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1、 专四辅导-语法和词汇Instructor:Ma Nina1第一章 语法结构n第一节 语法考试综述n一.教学大纲要求 系统掌握英语语法，并在实际运用中做到概念清楚，形式正确。具体如下：2n1.名词名词：可数及不可数名词，抽象，专有，物质名词的数，：可数及不可数名词，抽象，专有，物质名词的数，s属格的各种意义属格的各种意义,某些以某些以-s结尾的名词的数，集体名词的结尾的名词的数，集体名词的数。数。n2.限定词：限定词：限定词与三类名词的搭配关系，限定词与限定限定词与三类名词的搭配关系，限定词与限定词的搭配关系，冠词的类指，特指和独指；冠词的习惯用词的搭配关系，冠词的类指，特指和独指；冠词的习惯
2、用法，法，some,any,no的用法的用法n3.代词：代词：不定代词不定代词one,someone,anyone及不定代词及不定代词one,they,we,you,he的用法；物主代词，非人称代词；的用法；物主代词，非人称代词；反身代词及其他动词宾语的用法。反身代词及其他动词宾语的用法。n4.动词的动词的时态时态：时态，情态助动词，虚拟式，被动态，非：时态，情态助动词，虚拟式，被动态，非谓语动词谓语动词n5.定语定语从句从句，名词性从句（宾语，主语，表语，同位语从，名词性从句（宾语，主语，表语，同位语从句）；状语从句（时间，原因，目的，结果，方式，条件，句）；状语从句（时间，原因，目的，结果
3、，方式，条件，让步）让步）n6.直接引语，间接引语，并列结构，从属结构，形容词和直接引语，间接引语，并列结构，从属结构，形容词和副词的比较级，最高级；介词和介词词组；附加疑问句；副词的比较级，最高级；介词和介词词组；附加疑问句；存在句；主谓一致；后置，前置与倒装；省略存在句；主谓一致；后置，前置与倒装；省略3二.测试要求及题型n1.测试要求na.掌握并能正确运用大纲规定的一级至四级语法内容nb.掌握大纲规定的基础阶段认知词汇（5500-6000），并且能正确，熟练的运用其中的3000-4000个单词及其最基本的搭配nc.考试时间为15分钟4n2.题型n本部分采用多项选择题，共30题，每道题四个
4、选项，题目中约50%为词汇，词组和短语用法题，其余为语法结构题。5三.学习语法的几点建议n感性知识 与 理性知识n四级考试以正式书面语语法为规范，而许多非正式或不规范的形式只是作为干扰项存在于试题中。专业学生要有清晰的文体意识，严格区分口语语法和正式书面语语法。侧重正规语法的学习，重视语言的规范性。通过大量阅读来培养对语法的感性认识必要的语法理论6第二节 语法难点与考点及举例n一.冠词n冠词有两个形式：不定冠词a(an)和定冠词the。n不定冠词不定冠词的用法可分为两大类：“类别用法类别用法”和“指量用法指量用法”。There are a dozen eggs in the basket.Ka
5、te and I are nearly of an age.n定冠词定冠词的用法包括特指用法，概括用法以及与形容词，副词比较等级连用。If you get into difficulties,Monica is the person to ask.The Japanese admire the traditions of the Chinese.7nThe idea of traveling through _ space to other planets interests many people today.(1995.54)nA.a B.the C./D.onen抽象名词space前不加
6、冠词，表示“太空”C8二.代词n代词分为：n人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相互代词，指示代词，疑问代词，关系代词，不定代词等。n考试重点：such以及关系代词91.SuchnSuch 可以用作主语，表语，宾语和补语。例如：nSuch is life.nThe burglar was arrested,and was sentenced as such.nHis suggestion is such as maybe called sensible and practical.nSuch 的意义一般要有that或as引导的分句来表示 1)such that+分句分句 His kindness w
7、as such that we will never forget him.102)such as+to不定式不定式 The situation is such as to demand your immediate attention.The brilliance of his satires was _ make even his victims laugh.(1996.52)A.so as to B.such as to C.so that D.such that“such as to”意为“是这样以致”；其中such 为代词，在句中做表语。“so as to”以便，以致，so为副词，不
8、可做表语。“so that”引导一个从句；“such that”（这样的以致于）引导一个从句。3)Such as+分句分句 The case is not such as can be easily settled.B112.关系代词(that,who,whom,whose,which,as,but,than,where)n关系代词引导的定语从句分为限制性和非限制性定语从句。主要区别Asn在限制性定语从句中，既可指人，又可指物，可与在限制性定语从句中，既可指人，又可指物，可与the same,such,so,as连用连用 You are still the same person as I k
9、new ten years ago.As many people as are present have voted for the candidate.n在非限制性定语从句中既可充当主语也可充当宾语，都可代表它的先在非限制性定语从句中既可充当主语也可充当宾语，都可代表它的先行词或句子。行词或句子。The two countries were satisfied with this solution,as was agreed beforehand.（as在从句中作主语，其先行词为在从句中作主语，其先行词为solution）Julia was sad,as could be judged fr
10、om her tearful eyes.（as在从句中作主语，代表前面的句子）在从句中作主语，代表前面的句子）The world,as we know,is made up of small particles called atoms.（as在从句中作宾语，代表整个从句。）在从句中作宾语，代表整个从句。）12nThings,_is often the case,will turn out to be contrary to ones wishes.nA.as B.which C.that D.itn7)but 作为关系代词引导定语从句时，其意义相当于thatnot,它的主句往往带有not或n
