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1、高考英语语法扫盲讲义：非谓语动词与独立主格非谓语动词定义：非谓语动词是指在句子中不能单独做谓语，但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形态。解读：第1层意思：先搞清楚什么是谓语？谓语是动词的完整形式，时态、语态和单复数都要有相应的变化。如：我们常说动词的-ing形式，但是单个动词-ing形式是不可以做谓语的，如果要成为谓语，要加上be动词，“be+doing现在进行时”才是完整、正确的谓语。我们说动词加上-ed就变成被动句了，这也是不准确的，必须是be+done才是被动句的完整谓语形式。【插播一句】英语中有两种语态：陈述语态和被动语态，对应陈述句和被动句。第2层意思：非谓语动词是动词的某种形式。具体来
2、说就是（to do, -ed, -ing）三种形式，根据第一层意思，这三种形式是不完整，所以不可以做谓语。第3层意思：一个句子当中，已经存在一个谓语动词（谓语动词所处的句子叫主句）,在没有连词（连词连接句子）的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时, 该动词就要使用非谓语形式。【插播一句】连词分为并列连词（如：and, or, so, but, while-然而, for-因为等连接并列句子的词）和从属连词（如because, although, though, when, that, whether, if, where, which等引导从句的词）。不管是并列连词还是从属连词，后面连接的都必须是句子
3、。这就解释了为什么because和so不可以连用，although和but不可以连用，因为他们分属不同的连词，地位不一样。辨析下面两个句子就会一目了然:*He works hard, and he gets high scores.*Working hard, he gets high scores.（现在分词表原因）*He works hard, getting high scores.（现在分词表结果）分析：句1. 有两个动词，work和get, 都用的动词的第三人称单数（三单），是完整的谓语形式，因此是两个完整的句子，并列的两个句子要用连词连接。句2. 也有两个动词，work和get，g
4、et用的第三人称单数，是谓语，那么get所在的部分就是一个完整的句子。两个部分没有连词连接，所以另一个部分不是句子，work就要处理成非谓语的形式了。因为work和he是主动关系，所以work用动词-ing的形式。这里的非谓语可以改成一个原因状语从句，Because he works hard, he gets high scores every time.句3. 前半部分是句子，两个部分之间没有连词，后半部分出现的动词要处理成非谓语。这里是现在分词表“意料之内的结果”，因为“他学习努力，所以他取得了高分（结果）”。各类非谓语动词充当的成分非常多（主宾表，定状补），但是与高考写作、阅读最息息相
5、关的是它做状语的时候；在考场D篇高难度阅读中，出现的长难句往往也是非谓语动词作状语；学会了它的这层作用，我们就可以变普通的并列句为漂亮的非谓语，也可以让你的应用文与读后续写顿时脱颖而出！先从同学们熟悉的动词不定式做状语开始讲：不定式结构作状语通常有以下几种情况：1、目的状语（分词一般不能作目的状语）*He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.*To catch the train, she hurried through her work注：表目的的不定式还常与so as或in order连用，构成so as (not) to do和in o
6、rder (not) to do 结构，其中so as (not) to do 不能用于句首。*Toget there in time, we got up very early.=In order to get there in time, we got up very early.=We got up very early (in order/so as) to get there in time.2、原因状语不定式结构作原因状语常用在作表语用的形容词（通常是喜怒哀乐等情感的形容词）后。*Im sorry to hear that.*Were proud to be young peopl
7、e of China.*We are glad to hear the news3、结果状语不定式结构作结果状语，有时表示未曾预料到的、或令人不快的结果。（常和only、never连用）。*He ran all the way to the station, only to find the train had left.注：1.而现在分词作结果状语常常是可以预料的、自然而然的结果，是伴随谓语动词而产生的自然结果*The police opened fire, killing the robber.*He died, leaving his wife with five children.2.
