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1、第十章被动语态一、被动语态的结构被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。被动 语态主要用于两种情况：1 .不知道动作的执行者，或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时；2 .需要强调动作的执行者时。教你巧学巧记：当说话人强调或特别关心的是行为对象，即主动句中的宾语，或没有必要说出行为者是谁就用被动语 态。其构成是用助动词be加上动词的过去分词。在被动句中语法上的主语是行为的承受者，而实际上的主 语可用介词by来引导。据此编成如下顺口溜：(1)动作谁做的不知道，说出谁做的不必要，接受动作者要强调，用被动语态最为妙。(2)被动特点强调宾(语)，用be加上过去分
2、(词)， 行为对象做主语， 逻辑主语by引。(3)被动不离“be”“p.p. ”，主谓一致莫忘记，句中时态要留意，“进行”易漏一个“be”。例如：(l)Such books are written for children. A new raiIway is being built.(2)We love the Party. -*The Party is loved by us.(3) They were cleaning their classrooms. -*Their classrooms are being cleaned by them.英语中的五个基本句型中，只有三个可以用于被动语
3、态。(一)单宾语及物动词的被动语态在一般情况下，将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，动词变为被动语态，主动句的主语变为助的宾 语，但时短语可以不要。如：They found a wallet in the car.他们在车中捡到一个钱包。-*A wallet was found in the car.钱包是在车中捡到的。(-)双宾语及物动词的被动语态有些动词(如：give, tell, buy等)在句中做谓语时可有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)，又称双 宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。一般是将 主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。当直接宾语变
4、为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介词t。(有 时可以省去)或for。如：My mother gave me a penc i 1. I was g i ven a penc i 1 by my mother.或：A penc i 1 was given (to) me by my mother.(介词io可以省略)Father bought me a new coat. -*T was bought a new coat.或：A new coat was bought for me.(介词for不可省略)注意：被动句中两个间接宾语对比时，其前的介词I。不可省略。如1：This apple i
5、s given to me, not to you.这个苹果时给我的，不是给你的。(三)复杂宾语及物动词的被动语态有些动词后面可以跟“宾语+补足语”结构，这种结构被称作复合宾语。含豆合宾语的主动结构变为 被动结构时，只符主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语保留不动，这时它就成了主语补 足语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词等。如：They call her Xiao Gao. She is called Xiao Gao (by them).He told me to wait for you. I was told to wait for you
6、 (by him).I found him lying on the floor. -*He was found lying on the floor(by me).We painted the wall blue. -*The wall was painted blue.注意:在主动句中,动词不定式做感官动词(see, watch, hear等)和使役动词(make, have)的宾语 补足语，通常行去动词不定式符号to,但改为被动结构后，要把省略了 to再加ho但当动词是let时， 其被动结构中不定式仍不带to0如：They made him go there alone. -*He wa
7、s made to go there alone.They let John go. -*John was let go.（四）带有情态动词的被动语态如果主动句带有情态动词，在变为被动句时，情态动词不变，只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。如：We must prevent him from going.我们必须阻止他去。He must be prevented from going.必须阻止他去。（五）主动句如果是带有宾语从句的复合句，也可改为被动语态，且有两种改法。如：We bel ieved that he was ill. -*lle was bel ieved to be i 11.或 I
8、I was bel ieved that he was ill.一为不定式结构，二是从句结构。通常以简洁看，最好改成不定式结构，但如果主从句中的时态先后 关系不能得到反映时，就宜使用从句结构了。如：We know he will make much progress. *He is known to make much progress.该句中的to make much progress不能体现原句中的将来时，如果使用从句结构，矛盾就迎刃而解了。 二、by短语在被动语态中的用法从主动句变为被动句以及被动句的使用，都须涉及“by+行为者”（即by短语）的问题，by短语有时 可省略或不用，有时却不
9、可省略。By短语究竟在哪些情况下使用，却很难用一两条规则加以概括。兹分述 如下：（一）一般说来，下列情况常常省略by短语。1 .主动句是“主+谓+宾+状”结构时。如：They built the school in 1962. The school was built in 1962.2 .主动句中含有双宾语时。如：Tom gave me a book. -*A book was given （to）me.3 .主动句中含有复合宾语。如：They heard him come. -*He was heard to come.4 .主动句中含有宾语从句时。如：We expect that Mar