11、o。There is no country so wild and difficult but will be made a theatre of war.（无论多么荒凉的地方，人们都会把它变成战场。）He has many pen-friends.No week passes_he receives several letters.A.that B.which C.than D.but13三.动词n动词的时态动词的时态 For some time now,world leaders_ out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction.A.ha
12、d been pointing B.have been pointing C.were pointing D.pointedn动词的语态动词的语态 只有及物动词才有被动语态，以下三种句型可用被动语态：1)动词+宾语 Mr.Smith has been sent to California for a year.2)动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 I was given a pen by Tom.3)动词+宾语+宾语补足语 The ship was named“May Flower”B14四.虚拟语气n1.虚拟语气在条件从句中的应用 1)对现在事实或将来情况的假设 2)与现在事实相反或过去事实相反n2
13、.虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用 1)在下列结构后的主语从句中谓语动词常用should+动词原形，should可以省略。It is desired(suggested,requested,demanded,required,advisable,desirable,imperative,preferable,urgent,understanding,necessary,important incredible,strange,essential);It was ordered(proposed,arranged)that;it has been decided that;It is our wish
14、(a pity,a shame,no wonder)that152).提议，建议，命令，要求或惊奇，惶惑，怀疑，不满等意义的词。advise,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,resolve,suggest,urge,expect,believe,suspect,beg,command,decide,demand,think,deserve,desire,determine,direct,insist,intend,maintain,move etc.3).虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中4)在Its time/Its about t
15、ime/Its high time(that);would rather(sooner,as soon)后的句子中用过去式表示虚拟。5)由as if,as though,even if,even though,if only,in order that,so that,lest,for fear that,in case,whatever,whoever,however,no matter what等词引导的状语从句中需要虚拟语气。6)Wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，从句动词用过去时态或过去将来时态7)混合式虚拟条件句16五.情态动词1.should/ought to+have+过去分词过去分
16、词 此结构表示过去应尽而未尽的责任，或应做而未做的事。用否定式时，表示已发生的错误或愚蠢行为2.Must+have+动词过去分词动词过去分词 此结构表示对过去某种动作或情形的推测或猜测。在否定句和疑问句中，常用can/cant代替must/mustnt17nMary _my letters otherwise she would have replied before now.A.has received B.ought to have received C.couldnt have received D.shouldnt have received3.could/may/might have
17、+过去分词过去分词表示过去发生某事的可能性，而说话人不能绝对肯定。Could/may比might语气更强一些。4.neednt have+过去分词过去分词表示已经做过的不必要的动作You _Jim anything about it.It was none of his business.A.neednt have told B.neednt tellC.mustnt have told D.mustnt tellcA18六.状语从句n1.让步状语从句 1)最常见 由though,although,even if/though引导 2)as可引导让步状语从句，但只有某些形容词，副词或动词倒装于
18、as之前时才属于此种用法 Much as _ I couldnt lend him the money because I simply didnt have that much spare time.A.I would have liked to B.I would like to have C.I should have to like D.I should have liked toA19n3)while引导让步状语从句引导让步状语从句，相当于though/although.它与引导时间状语从句的区别要从主句与从句关系来辨别 表让步:While I admit his suggestio
19、n is very reasonable,I dont agree to take it.表时间：While I am writing this paper,you can be doing something else._I sympathize,I cant really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.A.As long as B.as C.while D.even 这种让步从句可是使主句中所表达的拒绝变得较委婉，更容易让对方接受。C20n4)No matter与疑问词what，when,where,how等连用，或上述
20、疑问词加ever,也可引导让步状语从句，两者基本上可互相使用n5)for all+名词（不可加从句）也可引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”_,he is ready to accept suggestions from different sources.A.instead of his contributions B.For all his notable contributions C.His making notable contributions D.however his notable contributionsB212.时间状语从句n常用的时间状语引导词有when,after,as,