8、现在分词表结果，经常与thus, therefore连用。*It rained heavily, thus causing severe flooding in that country.4. 有时，不定式还可修饰一个句子，表明说话人的态度。*To tell you the truth, to be honest, to be frank, to be fair, to make things/matters worse等。*To tell you the truth, I dont like the film.分词结构作状语形式意义doing与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中谓语动词同时
9、发生，或基本上同时发生。having done与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，先于谓语动词发生。done与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，时间不确定being done与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且与谓语动词同时发生，一般作原因状语置于句首。having been done与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词发生。注：只有当非谓语动词作状语的时候，非谓语动词的逻辑主语才是主句主语。形式上一般用逗号和主句隔开。一、判断步骤A：首先看主语，确定该动词与主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系。B：然后看谓语动词，确定该动词与谓语动词之间动作发生的先后关系。*Hearing the bad new
10、s, she burst into tears. （主动/同时进行）*Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter .(主动/完成)*Having found a seat, she left her books on it. (主动/完成)*Having been beaten by a snake, she was frightened at it.（被动、完成）*Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistakes.（被动、完成
11、）*Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. (被动)*Given more time, we could have done it much better. (被动)二、含有分词的句子排列，一般有两种形式1.分词作状语，+主句部分。一般表示时间，条件，让步，原因，其形式doing，done，having done，having been done，being done，可以转变为相应的状语从句。1）时间状语*Hearing the news, they got excited. When they heard the news, they g
12、ot excited.*Having finished my homework, I returned home. After I finished my homework, I returned home.*Seen from the hill, the park looks more beautiful. When it is seen from the hill, the park looks more beautiful.2）原因状语*Having been beaten by a snake, she was frightened at it.Becauseshe had been
13、beaten by a snake, she was frightened at it*Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.Becausehe had not received a reply, he decided to write again.*Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunchBecausehe was reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch*Not knowing his address, I
14、cant write to him.Becausehe doesnt know his address, I cant write to him.*Being so poor in those days, they couldnt send the boy to school.Becausethey were so poor in those days, they couldnt send the boy to school.*Being League members, we are ready to help others.As we are League members, we are r
15、eady to help others.*Born in a poor family, the boy could not go to school.Ashe was born in a poor family, the boy could not go to school.3）条件状语*Given a chance, I can surprise the world.If I am given a chance, I can surprise the world.*Working hard, you will surely succeed. If you work hard, you wil
16、l surely succeed.*Reading carefully，youll learn something newAs long as you read carefully，youll learn something new4）让步状语*Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistakes.Thoughhe had been told many times, he still repeated the same mistakes.*Admitting what she has said, I still thi
17、nk that she hasnt tried her best.AlthoughI admit what she has said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best.*Admitted into the university, he was still upset.Althoughhe was admitted into the university, he was still upset.二、主句部分，+分词作状语。在这一句型中，分词作状语可表示结果，方式，伴随，可以转换为一个并列的谓语成分。这一句型的分词作状语通常有两种种形式：do
18、ing, done1）结果状语*It rained heavily, thus causing severe flooding in that country.It rained heavily, and thus caused severe flooding in that country.*He fired, killing one of the passers-by. He fired, and killed one of the passers-by.*He died, leaving his wife with five children. He died, and left his
19、 wife with five children.2）伴随状语*The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.The teacher came into the lab, and was followed by some students.*I stood there; listening to the broadcast.I stood there and listened to the broadcast.3）方式状语*Traveling by jeep, we visited a number of cities. We
20、 travelled by jeep, and visited a number of cities.*He earns a living driving a truck. He earns a living by driving a truck.特殊情况：（经常见到，不容易解释的地方）1. 动词-ing形式可以和一些介词，如in, on, after, before, against, for, without, by, besides等构成短语，在句中做状语。*Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children
21、.*On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy.2. 为了强调结果，可在作结果状语的动词-ing形式前加副词thus，therefore等。*He is always worrying about trifles（琐事）, thus losing sight of his main objectives.3. “从属连词+动词-ing/-ed形式”作状语为了使动词-ing形式作状语所表达的时间，条件，让步等意义更加明确，可在动词-ing形式前加上适当的连词或连词词组（when, while（当.时候；虽然，尽管）, before, a
22、fter, if, though/although, unless, even if, once, as long as, unless, since等。但as后面不可以跟动词的-ing形式）。*Dont talk while having dinner Dont talk while you are having dinner.*Though working very hard, he couldnt make enough money to pay off his debt.Though hewas workingvery hard, he couldnt make enough mone
23、y to pay off his debt.*When asked, she didnt answer. When she was asked, she didnt answer.*If allowed, he would eat all the food. If he was allowed, he would eat all the food.Many kids who lived on the same street as the retired coach were attracted to this sport because of him and three of them,aft
24、er followingthe “10,000-hour rule”, performed exceptionally well, including winning the national championship.与这位退休教练住在同一条街上的很多孩子都因为他而喜欢上这项运动。而其中三个孩子在遵循了10,000小时定律后，实现了卓越的成就，获得了全国冠军。4. 分词做状语时，否定形式为not/never/hardly+动词-ed形式/-ing形式/having done形式。*Not asked, he told it to them.*Not knowing his address,
25、I cant write to him.5. 有一些分词或分词短语可用来表示说话人的态度或看问题的角度，这些分词或短语已转变为独立成份如generally speaking（一般来说），judging from（根据判断），considering（就而言），talking of（说到）, supposing（万一，假设）, frankly speaking （老实地说，坦率地说），generally speaking （一般地说），strictly speaking （严格地说） ，properly speaking （确切地说来）taking into consideration （考虑到）
26、，taken as a whole （总地来说），given（考虑到），compared with（与-相比）等，它们做状语时，其逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这些形式已经成为固定的用法。*Supposing he is ill, who will do the work? 假如他病了，谁来做这项工作呢？6. 形容词词组做状语，通常把be动词省略，形容词保持在形容词词组里本来的样子，不受主句主语影响主被动。这类形容词词组如：be lost in, be dressed in, be interested in, be devoted to, be caught in, be seated i
27、n, be prepared for, be determined to, be faced with, be based on, be tired of, be located in*Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.（he和lose本应该是主动关系，本应该用现在分词，但是因为lose出现在短语be lost in里，所以是lost in。不要随意换lose的形式。）*Dressed in white, she looks more beautiful.（解释同上）独立主格结构值得注意的是，如果现在分词或过
28、去分词作状语时前面再加逻辑主语，那么主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语，这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构就是独立主格结构。*The problem solved, the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。solve的逻辑主语是the problem, 而不是the quality。【高能插播】前一部分“The problem solved”不是一个完整的句子，如果是句子应该是“The problem was solved”，所以solved这里是非谓语动词。这两个句子之间没有连词，而“the quality has been improved.”