10、y will win. -*Mary is expected to win.或：It is expected that Mary will win.（二）一般说来，下面几种不用by短语。1 .当动作的施事者不可知或不易说出时。如I：A greater number of new books will be published next year.明年将有更多的新书出版。2 .在特定的语境或上下文中，施事者为双方所共知，没有必要说出来时。如：He was made monitor of the class.他被选为班长。3 .说话人本身是行为者，但出于某种考虑（如为了表示礼貌、措辞婉转等），不愿
11、说出自己是动作的行 为者时。如：You have been told many times not to touch the pictures.已经多次告诉你不要触摸这些照片。（三）一般地说，下面几种情况不省略by短语。1 .主动句中的主语是句子的强调成分时。如：Even a child can answer this question. This question can be answered even by a child. 甚至小孩都能回答出这个问题。2 .如果省去by短语，句子意思就不完整或含混不清时。如：Mr Brown wrote the letter. -*The letter
12、 was written by Mr Brown.布朗先生写了那封信。3 .汉译英时，用英语表达汉语的“被、由、为所”等意思时。如：美洲为哥伦布于 1492 所发现。America was discovered by Columbus in 1492.电话是由贝尔发明的。The telephone was invented by Bel 1.4 .主动句是以疑问代词作主语的问句时。如：谁发现了美洲？Who discovered America? Who was America discovered by?三、by短语在被动句中的位置主动句改为被动句后，原主动句的主语变成了介词by的宾语，叮by
13、构成介词短语，即by短语，在 被动句里作方式状语。在动作执行者无须说明或不必强调时，by短语常常省去。但有时根据句意的需要， by短语不可省去。其在句中的位置主要有以下几种情况：1 .紧接在被动句谓语中过去分词之后。这种情况最为多见。如：The book was written by this soldier.The glass was broken by my sister yesterday.2 .含有复合宾语的主动句改为被动句后，原主动句的宾语成了被动句的主语，原宾语补足语也随之 成主语补足语。此时，by短语放在主语补足语之后。如：3 was asked to help her brot
14、her by her.3.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句后，其中一个宾语变成了被动句的主语，而另一个宾语不动，即成 为保留宾语，by短语置于保留宾语之后。如：The pupiIs wi11 be given some advice by the pianist.I was asked a lot of questions by Li Ping.四、被动语态的时态英语土电迨态的时态共16个，被动语态常用的时查只亘8个以give为例列表说明如下：方式 时向、一 般进 行完 成现在am、is 1 given arc Iam i sarebeing givenhas】havebeen given 过去wa
15、s 、weregivenwaswerebeing given had been given将来shal 1willjiven过去将来shouldwould5i ven A new computer has been bought by the CAAC.中国民航已购买了一台新电脑。（现在完成时的被动态）The life of the milu is being studied there.在那里正进行着对麋鹿生活习惯的研究。（现在进行时的被动态）He had been invited to teach at a university there.他被邀请在那儿的一所大学任教。（过去完成时的被动
16、态）He said that the books would be given to the students.他说这些书将发给学生。（过去将来时的被动态）五、短语动词的被动语态通常只有及物动词才有被动语态，但有些由不及物动词加介词/副词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词， 可以有宾语，因此也有被动语态。但应注意，短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可 省略掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。如：Have you sent for the doc tor?你派人去请医生 了吗？Has the doctor been sent for?派人去请医生了吗？They often made fun
17、of her.人们常拿她开玩笑。She was often made fun of.她常被人取笑。They will put up a notice on the wall.他们将在墙上贴一张通知。-*A notice will be put up on the wall.将在墙上贴张通知。五、主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词+名词+介词”构成的及物的短语动词时，通常把它看成一 个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。如：She takes good care of children in the village. Children are t
