初中英语语法大全精华总结.docx

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1、初中英语语法大全语法网络图一.名词I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体 机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法 与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watchcs, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾 的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leave

2、s, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves加-Schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为 i 加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-citics5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有 名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音 字母加 -0结尾 的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes, her

3、o-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zcro-zcros/zerocs, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-0结尾的名词加-Sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-lh结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词

4、的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese.注 意 事 项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉 其中介副词。固定结构begoing （o, used to, have （o, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers us

5、ed to be sent here by （he little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed that.It is generally considered that.It is said that.It is well known that.It must be pointed out that.It is supposed that.It is reported that.It must be admitted that.It is hoped that.下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants

6、/nccds/rcquircs repairing.The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wont act.The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, app

7、ear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等七.情态动词I.情态动词基本用法:情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力（体力，智力，技能） 允许或许可（口语中常用） 可能性（表猜测，用于否定句 或疑问句中）can not / cannot /cant doCan.do.?Yes,.can.No,.cant.couldcouldnt domay可以（问句中表示请求） 可能，或许（表推测） 祝

8、愿（用于倒装句中）may not doMay.do.? Yes,.may.No,.mustn,t/can,t.mightmight not doMight.do.? Yes,.might No,.might not.must必须，应该（表主观要求） 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustnt doMust.do.? Yes,.must.No,neednt/dont have to.IL 情态动词 must, may, might, could, can 表示推测:have to只好，不得不（客观的必须， 有时态人称变化）dont have to doDo.have to do.

9、?Yes,.do.No,dont.ought to应当（表示义务责任，口语中 多用shouldought not to/oughtn to doOught.to do.?Yes,. ought.No,oughlntshall将要，会用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、命 令、警告、威胁等shall not/shaift doShall.do.?Yes,.shall.No, .shant.should应当，应该（表义务或任） 本该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldnt doShould.do.?will意愿，决心请求，建议，用在问句中would 比较委婉will no

10、t/wont doWill.do.?Yes,.will.No, .wont.wouldwould not/wouldnt dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句 中）dare not/darent doDare.do.?Yes.dare. No,.darent.need需要必须（常用于否定句和疑问句 中）need not/neednt doNeed.do.?Yes,.must. No,.neednt.used to过去常常（现在已不再）usednot/usednVusent to dodidnt use to doUsed.to do.?Yes,.used.No,.use(d)nt.Did.us

11、e to do.?Yes,.did.No,.didnt.以must为例。must + do（be）是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing推测可能正在 进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能己经发生过的事情。Lmusl“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might “也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may n

12、ot be at home. / They might have finished their task.3. can和could “可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can*语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑 问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生） Can he be in the office now? No, he cant be there, fbr I saw him in the library jus

13、t now.（i吾气很 强，常用于疑问句和否定句中）III.情态动词注意点：1. can be able to:都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功，而can无法 表达此意。Be able 2有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2. used to 和 would:used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉 及现在。3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：nccdnt/darcnt do： Nccddarc.do.?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形

14、式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, doiftCdocsift/didnt) necd/darc to do八.非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:非谓语形 式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式to doto be doing to have doneto be doneto have been done在非谓 语前加notfbr sb. to do sth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作 用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状 语分词现在分 词doing having donebeing done having been done

15、具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去 分词done动名词doing having donebeing done having been donesbs doing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语IL做宾语的非谓语动词比较:情况常用动词只接不定式做宾 语的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接动名词做宾 语的动词或短语mind, miss, enjoy, imagine,

16、practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to,

17、devote oneself to. be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to两意义基本相者同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue (接不定式多指具体的动作，接 动名词多指一般或习惯行为)in.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:都 可 以need, want, require （接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用 被动形式）意义相反stop to do停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regret to do （

18、指动作尚未 发生）remember/forget/regret doing （指动作已经 发生）go on to do （接着做另外一件 事）go on doing （接着做同一件事）try to do （设法，努力去做,尽力）try doing （试试去做,看有何结果）mean to do （打算做，企图做）mean doing （意识是，意味着）cant help to do （不能帮忙做）cant help doing （忍不住要做）常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间 概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encoura

19、gehave, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make主谓关系。强调动作将发生 或已经完成I heard him call me several limes.现在分词notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进 行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成， 多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别:1浏举例不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系

20、，一般式表示将 来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式 表示在谓语动词之前发生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lol of papers to be typed.动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shall we go co the swimming pool?现在分 词与被修饰词之间是主调关系，表示动作与谓语 动作同时发生the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/thc developed countrythe falling leaves / the

21、fallen leaves过去分 词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在 谓语动作之前，现已经完成V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:区别举例不定 式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以 借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主 语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提My drcam is to become a teacher.To obey the law is important.问主语或表语。(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用)动名 词与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表 示的

22、动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也 可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。It is no use saying that again and again.Teaching is my job.分词无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质， 可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可 被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。现在分词多含有“令人”之意，说明主语的性质特 征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被 动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到”之意，主语多 是人。The situation is encouraging. The book is we

23、ll written. (常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-cd形式)九.定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定 语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句 中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的i致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系 代词who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, wh

