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1、 第 13 讲 阅读理解主旨大意题（讲）【考纲考情】主旨大意题考查考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象,既考查细节理解能力,又考查深层次的推理、概括能力,难度较大。题型和考查角度：1.主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意)2.标题类：标题判断题（选择最佳标题）。【考点梳理】主旨大意类要求在理解全文的基础上，从文中提取有效信息进行概括归纳，从而得出文章主旨要义。此类试题没有明显的解题依据，是对文章深层次的理解，因此成为最易失分的题目。命题方式：What is the text mainly about?What
2、 is the best title for the text?What can be a suitable title for the text?Whats the first/second/third.paragraph mainly about?Whats the main idea discussed in the first/secondthird/.paragraph?解题步骤：1.首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章大意。2.如果没有主题句就寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文 正确选项特点：1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或者整个段落内容。2.精确性强，能恰当表达原文主题和中
3、心思想 3.短小醒目，这是标题类选项的特点，是文章的点睛之笔。干扰项特点：1.覆盖面太大，超出了短文论述的范围 2.以偏概全，涉及的只是短文的某一部分或者某一个细节，或是某一个段落的要点或者部分。3.与短文有交集，但偏离文章或者段落主旨。【解题方法】1.寻找主题句确定文章大意。主题句在文章中的位置主要有四种情况:(1)主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后是论证性细节。在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式,作者在首段常常亮出观点、表明立场。大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句,所以要认真阅读文章首句。(2)主题句在段末 有的主题句放在文章的末尾,先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,将主
4、题引向高潮,起到总结作用,从而形成强有力的结论,这就要求考生耐心地读完全文。(3)主题句在文中或隐含 还有的主题句在段中间或隐含在文中,成为段落语义的核心,让读者很难发现,这种情况难度较大,考生要通观全文,分清主旨细节,进行归纳推理。最后概括出来的中心意思一定要涵盖全文或整个段落,切忌以偏概全或离题太远、太笼统。解答此类题时考生需要把握作者的观点、态度、语气等,分析文章的篇章结构,抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论,捕捉与题目有关的信息,从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。【例】(2020全国卷C 篇)With the young unable to afford to leave ho
5、me and the old at risk of isolation(孤独),more families are choosing to live together.The doorway to peace and quiet,for Nick Bright at least,leads straight to his mother-in-law,she lives on the ground floor,while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.Four years ago they all moved in
6、to a three-storey Victorian house in Bristolone of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof.They share a front door and a washing machine,but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen,bathroom,bedroom and living room on the ground floor.“We floated the id
7、ea to my mum of sharing a house，”says Kathryn Whitehead.Rita cuts in:“We spoke more with Nick because I think its a big thing for Nick to live with his motherinlaw.”And what does Nick think?“From my standpoint,it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it?Yes,I think I would.”Its hard to tell
8、exactly how many people agree with him,but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time.Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325，000 in 2001 to 419，000 in 2013.Other varieties of multigenerational family ar
9、e more common.Some people live with their elderly parents;many more adult children are returning to the family home,if they ever left.It is said that about 20%of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents,compared with 16%in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is though
10、t to be about 1.8 million.Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted.In India,particularly outside cities,young women are expected to move in with their husbands family when they get married.31What is the text mainly about?ALifestyles
11、 in different countries.BConflicts between generations.CA housing problem in Britain.DA rising trend of living in the UK.【答案】D 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着孤独的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。由此可知，文章主要讲述了聚居在英国是一种呈上 升趋势的生活方式。故选 D。2.通过结构或暗示概括段落大意(1)根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题
12、句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。(2)通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。【例】(2020全国卷B 篇)The creative team behind“Apes”used motioncapture(动作捕捉)technology to create digitalized animals,spending tens of millions of dollars on techn
13、ology that records an actors performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image(图像).In this case,one of a realistic-looking ape.25What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?AThe cost of making“Apes.”BThe creation of digitalized apes.CThe publicity about“Apes.”DThe perform
14、ance of real apes.【答案】B 【解析】段落大意题。根据本段第一句可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术来创造数字化动物，在记录演员表演和后期加工处理上花费了上千万美元，最后创造出了猿的图像。由此可知，本段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选 B。3.三大方法定标题（1）最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：概括-准确而又简短;针对性-标题外延正好与文章内容相符;题目-能引发读者的阅读欲望。(2)三大方法：正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的
15、中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。【例】(2021全国乙卷C 篇)Youve heard that plastic is polluting the oceansbetween 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year.But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference?Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does.He builds massive scu
16、lptures out of plastic garbage,forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.At the beginning of the year,the artist built a piece called“Strawpocalypse，”a pair of 10foottall plastic waves,frozen mid-crash.Made of 168，000 plastic straws collected from several volunt
17、eer beach cleanups,the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam.Just 9%of global plastic waste is recycled.Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源)of plastic pollution,but theyve recently come under fire because most people don
18、t need them to drink with and,because of their small size and weight,they cannot be recycled.Every straw thats part of Von Wongs artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes.Once the drink is gone,the straw will take centuries to disappear.In a piece from 2018,Von Wong w
19、anted to illustrate(说明)a specific statistic:Every 60 seconds,a truckloads worth of plastic enters the ocean.For this work,titled“Truckload of Plastic，”Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10，000 pieces of plastic,which were then tied together to look like theyd been dumped(倾倒)from
20、a truck all at once.Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.31Which of the following can be the best title for the text?AArtists Opinions on Plastic Safety BMedia Interest in Contemporary Art CResponsibility Demanded of Big Companies DOcea
21、n Plastics Transformed into Sculptures【答案】D 【解析】标题判断题。通读全文可知，作者讲述了艺术家 Benjamin Von Wong(本杰明冯王)用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑以期望唤起人们对环保问题的关注的事迹，因此 D 项(海洋塑料变雕塑)适合作文章标题。故选 D。不同文体主旨题解题指导：(1)议论文或说明文 议论文或说明文的主题句一般在文首,但有的在文尾,也有的首尾呼应。(2)新闻报道 新闻报道的主题句就是导语,即文章的首句或首段。正文采取倒金字塔形式-最重要事实,次要事实,最次要事实(3)科研报告或调查报告 反映科学实验或调研结果的报道或科普类说明文，
22、其内容主要包括“科研实验结果或调查结果+实验研究过程或调查的具体情况”两大部分,文章主旨就是科研或调查结果，因此主题句通常在首段,且常伴有 according to a study,a study showed/proved,this is suggested by the results of new research on,scientists recently reported,a study claimed 等。(4)记叙文 纯记叙文通常没有主题句,需要读者自己领悟,从中归纳提炼;但有的在文尾作者会发表感慨、感悟或就此发表议论,主旨也就在此;还有的先发表某种议论或感慨再讲一个故事或经历
23、,主旨就在文首。【题型剖析】A Young children who have experienced compassionate(有同情心的)love and empathy(认同感)from their mothers may be more willing to turn thoughts into action by being generous to others,a University of California,Davis study suggests.In lab studies,children tested at ages 4 and 6 showed more will
24、ingness to give up the tokens(代金券)they had earned to fictional children in need when two conditions were presentif they showed bodily changes when given the opportunity to share and had experienced positive parenting that modeled such kindness.The study initially included 74 preschool-age children a
25、nd their mothers.They were invited back two years later,resulting in 54 mother-child pairs whose behaviors and reactions were analyzed when the children were 6.“At both ages,children with better physiological regulation and with mothers who expressed stronger compassionate love were likely to donate
26、 more of their earnings,”said Paul Hastings,UC Davis professor of psychology.“Compassionate mothers likely develop emotionally close relationships with their children while also providing an early example of satisfying the needs of others,”researchers said in the study,published in November in Front
27、iers in Psychology”Emotion Science.In each lab exercise,after attaching a monitor to record childrens heart-rate activity,the examiner told the children they would be earning tokens for a variety of activities,and that the tokens could be turned in for a prize.The tokens were put into a box,and each
28、 child eventually earned 20 prize tokens.Then before the session ended,children were told they could donate all or part of their tokens to other children.Taken together,the findings showed that childrens generosity is supported by the combination of their socialization experiencestheir mothers compa
29、ssionate loveand their physiological regulation,and that these work like“internal and external supports for the ability to act prosocially that build on each other”.In addition to observing the childrens propensity(习性)to donate their game earnings,Hastings suggested that“being in a calmer state afte
30、r sharing could reinforce(加强)the generous behavior that produced that good feeling.”1How do young children loved by their mother tend to become in later years?AConsiderate.BEmotional.CGenerous.DOptimistic.2What is the second paragraph mainly about?AThe process of the research.BThe result of the expe
31、riment.CThe reactions of the children.DThe importance of Moms love.3According to Hastings,what factor could strengthen childrens good behaviors?ATheir moms love them deeply.BThey donate the tokens easily.CThey behave physiologically.DThey are calmer after sharing.4What is probably the best title of
32、this passage?AWhat Contributes to Generosity?BThe More You Give,the Calmer You Will Be CDo You Prefer to Receive or Give?DMore Giving,Less Receiving B Regardless of how famous they are,and despite the star treatment they receive,many celebrities make it a point to give back to charities.Some have ev
33、en set up their own private foundations.Their widely publicised visits to troubled areas of the world help to raise awareness of issues such as famine and poverty.According to Jane Cooper of Unicef UK,celebrities have a unique ability to reach huge numbers of people,many of whom might not otherwise
