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1、2020年中考总复习专题复习. 非谓语动词、主谓一致和倒装句考点一非谓语动词一、不定式1、不定式的构成不定式的基本形式为：to+动词原形，有时可以不用to,这里的to是不定式符号， 本身无词义，动词不定式的否认形式是not +(to+)动词原形”。2.不定式的功能(1)不定式作主语动语不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语后置。如： To learn English well is useful .二It is useful to learn English well .It s important for us to protect the environment .(2)不定式
2、作宾语不定式用在及物动词后作宾语，常见的及物动词有：begin , choose , continue , decide , expect , fail , forget , hate , help , hop e, learn , manage, mean , need , offer , plan , prefer, pretend, promise, refuse, try , want , wish , determine, afford , agree, start, like 如：She promised to come at nine o clock .她容许九点来的。I hav
3、e decided to study English我已决定学英语了。在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在后面。 如：I find it very easy to read English every day .我认为每天读英语很简单。 常见的一些接不带to的动词不定式的结构Why not do . . . , Why don t you do . . , had better (not ) do . . , would rather do , Could/Will you please (not )do . 如：I would rather stay
4、in the room ?我宁愿待在房间里。(3)不定式作宾语补足语tell , ask, want , allow, get , would like , encourage 后常品艮动词不定式 作宾语被足语。如：My mother encourages me to learn Japanese .我妈妈鼓励我学日语。注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。 这些动词有：一感(feel) 二听(hear, listen to )、三让(let , make , have )、 四看(look at , see, watch , notice ) 0但变被动语态
5、必须加上to .如： My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss.老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。(4)不定式作定语不定式有时起形容词的作用，修饰名词、代词，在句中担当定语。不定式作定 语时，它的位置是在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。如： He was the first to come to the classroom .他是第一个来到教室的人。如果不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式作的地点、 工具等，不定式后面就应有必要的介词。如：I want some paper to write on .我想要一些写
6、字的纸。注意：当不定式所修饰的名词是time , place或way时，不定式后面习惯上要 省略介词。如：My prandma had no place to live (in) in the old days.过去我祖母没有住的地方。不定式修饰something , anything, nothing时，放在它们的后面，如果 something , anything, nothing 有形容词来修饰，词序是 “something/anything /nothing +形容词+不定式”。如：Have you got anything to buy ?你有什么东西要买吗？(5)不定式作状语不定式
7、放在不及物动词后可以表目的，也可以放在某些形容词后作状语。如：He went to America to learn English .他去美国学英语了。They sleep together to keep warm .他们在一起睡觉来取暖。I m glad to see you again .再次见到你我非常高兴。(6)疑问词+不定式不定式可以和疑问代词who, what , which及疑问副词when , how, where连用构 成不定式短语，在句中担当主语、宾语、表语等成分。如：The question is when to start .问题是什么时候开始。What to do
8、 is an important problem .该做什么是一个很重要的问题。I can t decide who/whom to invite 我决定不了邀请谁。注意：”疑问词+不定式”作宾语时，常与不列动词连用：know , show , teach , tell , find out , learn , forget 等。 如：We don t know when to go我们不知道什么时候去。He doesn t know how to make a banana milk shake .他不知道怎样制作香蕉奶昔。(7)不定式的否认式不定式的否认式为：not/never +不定式。
9、如：She asked me not to drive her to the station .她不让我开车送她到车站。The teacher tells us never to read the book.老师告诉我们绝不要读那本书。(8)不定式的固定句式 too. . . to. 和 “enough to .”“too+形容词/副词+to do sth”意为“太(以至于)不能.” .如：The student was too frightened to say a word .这个学生太害怕了，以至于不能说一句话。Never too old to learn .活到老学到老。“形容词/副词
