipped with, faced with, filled with, (be) used to 等。(4)以下情况下用主动形式表示被动意义:在系表结构中,在diMcult, easy, hard, interestin

13、g, pleasant, nice, fit, dangerous等词后的不定式常用主动形式表示被动 含义。to let (出让),to blame, to decide on (决定)通常用主动表示被动的含义。 当不定式做名词或代词的定语,表示将要发生的动作,通常要放在被修饰的词后,并且 被修饰的名词多为它的逻辑宾语;但有些不定式只起单纯的修饰作用。(5) need/want/require (需要),deserve (值得),当主语是动作的承受者时,后 面的宾语有两种形式,即:need/want/ require/deserve +doing/ to be done。总之,要做好非谓语动词

14、类试题,除了掌握其句法功能外,关键还要遵循以上解题的 四个步骤以及掌握非谓语动词的特殊及固定用法。五、强化训练(-)用所给动词的适当形式填空1 .Hard as the fire was _ (control) , the firefighters dint withdraw.2 .一Who is the man followed by a group of students there?一A professor (do) research on physics.3 .A terrible terrorist attack occurred at the train station in Ku

15、nming, on March 1, 2014, (cause) 29 death and more than 140 injuries.4 .That was such an (embarrass) question that it made me (embarrass), not knowing how to answer.5 .He stayed up too late every night, (determine) to catch up with his classmates.6 .The managers discussed the plan they would like to

16、 see (carry out) the next year.7 .He wrote a lot of novels, none of them _ (translate) into a foreign language.8 .We spent hours driving and another few hours waiting, only (tell) that the plane would be delayed until midnight.9 .Experts warn that medical waste from hospitals, if (not handle) proper

17、ly, may contribute to spreading diseases.W.They use computers to keep the traffic (run) smoothly.11.Li Na officially announced his retirement on September 18, 2014, _ (play) tennis for 26 years.12.Such plants, particularly(appeal) to collectors, motivated them to explore on a large scale.13.Lessons,

18、 when _ (organize) in fun ways, will certainly inspire the students interest.14.Recently the father has found his son increasingly (attract) to the Internet games.15.1 hear theyVe promoted Tom, but he didn5t mention _ (promote) when we talked on the phone.16.Your car requires (repair) , Jeff.Sure. Y

19、ou know it is also what I want to have (repair) for long.17 .Passengers are permitted _ (carry) only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.18 .The detective, pretending to be reading a newspaper, glanced at the man _ (seat) next to a woman.19 .Every opportunity should be made use of _ (practice)

20、our oral English.20 .Dressed in her most beautiful skirt, the girl tried to make herself _ (notice) at the party.(二)单句改错1 . The way referred to solve the problem sounds reasonable.2 .With so much work done, I have to stay at home for a whole day.3 . The fact is that some people do nothing but to bre

21、ak the whole program.4 . The book basing on the life of the students is well worth reading.5 .Jessie was very excited, just as I had imagined, finding her stolen motorcycle yesterday.6 .When we believed that Alice was sad for being blamed for the broken window, Tom stood up to say that he himself is

22、 the one to be blamed.7 .Judged by what she said at the meeting, she must have lied to all of us.8 .Our school, founding in 1955, will celebrate its 60th anniversary next year.9 . The room measuring 10 meters across is large enough for a single man to live.10 .Sorry, I can5t go to play with you. The

23、re are so many problems remained to be settled.11 .When exposed to danger and conflict, men tend to increase blood pressure, felt nervous or anxious.12 .We regret informing you that our library will be closed next Wednesday, Thursday and Friday for the sports meeting.13 . He recommended reading the

24、book before seeing the movie.14 .Having done quite well in the important exam, he came back home, relaxing and smiling.15 .Admitted to a key university, all the students in Senior three are making great efforts to study.16 .The landslide occurred at midnight, killing five people and left seven other