24、ich 和that在从句 中做宾语时， 常可以省略， 但介词提前时 后面关系代词 不能省略，也 不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmatc.that人，物主语，宾 语A plane is a machine that ca

25、n fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾 语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主语，宾 语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.as做宾语一般 不省略II. that 与 which, who,

26、whom 的用法区别:关系 副词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用 on whichwhere地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用 in whichwhy原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用 for which情况用法说明例句只用that的情 况1.先行词为 all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2.先行

27、词被 all, any, eveiy, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4.先行词既指人又指物时5.先行词被the only, the very修饰时6.句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重 复时1 .He told me everything that he knows.2 .Ail the books that you offered has been given out.3 .Th is is the best film that I have ever read.4 .We talked about

28、the persons and things that we remembered.5 .He is the only man that I want to see.6 .Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom 的 情况1.在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 中，只能用which指物,whom指人。3.先行词本身是iha【时，关系词用which,先 行词为those, one, he时多用who。He has a son, who has gon

29、e abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.HL as与which的区别:定语从 句区别例句限制性 定语从 句中名词前有such和the same修饰时,关系 代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks. Dont read such books as you cant understand.非限制 性定语 从句中as和wh

30、ich都可以指代前面整个主句。如 果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主 句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而 which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which wc hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film starIV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:“正如”的意思。in the 1980s.类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语 从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意 思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系

31、十分 密切，写时不用逗号分开。The accident happened at (he time when I left.非限制性定 语从句对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分 密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开， 相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代 词做宾语时也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.十.名词性从句种类作用常用关联词例句主语从 句在复合句中做主语，相当于名 词，一般置谓语之前，也可用 it作形式主语，主语从句放主 句之后that, whether, if. as if, as tho

32、ugh, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, whereverWhether he will come or not doesnt matter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome.表语从 句在复合句中做表语，相当于名 词，位于系动词之后It looks as if it is going to snow.宾语从 句在复合句中做宾语，相当于名 词He asked me which team could win the game.同位语 从句放在名词之后(

33、news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact 等)表明其 具体内容You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.十一。状语从句种类连接词注意点时间状 语when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly.when, no sooner.than, the moment, the

34、 minute, immediately, directly, instantly主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现 在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是 延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动 词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为 短暂性的。地点状 语where, wherever原因状 语because, as, since, now thatbecause语气最强，since较弱,表示大 家都明了的原因，as又次之。条件状 语if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一 般时代替目的状

35、语so that, in order that, for fear thatso that 和 in order that 后常接 may, should, could, would 等情态动词结果状 语so.that, such.that比较状 语than, as.as, not so/as.as, the more.the more方式状 语as if, as though, asas if和as (hough引导的从句一般用虚 拟语气。让步状 语though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no

36、 matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, wheneveras在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式； although和though用正常语序,可和 yet连用，但不可和but连用十二。倒装句十三。虚拟语气种类倒装条件例句完全 倒装here, there, up, down. in. out, off, away 等副 词开头的句子表示强调The children rushed out!表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Under the tree stood two

37、 tables and four chairs.强调表晤，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.部分 倒装never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until. not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首Hardly did I know what had happened.only和修饰的状语放于句首Only then did he realized the importance of English.not only.but also连接并列的句子，前倒后 不倒Not only

38、 does he know French, but also he is expert at it.neither. nor.连接并列的句子，前后都倒装Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.so.that, such.that 中的 so或such 及修饰的 成分放于句首时前倒后不倒So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.as引导的让步状语Child as he is, he has learned a lot.so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另 外的人或事。He can

39、play the piano. So can i.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中May you be in good health!省略if的虚拟条件Were I you, I would not do it in this way.类别用法例句If引导的 条件从句与现在事实 相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If he were here, he would help us.与过去事实 相反从句动词：had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might+havc+ 过去分词If I had been fre

40、e, I would have visited you.与将来事实 相反从句动词：过去式/shoukl+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词：should/would/could/migh（+动词原 形If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.其它状语 从句as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式They are talking as if they had been friends for years.in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may / might /

41、 would 等+动词原形Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.宾语从句demand, suggest, order, insist 后接的从句中动词为 should+ 动词原形He suggested that we not change our mind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反I wish I could be a pop singer.主语从句在 It is necessary / important / strange that., It is

42、 suggested / demanded / ordered /requested that.等从句中，谓语动词 用should+动词原形It is strange that such a person should be our friends.其它句型 中It is time that句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形Its high time that we left.would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式I would rather you stayed at home now.1only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈 的愿望If onl

43、y our dream had come true!十四。重要句型It was not until midnight that he finished his task.1. Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again.2. The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.3. He walked around the house, gun in hand.4. May you be in good health!5. Wish you a plea

44、sant journey back home!6. The professor was a humorous man with big nose and dcep-sct eyes.7. What surprised me most was his imagination and patience.8. He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head.9. Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher.10

45、. On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists.11. Looking back upon those past years, he couldnt help feeling very proud.12. No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre than(when) the play started.13. Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics.14. How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!15. There stands a beautiful vase in the coi ner of the room.16. Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory.17. There goes the bell.18. Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here.