10、+enough to do sth”意为.足以做.”He isn t strong enough to lift the box.他不够强壮，提不起这个箱子。The girl is old enough to go to school .这个女孩已到上学的年龄了。 “It is /was + 形容词 + of/for sb +to do sth”for sb句型通常使用表示客观情况的形容词，如：easy , difficult , hard , important , possible , interesting 等 如：It was hard for him to study English
11、 well .对他来说学英语太难了。of sb句型一般用表示主观情感或态度的形容词，如：good, kind, nice, clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful 等。如：It s very kind of you to help me .你帮我的忙真是太谢谢你了。“It s one s turn to do sth”轮到某人做某事了。如：It s my turn to tell the story .该我讲故事了。 “It takes / took ab some time to do sth”某人花多长时间做某事。如:It took me 3
12、hours to repair the TV set .我用了三个小时修理这台电视机。二、动名词.动名词的构成动名词的基本形式为“v.+ing”.常跟动名词的词英语中有一些动词(短语)后面常跟动名词作宾语。我们初中阶段常见的有:on , consider, suggest, 短语：完成练习值得忙：finish, 继续习惯放弃：keep on ,finish , enjoy , mind , miss, be worth , be busy , practice, have fun , have trouble/problems (in ) , feel like , be used to (习
13、惯于),give up, keepcan t help .我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆一些词或practice, be worth, be busy be used to , give up考虑建议不禁想：consider, suggest , can t help , feel like 喜欢思念要介意：enjoy , miss, mind .1 .注意含有介词to的固定短语在初中阶段的英语学习中，学生常常会遇到含有介词的短语、以下动词短语中的 t。为介词，其后需要接名词、代词或动名词。make (a) contribution (s) to 为贡献devote oneself to献身，致力于
14、如：He devoted himself to helping disabled people . 他一生致力于帮助残疾人。look forward to期盼，盼望。如：We are so much looking forward to seeing you again .我们非常盼望再见到你。prefer.to.比起更喜欢.。如：I prefer walking to cycling我愿意步行，而不愿意骑自行车。be used to习惯.；适当.。如：She is quite used to working hard.她很习惯努力工作。4两组固定搭配prefer to do sth . ra
15、ther than do sth = prefer doing to doing sth 宁 愿做某件事而不愿做另一件事。如：I prefer to learn English rather than play the piano on Sundays . =1 prefer learning English to playing the piano on Sundays.在周日，我宁愿学习英语，也不愿去弹钢琴。need, require , want后跟不定式和动名词的区别当need, require , want作“需要”解时，后加动名词等于后加不定式的被 动式。如：The window
16、needs cleaning .=The window needs to be cleaned .那窗户需要清洗。三、分词.分词的构成分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词的基本形式为“动词原形+ing” ；过 去分词的基本形式是“动词原形+ed” ,但也有不规那么的形式。2现在分词作宾补和不定式作宾补的区别我们常见的动词如see, watch , notice , hear等,接不带to的不定式作宾 补，表示已经完成了的或经常性的动作；接现在分词作宾补，表示动作正在进行。 如：I heard him singing in the classroom .我听到他正在教室里唱歌。（“唱”这个动
17、作正在进行）I heard him sing in the classroom .我听到他在教室里唱歌了。（“唱”这个动作结束）I saw him going up the stairs.我看见他正在上楼。（“上楼”这个动作正在进行）I saw him go up the stairs.我看见他上楼了。（“上楼”这个动作已经完成）3现在分词和过去分词的区别（1） 在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义。如：the exploiting class 剥削阶级the exploited class 被剥削阶级（2）在时间上，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作。如：
18、the developing country 开展中国家the developed country 兴旺国家the rising sun正在升起的太阳the risen sun升起来的太阳4 . have sb do sth , have sb/sth doing sth 和 have sth done 的区另have sb do sth意为“让某人做某事，have可以用let , make代替。不 定式往往表示一次性的具体动作，且强调动作已经完成或尚未发生。如： The soldier had the boy stand with his back to his father .士兵们让这个
19、男孩背对他的父亲站着。(1) have sb/sth doing sth意为“让某人/物一直做某事。Have可以用keep 代替,现在分词(doing )所表示的动作往往具有持续进行的含义。如： The two men had their lights burning all night long .那两个人让灯通宵亮着。(2) have sth done意为“让某事被别人做“，即ask sb else to do sth过 去分词(done)所表示的动作由他人(非主语本身)来完成，含有被动意义。如： The driver had his car washed once a week .这个司
