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1、必修 5Unit 1 Great scientistsReadingJOHH SHOW DEFEATS“KING CHOLERA”John Snow was a famous doctor in London-so expert,indeed,that he attended Queen Victoria as her personalphysician.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.This wasthe deadly disease of its
2、 day.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.So many thousands of terrified peopledied every time there was an outbreak.John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.He knewthat cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.He became interested in two theories tha
3、t possibly explained how cholera killed people.The first suggested thatcholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.The second suggestedthat people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attack
4、edthe body and soon the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hitLondon in 1854,he was ready to begin his enquiry.As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods,he began to gather information.In two part
5、icular streets,the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived.This gave him a valuable clueabout the cause of the disease.Many of the deaths were near the wat
6、er pump in Broad Street(especiallynumbers 16,37,38 and 40).He also noticed that some houses(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.He had not foreseen this,so he made further investigations.He discoveredthat these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.T
7、hey had been given free beer and so had not drunkthe water from the pump.It seemed that the water was to blame.Next,John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the riverpolluted by the dirty water from London.He immediately told the astonished peopl
8、e in Broad Street to remove thehandle from the pump so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He had shownthat cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London,he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the BroadSt
9、reet outbreak.A woman,who had moved away from Broad Street,liked the water from the pump so much thatshe had it delivered to her house every day.Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.Withthis extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted wate
10、r carried the virus.To prevent this from happening again,John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally King Cholera wasdefeated.Using LanguageCOPERNICUS REVOLUTION RRY THEORYNicola
11、us Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused.Although he had tried to ignore them,all hismathematical calculations led to the same conclusion:that the earth was not the centre of the solar system.Only ifyou put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.Yet
12、he could not tell anyoneabout his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea.They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of thesolar system.The problem arose because astronomers had notice
13、d that some planets in the sky seemed to stop,movebackward and then go forward in a loop.Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others.This was verystrange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.Copernicus had thought long and hard about these pro
14、blems and tried to find an answer.He had collectedobservations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them.But only his new theory could dothat.So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it,gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.In 1514 he showed it privatel
15、y to his friends.The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary.Heplaced a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still goinground the earth.He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explainedchang
16、es in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars.His friends were enthusiastic andencouraged him to publish his ideas,but Copernicus was cautious.He did not want to be attacked by the ChristianChurch,so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.Certainly he was right to be car
17、eful.The Christian Church rejected his theory,saying it was against Gods idea andpeople who supported it would be attacked.Yet Copernicus theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of theuniverse are built.His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity,which said things fell to earth because
18、God createdthe earth as the centre of the universe.Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong.Now people can see that thereis a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton,Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.Unit 2 The United KingdomReadingPUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHYPeople may wonder why di
19、fferent words are used to describe these four countries:England,Wales,Scotland and Northern Ireland.You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England.Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century.Now when people refer to England youfind Wales included as well.Next
20、 England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and thename was changed to Great Britain.Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotlandbecame King of England and Wales as well.Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century toform
21、 the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way.However,the southern part ofIreland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government.So only Northern Ireland joined with England,Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new
22、flag called the UnionJack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas(eg,the currency and international relations),but they still have very different institutions.For example,Northern Ireland,England and Scotland have differenteducational and legal systems as well as different
23、football teams for competitions like the World Cup!England is the largest of the four countries,and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones.The zonenearest France is called the South of England,the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest toScotland is known as the North
24、.You find most of the population settled in the south,but most of the industrial citiesin the Midlands and the North of England.Although,nationwide,these cities are not as large as those in China,theyhave world-famous football teams and some of them even have two!It is a pity that the industrialciti
25、es built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors.For historical architecture you have to go to olderbut smaller towns built by the Romans.There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums,art collections,theatr
26、es,parks and buildings.It is the centre of national government and its administration.It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the firstcentury AD,the oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by laterNorman rulers in 1066.There has been four sets