25、s injured.17 . The television has many advantages. It keeps us informing about the latest news and also provides entertainment in the house.18 . Mr. Smith was busy writing a report, only to stop once in a while to smoke a cigarette.19.1 still remember to be taken to the hospital, supported by my cla

26、ss when I was ill at school.20.Who would you rather have attended the important meeting?答案与解析:(一)1.to controlo 在系表结构中, 在 hard, difficult, easy, pleasant, nice, fit, dangerous等形容词后的不定式常用主动形式表示被动含义。Hard as the fire was to control 相当于 though the fire was hard to controlo2 .doingo 答语是个省略句,可补为“The man (f

27、ollowed by a group of students) is a professor (do) research on physics,句子谓语动词是is,所以此空应用非谓语动词; a professor与do research之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现在分词做后置定语。3 .causingo根据句意,非谓语动词的逻辑主语是attack与cause之间构成主谓关系, 并且与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生,所以用现在分词的一般式。4 .embarrassing; embarrassedo ed形容词通常说明人,意为“(某人)感到”;ing形容词通常说明事物,意为“(某物)令人”

28、或“令人的(事物)5 .determinedo根据句意可知,他已下决心,表示状态而不是表示动作,所以用be determined to do sth.,而不能用determine to do sth.; be动词在句中不表示原因,应去 掉,所以用过去分词短语在句中做状语。6 .carried outo先行词plan在从句中充当see的宾语,句中省略了做see宾语的关系 代词that, carry out与关系代词that构成动宾关系,故用过去分词做宾语补足语。7 .translated。此题考查独立主格结构,题中没有连词,无法并存两个句子,所以translate 只能用动词的非谓语形式;tra

29、nslate与其逻辑主语none of them之间构成动宾关系,故用 过去分词translatedo8 .to be toldo根据句意,用不定式表示出乎预料的结果,要放在句子后面;tell与句子 主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用不定式的被动形式。9 .not handledo if引导的条件状语从句的主语是medical waste, handle与medical waste之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词,其否认形式应将否认词not放在非 谓语动词之前。10 .runningo根据句意,保障交通平稳运行是一个持续的动作;tra什ic与run之间构成主谓关系,所以用现在分词ru

30、nning做宾语补足语。11 .having playedo句子主语Li Na与play之间构成主谓关系,所以用现在分词;并且 非谓语动词play tennis所表示的动作发生在谓语动词announced his retirement这一动作 之前,故用现在分词完成式的主动形式。12 .appealingo appeal to意为“吸引”,句子主语plants与appeal构成逻辑上的主谓关 系,所以用现在分词做后置定语。13.organizedo organize与句子主语lessons之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,故用过去分词 做状语。14 .attractedo attract与his son

31、之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词做宾语 补足语。15 .having been promotedo mention后接动名词做宾语;根据句意,promote所表示 的动作发生在mention这一动作之前,所以用完成式;且promote与句子主语he之间构 成逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用动名词完成式的被动形式。16 .repairing/ to be repaired; repairedo require 表示“需要”时,当主语是动作的承受 者时,其后可接动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式。第二空考查have sth. done,表 示“请某人做某事”,所以用过去分词repaired做宾语补

32、足语。17 .to carry。passengers与carry之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用不定式的主动形 式做主语补足语。18 .seatedo表示“就座”用be seated, be动词在句中不表示原因,应去掉,所以用过 去分词seated做后置定语。19 .to practiceo根据句意可知空白处在句中做目的状语,以及根据our oral English可 知暗含的动作执行者是“我们”,所以用不定式的主动形式。20 .noticedo notice是及物动词,与herself构成逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词 做宾语补足语。(二)1 .把solve改为to solve或of so

33、lvingo根据句法,referred to是过去分词做后置定语, 修饰其前的名词way;名词way后又嵌套了一个后置定语,表示的方法”,用way of doing sth.或 way to do sth.。2 .把done改为t。do。此题考查with复合结构。表示将要发生的动作,应用不定式。3 .去掉t。介词but后可接不定式,如果这个介词前面有do做实意动词的相应形式, 那么不定式符号to那么要去掉。do nothing but do sth.意为“除干以外什么都没干”。4 .把basing改为based0动词base与the book之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用 过去分词做后置定语

34、。5 .把finding改为to find。在系表结构中,形容词excited后接不定式。as引导的定语 从句在句中做插入语,如果去掉那么更容易把题做对。6 .to be blamed改为to blame。to blame表示应负责任”,用主动形式表示被动含义。7 .把 Judged 改为 Judging。表示“根据判断”,应用“judging from/byWW(.WW),), 在句中做插入语。8 .JE founding改为founded。根据句意可知,found表示“成立,创立”,是及物动词, 与句子主语our school之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词founded在句中做后

35、 置定语。JP9 .在live后加介词in。句中不定式live是不及物动词,如果不定式所修饰的名词或代词 是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须加上相应的介词。10 .把remained改为remaining。remain表示留待,是不及物动词,所以用现在分词 做后置定语。11 .把felt改为feeling。feel是系动词,且句子主语men是feel的动作执行者,所以用 现在分词做状语。12 .把informing改为t。inform。表示遗憾地告知,此时只用不定式形式。13 .把 t。read 改为 readingo 表示建议做某事应用 recommend doing sth.o14

36、.把relaxing改为relaxed。根据句意可知,他回到家感到轻松并微笑着,所以用relaxed, 意为“感到轻松的”,用来修饰人,表示谓语动作发生时,主语所处的状态。15 .把Adm让ted改为To be adrrdtted。根据句意可知应用不定式做目的状语;admit与 主语all the students之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,故用不定式的被动形式。16 .把left改为leaving。根据句意可知,山体滑坡让另外七个人受伤,句子主语the landslide与leave之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现在分词leaving在句中做结果状 语。17把informing改为infor

37、med。inform是及物动词,与其前的代词us构成逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词informed做宾语补足语。JP18 .把t。stop改为stopping。根据前半句可知,他很忙,偶尔停下来抽支烟,这是很正 常的,所以用现在分词表示意料之中的结果,而不定式常常表示出乎意料的结果。19 .把to be taken改为being taken。根据句义可知,我记得被送到医院,此事已发生, 且take与句子主语构成动宾关系,所以用动名词的被动语态。20.把attended改为attend。本句中would rather后接动词原形have,而have意为“让、 它后接的宾语是其前的疑问代词who

38、,所以表示“让某人做某事用have sb. do sth.,因此 应将 attended 改为 attend 解析:going0动词短语feel like后接动名词做宾语。【典例 5 The soldier was absent from his camp for three days without (ask) for leave first.解析:askingo表示“请假”应用ask for leave; w计hout是介词,所以后接动名词。【典例 6David threatened (report)his neighbor to the police if the damages wer

39、e not paid解析:to report。threaten后接不定式做宾语。【归纳】(1)只跟动名词做宾语的动词主要有:appreciate; advise; admit; avoid; cant help; delay; enjoy; escape; excuse; finish; forgive; keep; mind; practice; pardon; miss; suggest; consider; risk; imagine; stand; be worth; be worthwhile; feel like; be busy; object to; give up; list

40、en to; pay attention to; be used to (习 惯于);look forward to; stick to; adapt to; adjust to; get down to; devote. to.; have access to; be addicted to; be dedicated to; prefer doing sth. to doing sth.; put off; insist on; set about; what/how about; spend. (in) doing sth.; waste. (in) doing sth.; have d

41、ifficulty/trouble/a problem (in) doing sth.; prevent/stop/prohibit/ ban/ keep. from doing sth.等。(2)只跟不定式做宾语的动词主要有:agree; decide; expect; hope; desire; wish; want; manage; promise; refuse; choose; offer; demand; plan; prepare; determine 等。(3)在介词but, except, besides, other than后面的不定式,如果这些介词前面 有d。做实意动词