29、是个句子，所以剩下的“The problem solved”有不同于主句主语的逻辑主语“the problem”，所以是独立主格结构。独立主格结构l 定义：顾名思义，相对于主句，貌似做状语的非谓语部分有不同于主句主语的独立的主语了l 构成：名词或代词（逻辑主语）+动词不定式/现在分词/过去分词/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语l 功能：做时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式状语等l 形式：大多数情况下置于句首，常用逗号与主句分隔开来1. 逻辑主语+动词不定式*So many windows to clean, I had to devote the whole afternoon.2. 逻辑主语+现在分词
30、*The question being discussed, a man came up with a practical solution.3. 逻辑主语+过去分词*All the windows cleaned, I had a good rest.英语中最常见的独立主格结构是“逻辑主语+非谓语动词”结构，这种独立主格结构称为“有动词独立主格结构”，如上面三个例子所示。另外还有一类“无动词独立主格结构”，在写作中使用也比较频繁。这种结构往往被看做是“逻辑主语+being+表语”结构中省略了being，主要有一下几种情况：1. 逻辑主语+名词*I received many gifts, m
31、any of thembooks.2. 逻辑主语+形容词*Arriving at the spot, they were all standing in surprise face to face, eyeswide open.3. 逻辑主语+副词（这里的副词都是小品副词，如on, off, in, out, up, down, over等）*Musicover, all the audience stood up with fits of applause. Nobody in, I had to wait.*We fell asleep, all the lightson.注：1.“逻辑主
32、语+非谓语动词”构成的独立主格结构中，动词不定式表示没有发生或即将发生；动词-ing形式表示主动或者进行，动词-ed形式表示动作的完成和被动。2. 当独立主格结构中being done表示“正在被做”时，以及独立主格结构的逻辑主语是人称代词或there时，being不省略。*All the guests (being) present, she felt very happy. (being可省略）*It being snowy, I didnt go to school.（being不可省略）*There being no buses, they walked to the school.（
33、being不可省略）3. 在表示方式的独立主格结构中，为了使句子简洁、明快，往往将独立主格结构中的冠词或代词都省略。*The guard stood by the door, (a) gun in (his) hand.*She came in, (a) smile on (her) face.with的复合结构大多数的独立主格结构都可以用大家熟悉的“with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构代替*The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides. (=with flowers and grass growin
34、g on both sides).*He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head. (=with his hands behind his head).with复合结构结构：with+宾语+宾补功能：在句子中可做定语和状语谁做宾补：形容词，副词，现在分词，过去分词，动词不定式，介词短语（不用死记，归类变成形容词，副词，介词短语和非谓语动词。在高考中，一般就这几种成分做宾补。）1. with+宾语+形容词*We lay in bed with the windowopen.2. with+宾语+副词*She was reading, with
35、the televisionon.3. with+宾语+现在分词*The weather was even colder with the windblowing.4. with+宾语+过去分词*With all the workfinished, they hurried back home for lunch.5. with+宾语+动词不定式*With so many thingsto deal with, I cant go on a holiday.6. with+宾语+介词短语*With a bookin his hand, he entered the classroom.注：1.
36、 现在分词做宾补时，强调动作正在进行且宾语和宾补之间是主动关系；及物动词的过去分词作宾补时，表示被动与完成，且宾语与宾补之间是被动关系；不及物动词的过去分词做宾补时，表示动作已完成，只表示状态，不表示被动；动词不定式做宾补时，表示动作还未发生。2. with复合结构在句中做状语，with有时意为“由于，随着”。*With time going by, the girl understood her parents.【插播一句】with time going by是with的复合结构，这句话可以换成“As time goes by”，大家看出不同来了吗？as引导的是从句，是句子，所以用谓语形式go的三单；而with是介词短语，后面的宾补go by和宾语time之间是主动关系，所以用动词-ing形式，不是句子哦。3. with复合结构在句子中做定语，with意为“具有”。*She saw a river with red flowers and green grass on both sides.4. with复合结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、条件、原因时，一般放在句子前面，并用逗号与句子分开；表示方式和伴随状况时一般放在句子后面，不用逗号分开。若with结构作定语，则放在所修饰词之后，一般不用逗号隔开。（和非谓语做状语时位置一样。）学科网（北京）股份有限公司