18、aken good care of in the village.或：Good care is taken of the children.You should pay more attention to your pronunciation. -*More attention should be paid to your pronunciation.或：Your pronunciation should be paid more attention.六、get-型的被动语态被动语态的基本形式是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。但在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get+ 及物动词的过去分词”构
19、成的被动语态，这叫get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态在高考试题中备受青睐， 应引起我们的注意。构成：用“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成，其中get相当于be动词，起助动词的作用。例如：The computer got （was）damaged when we were moving.我们搬家的时候，电脑碰坏了。My bike is getting（is being） repaired now.我的自行车正在修理。用法：a. get-型被动语态可用于突然发生、未曾预料的事态。例如：My glasses got broken while I was playing basketball.我的
20、眼镜在打篮球时给弄坏了。b. get-型被动语态可用于“最后终于”出现的某种事态。例如：In the end he got invited.最后他受到邀请。c. get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单/、的动词或比较简单的动词短语。例如： Peter and Mary got married last year.皮特和玛丽于去年结了婚。Bill got thrown out of college for failing his exams.比尔因历次考试不及格被勒令退学。要注意“两不准”。a. get-型被动语态一般不可接by短语引出动作执行者，如要表示动作的执行者，则需用“be+及
21、物 动词的过去分词”的形式。例如：误：The boy got hurt by a car on his way to school.正：The boy was hurt by a car on his way to school.b. get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感 官动词构成被动语态。例如：上学期教了他们英语。误：They were taught Engl ish (by me) last term.正:They got taught English last term.只见一些农民正在田地里干活。误：So
22、me farmers were seen working in the fields.正：Some farmers got seen working in the fields.七、主动形式被动含义的用法英语中常用主动表被动的情况主要有：一些既是及物又是不及物的动词。如 read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, etc.； 此类动词常接副词作状语。例如：The door wont shut.门关不上。The shoes wear well.这鞋子经穿。系动词 look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove,
23、 seem, appear, etc. 此类动词常接形容词作 表语。例如：The cloth feels soft.这布料摸起来柔软。The dish tastes good.这菜味道不错。不定式作定语与前面的名词或代词有动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示主动含义。例如：I have a lot of work to do this week.Have you got anything to say at the meeting?当动词不定式作表语形容词(如形容词easy, difficult, hard等)的状语，又与句子的主语构成 动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例如：Th
24、is question is difficult to answer.We find the man hard to get along with.need, want, require作“霜耍时，他们后面常接生动的-ing分词或被动的不定式。在这种情况下， 句子的主语必须在逻辑上是-ing分词的宾语。例如：Your hair needs cutting/to be cut.The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned everyday.比较：I need to have my hair cut.He wants to go home this afternoon
25、.用于be worth do i ng结构。例如:The film is wel1 worth seeing twice.The book is worth reading.比较 worthy 用法:The book is worthy to be read.The book is worthy of being read.八、被动形式主动含义的用法一般说来，被动语态是由“be+过去分词”构成的，但并非所有的“be+过去分词”都表示被动。有些 动词的过去分词与be连用，从形式上看是被动形式，但表达的却是主动意义。现将这些动词归类如下。1、表示相信”、“确信”、“劝说”等方面的动词I am al
26、most persuaded of his honesty. (=. . . that he is honest.)我几乎相信他是诚实的。We were not convinced that he was innocent. (=. of his innocence.)我们仍不相信他是清白 无辜的。If they adopt the constructive suggestions, they will be assured of success.如果他们接受 这些建设性的建议，他们准保能成功。2、表示“感情满足与否及情绪变化”等方面的动词He cried out loudly, “Beaut