21、beforen三种特殊用法：1)Immediately，directly引导时间从句，相当于as soon as2)The minute/moment/day,the first/second/last time3)Hardly/scarcelywhen和no soonerthan表达的意思相当于as soon as,使用时要注意搭配，而且注意hardly/scarcely/no sooner后面是完成式，而when,than 后面用过去时223.结果状语从句n1)主要句型：so+形容词，副词/such+名词that.如果so用在名词前，应采用“so+形容词+a/an+名词”的结构n2)词组w
22、ith the result that也可引导结果状语从句，表示“相伴而生的结果是”234.目的状语从句n常用引导词有so that,in order that,in case,lest,for fear that等n1)so that,in order that引导的从句中常出现will/can/may/shall这样的助动词（情态动词），它们的时态与主句保持一致。So that可以转换成so as to do,in order that也可以用in order to do 来转换n2)in case引导的从句中，谓语动词根据主句可用should+动词原形，动词现在时，动词过去式 He di
23、dnt dare to leave the house in case he should be recognized.n3)Lest,for fear(that)表示否定意义的目的（以免，以防），后者更常用，而lest多用于正式文件。它们引导的从句中的谓语可用should+动词原形；或might/would+动词原形 The daughter was not allowed to go to bed,lest she might be needed.245.原因状语从句nSince,because,forn特殊用法：in和on the grounds 加that 构成的nBarry has
24、an advantage over his mother_ he could speak French.A.since that B.in that C.at that D.so thatB256.条件状语从句n最常见的if,还有unless,provided/providing that,so/as long as,on condition that,suppose/supposing that,in the event that等；whether or not可表示选择条件句n7.引导限制状语从句 引导的有：as far as,so far as,in so far as,in as mu
25、ch as,in so much as表示“在范围内”In so far as/Insofar as the definitions are concerned,there may still be some inaccuracies in this dictionary.26七.不定式，动名词，分词n1.有些动词后只能用动名词n2.有些动词后只能用不定式n3.分词独立主格的用法 分词独立主格在句中作状语，可表示时间，条件，原因，伴随状况等。_no cause for alarm,the old man went back to his room.A.there was B.Since C.b
26、eing D.there being 独立主格结构做原因状语，there being=as there wasD27n5.主语和分词保持一致 Hearing the terrible news,her face turned pale.该句不正确，主语face不能发出hear 的动作。He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,_insufficiently popular with all members.A.having considered B.was considered C.was being considere
27、d D.being consider D是分词的被动语态，用来做原因状语。D28n6.分词，动名词，和to不定式的否定n当动名词短语作主语时，短语若需否定，则否定词放在动名词前，n同理，当现在分词短语作状语时，短语若需否定，则否定词放在现在分词前，to不定式亦同。n2001，51n_,he can now only watch it on TV at home.nA.obtaining not a ticket for the matchnB.not obtaining a ticket for the matchnC.not having obtained a ticket for the
28、matchnD.not obtained a ticket for the match.n此句为-ing分词完成体做表示原因的状语。完成体表示动作延续到谓语动词动作发生时，或已经完成。Obtain的逻辑主语是he,他们之间主动关系。C297.动名词还和很多习惯用语一起组成句子成分n参见书本p12230八.原级，比较级，最高级的特殊用法n1.原级的特殊用法原级的特殊用法 倍数：倍数词+as.as as+原级+again+as-Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?-No,I would gladly have pai
29、d _for it.A.Twice so much.B.twice as muchC.As much twice D.so much twiceB312.比较级的特殊用法n1.比较级之前可用表示程度的副词修饰语 many,much,far,a little,a bit,slightly,a great deal,a lot,somewhat,hardly,rather etc.n2.比较级前可用even,far,all the more等加强语气 表示“更加”n3.数词用在比较级结构中，顺序：数词+名词+比较级+than My watch is 5 minutes faster than yo
30、urs.n4.“notany more than”“no morethan”结构表示“和.一样不”There is no single pattern of American character _there is a single English or Turkish or Chinese character.A.Much more than B.no more than C.no less than D.any more than D32n5.“morethan”或者“比较级+than”可表示两种不同概念的比较，意思为：“与其不如”n6.某些结构也表达比较意义，只是在形式上与比较级有些不同
31、 a.senior to,junior to,prior to,superior to,inferior to b.notso muchas;notso much thatas(that)/but(that)表示“与其不如”的意思333.最高级的特殊用法n“The+最高级+of+名词”表示强调，被修饰的名词如可数要用复数形式34九.其他语法点n1.附加疑问句 You and I could hardly understand,_?When you have finished with that video tape,dont forget to put it in my drawer,_?Do help yourself to some fruit,_you?Could weWill youWont 35