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1、定语从句定语从句一、定语从句的概念在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句;被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面;二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括 that,which,who 宾格 whom,所有格 whose 等,关系副词包括 where,when,why 等;关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分;三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句;限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句
2、与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整;四、关系代词的用法1.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物;在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略;例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐;that 作主语The coat that I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的;that 作宾语2.which 用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略;例如：The building which stands near the train sta
3、tion is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市;作主语The film which we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看;作宾语3.who,whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom 用作宾语;在口语中,有时可用 who 代替 whom,也可省略;例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人;作主语Who is the teacher whom Li Ming is talking t
4、o 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁作宾语4.whose 既可以指人也可以指物,在定语从句中作定语;可以用 of whom 指人/of which 指物替换;The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.I know the boy whose father is a professor.He has a book whose cover=the cover of which is very beautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮的书注意注意：1 当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which 可省略,但介词在关系代词
5、前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构;例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子;Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说;2 含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上;例如：This is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人;3that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面;例如：The city th
6、at she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远;4 关系词只能用 that 的情况：a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用 which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人;b.被修饰的先行词为 all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,the one等不定代词时,只能用 that,而不用 which.例如Is there anything that you want
7、to buy in the shop 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗c.先行词被 the only,the very,the same,the last,little,few 等词修饰时,只能用 that,而不用which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车;d.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用 that,而不用 which.例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片;e.以 who
8、或 which 引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用 that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁f.主句是 there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用 that,而不用 which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的;5 关系词只能用 which,而不用 that 的情况：a.先行词为 that,those 时,用 which,而不用 that.例如：Whats that which is under the desk 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么b
9、.关系代词前有介词时,一般用 which,而不用 that.例如：This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间;c.引导非限制性定语从句,用 which,而不用 that.例如：Tom came back,which made us happy.汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴;d.当先行词是指人的 all,any,few,ones,anyone,everyone,people 等时,多用 who;如：None so blind as those who wont see.睁眼不看事实的人眼最瞎;Anyone who is over sixteen is a
10、llowed in.任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去;I met someone who said he knew you.我碰到一个人,他说认识你;He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick.谚欲加之罪,何患无辞;五、关系副词的用法关系副词有 when,where,why,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、地点和原因;when 的先行词通常是 time,day,season,age,occasion等时间名词；where 的先行词通常是 place,city,town,village,house,case,situat
11、ion,scenes 等地点或情形名词；why 的先行词只能是 reason;关系副词 when 和 where有时可用“介词which”代替,why 可用 for which 代替;如：There are occasions when=on which one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候;Beijing is the place where=in which I was born.北京是我的出生地;Is this the reason why=for which he refused our offer这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点,但若在定
12、语从句中作主语或宾语时,要用关系代词;1The factory where his father worked has closed.他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了;作状语比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed.1978 年建的那家工厂关闭了;作主语2 Ill never forget the days when we lived together.我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子;作状语比较：Ill never forget the days that we spent in Australia.我永远也忘不了我们在澳大