27、iful! I am very pleased with it.他大声嚷道：“真漂亮!我真高兴呀！”She was not surprised that he did not come for the party.对于他未参加聚会，她并不感到吃惊。He was disappointed in his marriage.他对自己的婚姻很失望。这类动词还有：satisfy, discourage, amaze, amuse, content, delight, excite, astonish, interest, shock等等。3、表示“决心”、“关切”、“区别”、“说明”等意思的动词The
28、boy is not disposed for a game of chess.那男孩现在无意于下棋“The doctors are determined to find a new cure for the cancer of the lung.那些医生们决心 找到医治肺癌的新疗法。The mother was devoted to adopting those homeless chiIdren.那位母亲致力于收养那些无家可归的孤儿。We are fully justiced in doing so.我们这样做是完全有道理的。She was di st ingushed from the
29、other girls by her height.她和别的女孩的区别是她的身高。4、表示“站立”、“起居”、“处所”、“方位”等意思的动词They were late for the meeting, so they were seated at the back of the meeting-room, 开会迟到，所以只好坐在会议室的后排。The new couple will be settled in the countryside tomorrow.这对新婚夫妇明天就要到农村安家落户。The church is situated in the very centre of the c
30、ity.那座教堂正好位于市中心。Our school is located near the river.我们的学校坐落在小河附近。The army will be stationed in the above four countries in a few years.在以后的几年里这支 军队将驻扎在上述四国。这类动词还有：root, plant, stand, scatter 等。5、表示“从事某项活动、工作、职业”或“有契约、婚约关系”等意思的动词He is engaged in writing his term paper,他正忙于写学期论文。Mr Wang was a writer,
31、 he was occupied in writing.王先生是作家，他致力于写作。The old man was employed in a bank.那老人曾在一家银行供职。Peter was engaged to Mary.彼特和玛丽订婚了。The actress was married to a solider in her twenties.那个女演员在二十几岁时嫁给了一个当兵的。6、表示“穿”、“戴”、“装扮”、“打扮”等意思的动词The king was disguised as a peasant.那位国王装扮成一个农夫。Most of the people there wer
32、e clothed in rags and wore no shoes.那儿的大多数人都衣衫褴褛，赤裸双脚。Clothe的过去分词和be连用时，其引伸意义具有主动意义。The trees are clothed in green leaves.树木枝叶茂盛。The family was clothed with shame.那个家庭遭受了耻辱。7、表示“相识”、“听说”、“了解”等意思的动词Are you ful1y acquainted with the facts of the case?你对这个案子的详情完全了解吗？How did you get acquainted with the
33、girl?你是如何认识那个姑娘的？I am informed of the decision.我已经知道了这个决定。8、表示“到达”、“聚集”、上下来去”等意思的动词Al 1 the guests are arrived.所有的客人都到了。The summer is gone.夏天过去了。9、表示“反对”、“担心”等意思的动词We arc opposed to their plans.我们反对他们的计划。All the members of the family were worried about her.这个家庭的每个成员都为她担心。10、表示“习惯”方面的动词We will soon g
34、et accustomed to it.我们很快就会习惯的。The old man was used to loneliness.那位老者已习惯孤独。九、不宜用被动语态的动词归纳英语中并非所有动宾结构的句;都能改为被动语态。现将不宜改为被动语态的句r类型举例说明如 下:1 .当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时。如:Our village has twenty tractors.我们村有 20 台拖拉机。The hall can hold 2000 people.这个大厅能盛 2000 人。The war lasted four years.这场
35、战争持续了 4 年。2 .当某些及物动词（如leave, enter, join,等）的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时。如：The students entered the classroom one by one.学生门陆续地进了教室。My brother joined the Party two years ago.我哥哥 2 年前入了党。My father left his hometown five years ago.我父亲 5 年前离开了家乡。3 .当主动句中有表示数量、长度、大小或程度等的词或词组作宾语，但此宾语在意义上相当于状语时。 如：Each stone weighs as
36、much as Iwo and a half Ions.每块石头重达两吨半。He ran ten mi les without rest. 他一气跑了 10 里路。4 .当表示行为、方式的宾语在意义上相当于状语时。如：We do our best to speak more English.我们尽量多讲英语。He spoke that way his father had spoken just now.他学着他父亲刚才的样子讲话。5 .当句子的宾语和谓语是一个不可分割的整体时。如：We Chinese always keep words.我们中国人说话是算数的。We had a rest f