27、of invaders of England.The first invaders,the Romans,left theirtowns and roads.The second,the Anglo-Saxons,left their language and their government.The third,the Vikings,influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England,and the fourth,the Normans,left castles andintroduced new words
28、for food.If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders.You must keep youreyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.Using LanguageSIGHTSEEING IN LONDONWorried about the time available,Zhang Pingyu had made a l
29、ist of the sites she wanted to see in London.Herfirst delight was going to the Tower.It was built long ago by the Norman invaders of AD 1066.Fancy!This solidstone,square tower had remained standing for one thousand years.Although the buildings had expanded around it,it remained part of a royal palac
30、e and prison combined.To her great surprise,Zhang Pingyu found the Queensjewels guarded by special royal soldiers who,on special occasions,still wore the four-hundred-year-old uniform ofthe time of Queen Elizabeth I.There followed St Pauls Cathedral built after the terrible fire of London in 1666.It
31、 looked splendid when firstbuilt!Westminster Abbey,too,was very interesting.It contained statues in memory of dead poets and writers,such as Shakespeare.Then just as she came out of the abbey,Pingyu heard the famous sound of the clock,BigBen,ringing out the hour.She finished the day by looking at th
32、e outside of Buckingham Palace,the Queens housein London.Oh,she had so much to tell her friends!The second day the girl visited Greenwich and saw its old ships and famous clock that sets the world time.Whatinterested her most was the longitude line.It is an imaginary line dividing the eastern and we
33、stern halves of theworld and is very useful for navigation.It passes through Greenwich,so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on eitherside of the line.The last day she visited Karl Marxs statue in Highgate Cemetery.It seemed strange that the man who haddeveloped communism should have lived and died i
34、n London.Not only that,but he had worked in the famousreading room of the Library of the British Museum.Sadly the library had moved from its original place into anotherbuilding and the old reading room was gone.But she was thrilled by so many wonderful treasures from differentcultures displayed in t
35、he museum.When she saw many visitors enjoying looking at the beautiful old Chinese potsand other objects on show,she felt very proud of her country.The next day Pingyu was leaving London for Windsor Castle.Perhaps I will see the Queen?she wondered asshe fell asleep.Unit 3 Life in the futureReadingFI
36、RST IMPRESSIONSSpacemall:liqiang299AGreatAdventureSpaceSDear Mum and Dad,15/11/3008(Earthtime)I still cannot believe that I am taking up this prize that I won last year.I have to remind myself constantly that Iam really in AD 3008.Worried about the journey,I was unsettled for the first few days.As a
37、 result,I sufferedfrom“Time lag”.This is similar to the“jet lag”you get from flying,eep butgettingitseemsflashbacksyou fromyour previous time period.So I was very nervous and uncertain at first.However,my friend and guide,Wang Ping,was very understanding and gave me some green tablets which helped a
38、 lot.Well-known for their expertise,hisparents company,called Future Tours,transported me safely into the future in a time capsule.I can still remember the moment when the space stewardess called us all to the capsule and we climbed inthrough a small opening.The seats were comfortable and after a ca
39、lming drink,we felt sleepy and closed our eyes.The capsule began swinging gently sideways as we lay relaxed and dreaming.A few minutes later,the journey wascompleted and we had arrived.I was still on the earth but one thousand years in the future.What would I find?At first my new surroundings were d
40、ifficult to tolerate.The air seemed thin,as though its combination of gases hadlittle oxygen left.Hit by a lack of fresh air,my head ached.Just as I tried to make the necessary adjustment to thisnew situation,Wang Ping appeared.Put on this mask,he advised.Itll make you feel much better.He handed itt
41、o me and immediately hurried me through to a small room nearby for a rest.I felt better in no time.Soon I was backon my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer.Thesecarriages float above the ground and by bending or pressing down in your seat,you can move swift
42、ly.Wang Pingfastened my safety belt and showed me how to use it.Soon I could fly as fast as him.However,I lost sight ofWang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying by in alldirections.He was swept up into the centre of them.Just at that moment I had
43、a time lag flashback and saw thearea again as it had been in the year AD 2008.I realized that I had been transported into the future of what wasstill my hometown!Then I caught sight of Wang Ping again and flew after him.Arriving at a strange-looking house,he showed me into a large,bright clean room.
44、It had a green wall,a brownfloor and soft lighting.Suddenly the wall moved-it was made of trees!I found later that their leaves provided theroom with much-needed oxygen.Then Wang Ping flashed a switch on a computer screen,and a table and somechairs rose from under the floor as if by magic.Why not si
45、t down and eat a little?he said.You may find thisdifficult as it is your first time travel trip.Just relax,since there is nothing planned on the timetable today.Tomorrowyoull be ready for some visits.Having said this,he spread some food on the table,and produced a bed from thefloor.After he left,I h
46、ad a brief meal and a hot bath.Exhausted,I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.More news later from your loving son,Li QiangUsing LanguageI HA VE SEEN AMAZING THINGSMy first visit was to a space station considered the most modem in space.Described as an enormous round plate,it spins slowly in space t
47、o imitate the pull of the earths gravity.Inside was an exhibition of the most up-to-dateinventions of the 31 st century.A guide(G)showed us around along a moveable path.G:Good morning to all our visitors from 2008.First were going to examine one of the latest forms ofcommunication among our space ci
48、tizens.No more typists working on a typewriter or computer!No morepostage or postcodes!Messages can now be sent using a thoughtpad.You place the metal band over yourhead,clear your mind,press the sending button,think your message and the next instant its sent.Its storedon the thoughtpad of the recei
49、ver.Its quick,efficient and environmentally friendly.The only limitation isif the user does not think his or her message clearly,an unclear message may be sent.But we cannotblame the tools for the faults of the user,can we?During the explanation I looked at the pair of small objects called thoughtpa
50、ds on a table.They just lookedlike metal ribbons.So ordinary but so powerful!While I was observing them,the path moved us on.G:And now ladies and gentlemen,we are in the environment area.People used to collect waste in dustbins.Then the rubbish was sent to be buried or burned,am I fight?(We nodded.)