13、利亚度过的那些日子;作及物动词 spent 的宾语3 The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉;作状语,用关系副词比较：The reason that he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的;作 gave 的宾语,用关系代词单项填空;1.-Do you know the man _is talking with your father-Yes,hes our headmaster.A.he B.who
14、C.which D.whom2.Is this the river _I can swimA.which B.in which C.that D.the one3.This is the best hotel in the city _I know.A.where B.which C.that D.it4.Can you lend me the dictionary _the other dayA.that you bought B.you bought itC.that you bought it D.which you bought it5.Anyone _with what I said
15、 may put up you hands.A.which agrees B.who agreeC.who agrees D.which agree6.My watch is not the only thing _ is missing.A.that B.it C.which d.who7.The man _coat is black is waiting at the gateA.whos B.whose C.that d.of which.8.The girl _ is reading under the tree _my sister.A.which；is B.whom；was C.w
16、ho；is D.who；was9.I love places _the people are really friendly.A.that B.which C.where D.who10.The world _ is made up of matter.A.in that we live B.on which we liveC.where we live in D.we live in.用适当的关系代词 that,which,who,whom 填空;1.The first thing _you must do is to have a meal.2.April 1st is the day _
17、is called April Fools Day in the west.3.The family _had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends.4.The house _we live in is very old.5.Didnt you see the man _I talked with just now参考答案：I.1-5BBCAC 6-10 ABCCD.1.that 2.which/that 3.who/that 4.that/which 5.who/whom/that宾语从句宾语从句一、掌握
18、宾语从句的概念1在复合句中作主句及物动词的宾语的句子叫宾语从句;它一般是由从属连词,连接代词或连接副词来引导;它可以作动词,介词或某些形容词的宾语;例如：He said that he knew you.他说他认识你;He asked me why I had come here.他问我为什么来这里;I asked him what he wanted.我问他要什么;Could you tell me if/whether they are all League members你是否能告诉我他们都是团员吗Im interested in what he has said.我对他说的话很感兴趣;
19、二、注意宾语从句的时态若主句为一般现在时,宾语从句的时态可根据情况使用任意时态.如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态,宾语从句的时态就比较复杂;在这种复合句中,宾语从句的时态可以有：1 从句的谓语动词表示与主句同时发生的动作,则用过去时或过去进行时;例如：I thought he was old.我认为他老了;He wanted to know who she was waiting for.他想知道她在等谁;2 从句的谓语动词表示在主句动作之前完成的动作,则用过去完成时;例如：He said that he finished reading the book.他说他看完了这本书;3 从句谓语动词表示
20、在主句动作之后发生的动作,则用过去将来时;例如：She said that she was going to buy a new bike next week.她说她下个星期要去买一辆新自行车;I wasnt sure if it would rain.我没有把握是否会下雨;4 从句表示普通真理时,其谓语动词用一般现在时;例如：The teacher told us the moon travels round the earth.老师告诉我们,月亮绕地球转;三、明确宾语从句的语序宾语从句尾名词性从句,不管用什么样的引导词引导,宾语从句的语序总是用陈述语序;如：She askedwhen sh
21、e could leave.她问她何时可以离开;Please tell me what you need.请告诉我你需要什么;四、分清宾语从句的引导词1.用 that 引导;that 只起引导词作用,不充当句子成分,也没有词义,且通常可以省略;如：We thinkthat he will help us.我们认为他会帮助我们;He said that he was good at English.他说他擅长英语;I know that he is very busy.我知道他很忙;注意：在某些 be+形容词的结构后面也可以跟 that 引导的宾语从句;例如：I am sure that I h
22、ave posted the letter.我的确把那封信寄了;I am afraid that you are right.恐怕你是对的;2.用 if 或 whether 引导;if 和 whether 引导宾语从句,不充当句子成分,但有词义,表示“是否”;如：I dont know if whether he will come.我不知道他是否会来;She asked if whether that was enough.她问那是否够了;I wonder whether if it is true.我不知道是不是真的;3.用连接代词引导;常见的引导宾语从句的连接代词有 what,who,w
23、hom,which,whose 等;此时要特别注意宾语从句用陈述句词序,而不用疑问句词序;如：She asked who would like to go.她问谁愿意去;Tell me whose wallet this is.告诉我这是谁的钱包.what 引导宾语从句时,有时表示“什么”,有时表示“所的”;比较：I asked what he needed.我问他需要什么;I gave him what he needed.我给了他所需要的东西;I want to know which medicine he has taken.我要知道他服了哪种药;I dont know whom the
24、y are speaking to.我不知道他的在跟谁讲话注：有些特殊疑问句本身是陈述句语序;如：Whats wrong with Which is the way to What happened to you Whats tha matter/troubleWho studies the hardest in your class4.用连接副词引导;常见的引导宾语从句的连接副词有 when,how,where,why 等;此时要特别注意宾语从句用陈述句词序,而不用疑问句词序;如：He knows where they live.他知道他们住哪里;Tell us how you are ge
25、tting on now.告诉我们你现在过得怎样I cant tell you why she is crying.我不能告诉你她为什么哭;He didnt say when he would return.他没有说什么时候回来;Could you tell me how long it will take me to get to the hospital from here你能告诉我从这里到医院需要多长时间吗Do you remember how much you paid for the coat你记得你买这件外衣付了多少钱吗五、宾语从句与形式宾语 it当宾语从句后跟有宾语补足语时,通常
26、在宾语从句处使用形式宾语 it,而将真正的宾语从句移至句末;如：I think it best that you should stay here.我认为你最好住这儿;He hasnt made it known when he is going to get married.他还没宣布他何时结婚;六、宾语从句与否定转移当动词 think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句时,其否定通常转移到主句;如：I dont think that it is worth doing.我认为这不值得做;I dont believe that he w
27、ill help us.我相信他不会来;练习练习1.-When are the Shutes leaving for New York-Pardon-I asked _.A.when are the Shutes leaving for New YorkB.when the Shutes are leaving for New YorkC.when were the Shutes leaving for New YorkD.when the Shutes were leaving for New York2.Could you tell me _ I have something intere