20、机一周让人洗一次车。5 .含现在分词的几个常见句式see sb doing sth看见某人正在做某事。如：I saw him playing basketball with his friends.我看见他正在和他的朋友们打篮球。(1) hear sb doing sth听见某人正在做某事。如： We heard him reading .我们听到他正在读书。(2) watch sb doing sth观看某人正在做某事。如：Mr King watched his son playing with a ball .金先生看着他的儿子在玩球。(3) notice sb doing sth注意到某
21、人正在做某事。如：I noticed a man following the girl.我注意到一个男人正跟着那个女孩。(4) find sb doing sth发现某人正在做某事。如：We found a boy crying under the tree.我们发现一个男孩正在树下哭泣。(5) catch sb doing sth逮住某人正在做某事。如：His parents caught him playing computer games.他父母撞见他在玩电脑游戏。(6) keep sb doing sth使某人不停地做某事。如：He kept the students reading
22、.他让学生们一直读书。考点二主谓一致和倒装句一 主谓一致1 .语法一致原那么主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式时，谓语形式也采 用单数形式；主语是复数形式时，谓语动词也采用复数形式。(1)当and或both.and连接名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Tom and Mike are good friends汤姆和迈克是好朋友。Both Lucy and Lily are students.露西和莉莉都是学生。(2) 不定代词 either , neither , the other , another , anybody , anyone , anything , s
23、omeone , somebody , something , everyone , everybody , everything , nobody , no one , nothing等作主语时，谓词用单数形式。如： Is there anything wrong with your bike ?你的自行车有什么毛病吗？Everyone is ready for the sports meeting .大家都为运动会做好了准备。(3) 由 each , each . and , each . , every. . . and , every.作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式。如：Each bo
24、y and each girl was given a new book .给了每一个男孩和每一个女孩一本新书。(4) 主语后接 with , along with , together with , as well as , rather than , including , besides, like , except , but等词或短语时，谓语动词的单复数 形式由主语的单复数形式决定。如：Mr Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Beijing .格林先生将和他的夫人及两个女儿一块儿来北京。(5) “a number o
25、f +名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；the number of +名词复数”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。如：A number of trees are cut down 一些树木被砍倒了。The number of the students in our class is 32.我们班学生人数为32.(6) “a lot of /lots of /plenty of / a pile of / most of + 名词”和分 数或百分数+of+名词”等作主语时，谓语动词常与of后的名词保持数的一致。如 果。f后是不可数名词或可数名词单数，那么谓语动词用单数形式；如果。f后是可 数名词
26、复数，那么谓语动词用复数形式。如：Lots of people have been there 彳艮多人去过MUL。(7)某些只有复数形式的名词(如 clothes, trousers , shorts , pants , shoes, gloves .)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：My shoes were worn out .我的鞋子穿得不能再穿了。(8)不定式或动名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：Reading is learning . 读书就是学习。2 .意义一致原那么意义一致又叫概念一致，即谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式要看主语所表达的 概念。(1)由and连接的两个
27、名词作主语时，如果是指同一概念(即and后面无冠词)， 那么谓语动词用单数形式。如：The teacher and writer is coming to give us a report next week . 那位老师兼作家下周要给我们作报告。The singer and dancer has been invited to the party .那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家已经被邀请请参加聚会了。(2)表示价格、时间、长度等复数名词、词组作主语时，一般被看作一个整体，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：Three years is a long time三年是一段很长的时间。(3) 集体名词 (如 fami