37、or a while.我们休息了一会。6 .当句子的宾语是反身代词时。如：He can dress himself.他能自己穿衣服。Help yourself to the dishes.随便吃菜。7 .当句子的宾语为相互代词时。如：We learned from and helped each other.我们互相学习互相帮助。For years the three sisters looked after one another.多年来（E姐姝互相照顾。8 .当句子的宾语是同源宾语时。如：The Browns live a happy life.布朗一家过着幸福的生活。He died a
38、glorious death in the battle.他在战斗中光荣牺牲。9 .当句子的宾语为行为者（主语）身体上某一部分时。如：1 couldn, t believe my eyes when I saw him still alive.看到他还活着，我简宜不相信自己的眼睛。He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence.他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。10 .某些动词+介词的惯用词组也不能变为被动句。如：The book belongs to me.这本书是我的。The group consists of seven members.这个小组由 7 名成员组成。1
39、1 .当句子的宾语是动名词或动名词短语时。如：lie likes studying English.他喜欢学习英语。I looked forward to seeing him.我盼着去看望他。12 .当句子的宾语是动词不定式或动词不定式短语时。如：I wish to go there myself.我想亲自去那里一趟。He promised to come and help us.他答应来帮我们。少数以不定式（短语）做宾语的动词（如agree, feel, dec ide, lh ink等）可以变为被动句，但不能以 不定式（短语）直接做被动句的主语，而要借助it为先行主语，将不定式（短语）置
40、于谓语动词之后。如： lie has decided to go and study abroad. -*It has been decided （by him） to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。They think iI important to study a foreign language. II is thought important （for them） to study a foreign language.他们认为学习外语很重要。十、如何区别被动语态和系表结构“bc+过去分词”这个结构既可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构。二者形式相同，但意义不
41、一样。 被动语态表示动作，句子主语是动作的承受者：系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。我们可以根据以 下几点来区别这个结构到底是被动语态，还是系表结构。1 .根据句中有无by引导的短语被动语态中主语是动作的承受者，动作的执行者常用by引导的短语来表示。因此，如果句中有by 引导的短语，这个“be+过去分词”结构通常就是被动语态。试比较：The window was closed now by my mother.（被动语态）The window now was closed.（系表结构）什么事情也不是绝对的，具体情况要具体分析。有少数含有by引导的短语的句子，并不是被动语态， 而是系表结构。T
42、he hero was surrounded by the Young Pioneers.英雄被少先队员们围住了。The city is surrounded by hi Ils and woods.这座城市的周围是山和森林。第一句是被动语态，by引导的短语表示动作的执行者：而第二句是系表结构，因为by引导的短语 没有执行某一动作，全句表示一种状态。2 .根据句子的时态被动语态有多种时态，可用于一般时、将来时、进行时和完成时。而系表结构只用于一般现在时和 一般过去时。像卜一面几个句子，只能是被动语态，而不可能是系表结构。New products are being made. 新产品正在制造。
43、The book has already been translated into many languages.这书已译成多种语言。The meeting wi 11 be put off. 会议将延期。3 .根据句子状语若“be+过去分词”结构是一般现在时或一般过去时，我们可以根据句子的状语来区别是被动语态 还是系表结构。1）“be+过去分词”结构是一般现在时，若句子中行always, usually, often等频度副词说明动作反 夏发生，则为被动语态。如：The shop is usually opened at eight.商店通常八点钟开门。（被动语态）The shop is c
44、losed now.商店现在关门了。（系表结构）2）当“be+过去分词”结构是一般过去时，如句中有表示时间、地点、方式的状语，多为被动语态。 如：The factory was built in 1980 s.这座工厂是八十年代建的。The meeting was held in a secret place.会议在一个秘密的地方举行。有时候，系表结构也可带一描绘性的状语。如：The department stores are crowed with people,especially on Sundays.百货商场挤满了人，特别是在星期天。注意：遇到这种情况要根据上下文来判断。4 .根据谓语动词不是所有的过去分词都可以做表语，来我示主语所处的状态。只有部分可以这样用。常见的能这 样用的过去分词有：buried, covered, shut, painted,lined, broken, married, killed, finished 等。如：Where is Lu Sun buried? 鲁迅葬在哪儿？Everything is settled now. 一切都解决了。The house is shaded by bamboo groves.房子处/E翠竹荫中。