34、be engaged in charitable causes.She pointed out that famous faces had played a significant role in raising funds in recent years,and their energies had produced tangible results,such as enabling millions of children in poorer countries to attend school.But in spite of these successes there is eviden
35、ce to suggest that celebrity endorsement(代言)may be overrated.In a survey of members of the public to find out if celebrity involvement would encourage people to donate,researchers found that the impact was not as great as previously thought.When shown a list of well-known organisations and famous pe
36、ople who represent them,over half of respondents were unable to match the celebrity with the cause.Whats more,three quarters claimed that they didnt respond to celebrity endorsement in any way.The survey also showed that a few names did stand out as being associated with particular charities.But the
37、 presence of a celebrity in a campaign,was not a significant factor when it came to a decision to donate time or money.Instead,the majority of people contribute because of personal connections in their lives and families which make a charity important to them.In another study aimed at young people,m
38、ost participants cited a compelling(无法抗拒的)mission as their main motivation to give.The second most important incentive was if a friend or peer recommended supporting a particular cause.Only two percent of respondents said they were motivated by celebrity endorsement.This seems to contradict the gene
39、ral assumption that teenagers are particularly influenced by famous people.One possible explanation is that there is a general fatigue(疲倦)with celebrity culture.There is also a suspicion that the stars are the one who benefit most when they offer to do charity work.Some critics have accused that cel
40、ebrities might actually take attention away from issues by attracting more attention than the causes they represent.So taking all these issues into account,is it time for charities to rethink their campaign strategies and look for alternative ways to reach new audiences?Whichever point of view you f
41、avour,there seems to be opportunities for more research into how charity campaigns might develop relationships with celebrities to maximise their potential.This in turn will open up more engagement,and better targeted campaigns-which can only benefit those who really matter the people and animals th
42、at are in need of assistance.5What does the underlined word“tangible”in paragraph I probably mean?ADefinite.BComplicated.CLimited.DTemporary.6According to the passage,most people contribute to charities because _.Athey gain benefit from the charities Bthey are forced to finish a necessary task Cthey
43、 believe in the famous people they like Dthey are inspired by the people around them 7The third paragraph is mainly about _.Awhat celebrities achieve in doing charities BHow young people react to celebrity culture Cwhy young people are hardly influenced by celebrities Dwho is to blame for taking att
44、ention away from charities 8What is the authors attitude towards celebrity doing charities?AObjective.BPositive.CNegative.DUnclear.C The conductor on the podium(指挥台)has no baton(指挥棒),no tailcoat and no musical score,but Android Alter 3 is kicking up a storm as it guides a symphony orchestras players
45、 through their paces.The robot has a humanoid face,hands and lower arms,which gesture with what could pass for passion as it bounces up and down and rotates during the live performance of Keiichiro Shibuyas opera Scary Beauty in the Emirate of Sharjah.Video from the recent performance in the Emirate
46、 of Sharjah showed the machine turning to face orchestra members and waving its arms.Alter 3 even sang at times.Shibuya said the involvement of robots in the everyday lives of humans is continually increasing.But,he said he thinks people will need to decide in the future how artificial intelligence
47、can best improve the human experience.Shibuya added that he believes humans and robots can learn to work together to create beautiful art.This work is a metaphor of that relations between humans and technology,he said.Shibuya noted that sometimes the music-leading robot can get crazy,making it diffi
48、cult for the musicians to keep up.But other times,the humans and machines cooperate very well.Shibuya said the robots and AI that exist today are far from complete.He is interested in studying how such incomplete technology can be combined with art.I think this is a very exciting ideaWe came to see
49、what it looks like and how much is possible,said Anna Kovacevic.Another audience member,who gave his name only as Billum,said after the show,You know,a human conductor is so much better.Although he said he is interested in AI and looks forward to big developments,he concluded on the project:The huma
50、n touch is lost.9What does Shibuya think of Alter 3?AIt is not perfect at present.BIt teams up with humans well.CIt often makes humans crazy.DIt is better than human conductors.10What can we infer from the last paragraph?AThe performance drew mixed reactions.BBillum took no interest in the performan