28、ly , team, crowd, company , class , group , government .)作主语时，如果表示整体概念，那么谓语动词用单数形式；如果 表示集体中的成员，那么谓语动词用复数形式。如：His family is going to move .他家要搬走了。(4) people , police , cattle等集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如: The police are helping a girl find her mother .警察正在帮助女孩找妈妈。(5) one and a half的后面接名词复数作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式；one
29、 +单数名词+and+a half作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：One and a half cakes are a good meal for the monkey .=0ne cake and a half is a good meal for the money .一个半蛋糕对猴子来说是一顿美餐。(6) “the+姓氏名词复数”表示“一家”或“夫妇”，当它在句中作主 语时，谓语动词应用复数形式。如：The Blacks enjoy working in China .布莱克夫妇喜欢在中国工作。3.邻近原那么有时谓语动词的形式与主语并不一致，而是与靠近它的名词一致，这种原那么叫作 邻近
30、原那么，又叫就近原那么。(1) 由 either . or . . . , neither. . . nor. . . , not only . but (also)., not . but.或or连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与较近的主语在数上保持一 致。如：Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle . 不仅是我父母，我也盼望看到我叔叔。(2) There be.和Here be .这两个句式中的be动词常与最近的主语在数上 保持一致。如：There is a table and two chai
31、rs in Tom s room .在汤姆的房间有一张桌子和两把椅子。二、倒装句so, neither倒装句型so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语neither +助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语(1)这两种结构常用来说明前面所说的情况也同样适用于后面的人或物，意思是“某人/物也是这样”。这种结构中的助动词/be动词/情态动词在形式上与前句 的谓语保持一致，而其单复数形式那么由后面的主语决定。如：Lucy is a good student . So is Lily.露西是好学生，莉莉也是好学生。(2)这两种结构的不同点是：“so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语”依附于肯定句，表示前面的肯
32、定情况也适 用于后面的人/物,意为“也”“neither助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语”依附于否认句，表示前面的否认情 况也适用于后面的人/物，意为也不.如： Tom watched TV last night . So did Ann.汤姆昨晚看电视了，安也看了。Mary didn t watch TV last night . Neither did Jim .玛丽昨晚没有看电视，吉姆也没看。1. There be 句型There be句型是一个表示“存在”的句型，是一个主语在be动词后面的倒装句。 如：There is a tree in front of the building .
33、大楼前有一棵树。2. 以副词开头引起的倒装句一在以here , there , out , in , down , away等副词开头的句子中，如果主语 是名词，要用倒装句，谓语动词的单数形式由位于倒装句句尾的主语决定。如： There goes the bell 铃响了。Here are some flowers 这里有一些花。注意：如果主语是人称代词，就不必倒装。如：Here you are. Here it is .易混易错动词后接不定式和动名词的区别1 stop to do sth停下来去做某事stop doing sth停止做某事Stop to think about it for
34、a moment 停下来想一会儿。Stop talking , please .请不要说话。2 . remember to do sth记住要做某事（动作未发生）remember doing sth记得曾做过某事（动作已发生）Please remember to post my letter 请记得把我的信寄走。I remember posting your letter我记得把你的信寄出去了。3 . forget to do sth忘记做某事（动作未发生）forget doing sth忘记做某事（动作已发生）I forget to bring my homework 我忘记带作业 了。I
35、forget bringing my homework我忘记已经把作业带来了。4 try to do sth努力去做某事try doing sth试着去做某事Please try to do better next time.下次努力做得更好些。He tried speaking English to us他试着用英语和我们谈话。5 . go on to do sth做完一件事，接着去做另外一件事go on doing sth继续不停地做某事Go on to do the other exercises after you finish this one做完这道练习题后，接着做其他的。Go o
36、n doing the exercises after a short rest .休息一会儿之后继续做练习。6 regret to do sth对要做的事感到遗憾（未做）regret doing sth对做过的事感到遗憾/后悔（已做）I regret to have to do this , but I have no choice .我很遗憾必须这样做，但我没有选择。I don t regret telling her what I thought .我不后悔告诉了她我的想法。7 mean to do sth打算/想做某事mean doing sth 意味着做某事I meant to go but my father would not allow me to .我想去，但我父亲不会允许我去。Doing that means wasting time .那样做意味着浪费时间。