42、的相应形式,那么不定式符号t。那么要去掉,否那么不能去掉t。o(4)动名词与不定式做宾语意义不同,不定式指要做而还没做的事,而动名词那么表示 己做过的事。止匕类词有:go on, stop, try, mean, remember, forget, regret 等。go on to do sth.接着又做另一件事;go on doing sth.继续做同一件事stop to do sth.停下来去做某事;stop doing sth,停止做某事try to do sth.尽量做某事;try doing sth.试着做某事mean to do sth.打算做某事;mean doing sth.

43、意味着/意思是做某事remember to do sth.记得去做某事(未做);remember doing sth.记得做过某事(做 过)forget to d。sth.忘记做某事(未做);forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(做过)regret to do sth.对要做的事遗憾(未做);regret doing sth.对做过的事遗憾、后悔 (做过)【拓展】regret to say/ tell/ inform表示遗憾地说/告诉/通知,此时只用不定式形式。【典例 7】If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but(mee

44、t) an even greater challenge.解析:to meet。介词but后可接不定式,如果这个介词前面没有do做实意动词的相应 形式,那么不定式符号to不能去掉。have no choice/ alternative but to do sth.是惯用法, 意为“别无选择只好做3.考查非谓语动词做表语能做表语的非谓语动词有不定式、动名词与分词。动名词做表语,表示抽象的、一般 性的动作。不定式做表语表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作。现在分词与过去分词做表 语具有形容词的特征,一般来说是表示心理状态的动词,其现在分词做表语表示“令人 的”,其过去分词做表语表示“感到【典例 8 T

45、he engine just wont start. Something seems (go) wrong with it.解析:to have goneo系动词seem后接不定式做表语;根据句意可知是对现在造成影 响,故用不定式的完成式。【典例 9 The mark his son had got in the exam was (disappoint) , so the father got (disappoint).解析:disappointing; disappointed disappointing意为令人失望的,常用来修饰物 或某事;disappointed意为“感到失望的”,用来

46、修饰人或某人表现出某种情绪,在句中做表 语。4 .考查非谓语动词做定语(1)不定式做定语,表示将要发生的动作,通常要放在被修饰的词后;并且被修饰的 名词多为它的逻辑宾语,如果后接不定式中的动词是不及物动词,通常要在不定式后加上 相应的介词;但不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, moment, place或way时,不定式后 面的介词习惯上可省略。止匕外,有些不定式只起单纯的修饰作用,这些被修饰的名词有: 表示时间的名词:time, moment, week等;表示次序的名词:first, next, last, 0nly 等;其他名词:ability, need, right, chance,

47、 opportunity, promise, plan, way, wish, movement, courage, reason, effort, decision, struggle, intention 等。【典例 101 The problem (discuss) at the next meeting is of great importance.解析:to be discussed。根据句意可知the problem是被discuss,故用不定式的被动 语态。(2)现在分词做定语表示动作正在发生,与修饰词是主谓关系。单个的现在分词做定 语,常置于被修饰名词的前面,被修饰的名词是现在

48、分词的逻辑主语;现在分词短语做定 语时,放在被修饰的名词之后。现在分词做定语时,它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动 词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后,一般不能用现在分词做定语,而 改用定语从句或完成式。【典例 11 Last night, there were millions of people (watch) the opening ceremony live on TV.解析:watchingo millions of people与watch之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系,根据句中 live on TV可知当时这一动作正在进行,所以用现在分词做后置定语。(3)及物动词的过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系,即表示被动的动作;或 过去分词表示已经完成的动作。而不及物动词的过去分词做定语不表示被动关系,只表示 主动或动作已经发生。单个的过去分词做定语,常置于被修饰的名词之前,被修饰的名词 是过去分词的逻辑宾语;过去分词短语做定语,须置于被修饰的名词之后。【典例 12The

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