28、sting to tell him.A.where is Li Hong B.where Li Hong isC.where was Li Hong D.where Li Hong has been to3.-Could you tell me _A.how many people have been out of hospital B.when is ThanksgivingC.which animal does he like best D.what time will the dolphin show start4.I want to know _.A.what is his name
29、B.whats his nameC.that his name is D.what his name is5.He asked me _.A.if she will come B.how many books I want to haveC.they would help us do it D.what was wrong with me6.Do you still remember _ at the meetingA.that Jim said B.what Jim saidC.did Jim said that D.what did Jim said7.-Excuse me,_ to th
30、e nearest bookshop,please-Go straight and take the second turning on the left.A.where the way is B.which the way isC.where is the way D.which is the way8.Mike,go and see who _ football on the playground.A.is playing B.plays C.played D.were playing9.The woman still doesnt know what _ in her hometown
31、while she was away.A.happens B.happened C.will happen D.was happened10.-Can I help you-Yes.I d like a ticket to Mount Emei.Can you tell me _take toget thereA.how soon will it B.how soon it willC.how long it will D.how long will it11.-I hear well have a new teacher this term.-Really Do you know _A.wh
32、at subject does he teach B.what subject will he teachC.what subject he teaches D.what subject is he going to teach12.He asked his teacher _.A.if there was a monster in Loch Ness B.when was Albert Einstein bornC.how would the scientists find out the result D.where could he find the library13.Do you k
33、now _ over thereA.what happens B.what was happenedC.what is happening D.what did happen14.-Do you know _ we will arrive at your hometown-This afternoon.A.when B.why C.if D.where15.Could you tell me _ to Mount Putuo tomorrowA.how you will go B.how will you goC.how you have gone D.how have you gone16.
34、Could you tell me _A.which room he lives B.which room he livedC.which room did he live in D.which room he lives in17.-Do you know _ he is-He says“1.75 metres”,but Im not sure.A.how many B.how old C.how far D.how tall18.She said she _ me five letters in one month.A.has written B.will write C.had writ
35、ten D.wrote19.Can you tell me _ she is waiting forA.why B.whose C.whom D.which20.I dont know _ he still lives here.A.where B.what C.when D.whether21.-Be careful Dont break the bottles.Do you hear _ I said,David-Yes,mum.A.what B.that C.why D.if22.Id like to know _.A.when will he give back the tapeB.w
36、hether has he received higher educationC.that he has been busyD.whether she will join in our English evening23.Could you tell me _A.when shall we start B.who are you waiting forC.where the bus station is D.why were you late24.-Do you know _ Im going to see him.-Sorry,I dont know.A.where does Mr.Li l
37、ive B.where did Mr.Li liveC.where Mr.Li lives D.where Mr.Li lived25.He asked me _.A.who did kick the first goal in the World CupB.when was the APEC meeting heldC.when China became a member of the WTOD.where will the 2008 Olympics be heldII.1-5 DBADD 6-10 BDABC 11-15 CACAA 16-20 DDCCD21-25 ADCCC名词从句名
38、词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句,其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;1 主语从句主语从句常出现在 it is+名词、形容词、分词+主语从句”的形式中;例如：1.It is reported that Taiwanese pop singer Meng Tingwei will hold a soloconcert in Shanghai someday this month2.It must be pointed out that you have failed to meet the deadline3.It usually happened that I was late b
39、ecause of traffic jams.主语从句还可用 when,where,how,why,whether 等连接副词,和who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever 等连接代词来引起;例如：1.How to arrange the meeting is not your task2.Whose candidate will win the election is the question both politicalparties are asking3.When I leave is my own decision.4.W
40、hoever will go to the party wont change my mind of staying at home2 表语从句表语从句对主语的内容起解释和阐述的作用；若表语从句用 that 引起,that 起连接作用,不能省略;b 表语从句也可用连接词 how,when,where,why,what 引起;由 because 引起的表语从句通常只用在“this/that/it is because”结构中;例如：1.A logarithm 对数 is what is known in algebra exponent 代数的指数2.One thing I admire mos
41、t about them is that they are hospitable3.She works too hard；That is why she is exhausted4.I must point out that where you intend to build a super-market is wherethe elderly do exercise every day3同位语从句同位语从句是由两个或两个以上同一层次语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能相同;同位语从句由 that 引导,也可由 whether 初中英语语法总结,how,why,where,when 等来引导;例如：1.She ignored the teachers instruction that she must studyhard2.The question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly