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1、细胞的内膜系统第1页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex2.1GolgiComplex(GC)TheGolgi apparatus,Golgi body,Golgi complex,ordictyosomeisanorganellefoundinmosteukaryoticcells,includingthoseofplantsandanimals(butnotmostfungi).ThenamecomesfromItaliananatomistCamilloGolgi,whoidentifieditin1898.第2页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexItsprimaryf
2、unctionistoprocessproteinstargetedtotheplasmamembrane,lysosomesorendosomesandthosethatwillbesecretedfromthecell,andsortthemwithinvesicles.Thus,itfunctionsasacentraldeliverysystemforthecell.第3页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexMostofthetransportvesiclesthatleavetheendoplasmicreticulum(ER),specificallyroughER,are
3、transportedtotheGolgiapparatus,wheretheyaremodified,sortedandshippedtowardstheirfinaldestination.TheGolgiapparatusispresentinmosteukaryoticcells,buttendstobemoreprominentwheretherearealotofsubstances,suchasenzymes,beingsecreted.第4页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex2.2structureofGCThestructureandinternalfunction
4、oftheGolgiapparatusisquitecomplexandisthesubjectofscientificdispute.第5页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexTheGCconsists,liketheER,ofmembranousstructures.Itismadeupofastackofflattenedcisternaeandsimilarvesicles.ThecisfaceisthesidefacingtheER,themedialregionisinthemiddlewhilethetransfaceisdirectedtowardstheplasmam
5、embraneThecisandtransfaceshavedifferentmembranouscompositions.第6页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex第7页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexTransitionalvesiclesCis-Golginetwork(CGN)CiscisternaMedialcisternaTranscisternaTrans-Golginetwork(TGN)vacuole第8页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex第9页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex第10页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex第11
6、页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex第12页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex第13页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex2.3functionofGCThetransportvesiclesfromtheERfusewiththecisfaceoftheGC(tothecisternae)andemptytheirproteincontentintotheGolgilumen.Theproteinsarethentransportedthroughthemedialregiontowardsthetransfaceandaremodifiedontheirway.
7、第14页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexThetransportmechanismitselfisnotyetclear;itcouldhappenbycisternaeprogression(themovementoftheapparatusitself,buildingnewcisternaeatthecisfaceanddestroyingthematthetransface)orbyvesicular transport(smallvesiclestransporttheproteinsfromonecisternatothenext,whilethecisternaere
8、mainunchanged).第15页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexLately,itisalsoproposedthatthecisternaeareinterconnectedandthetransportofcargomoleculeswithintheGolgiisduetodiffusion,whilethelocalizationofGolgiresidentproteinsisachievedbyanunknownmechansim.第16页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexOncetheproteinsreachthetransface,theyaree
9、mbeddedintocoatedtransportvesiclesandbroughttotheirfinaldestinations.Anexampleisthemodificationofglycoproteins(usedincellmembranes).第17页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexVesiclesfromtheERcontainsimplifiedglycosylatedproteins.IntheGC,carbohydratesareattachedandremovedfromtheseglycoproteins,creatingadiversityofca
10、rbohydratestructuresontheproteins.Aftertheyhavebeensecretedintothecellthevesiclesfusetothecellmembraneandreleasetheircontents.第18页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex第19页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexHow do proteins move to the Golgi Complex?1.ThebuddingfromERisarrangedfacingacentralzoneatoneendoftheGolgicomplex.Thesebud
11、sbecomevesiclesandarecoatedwithCOPIIproteincoats.2.AftertheylosetheirCOPIIcoat,theymergewiththeCGNscarryingthesolubleandmembraneproteinstotheGolgicomplex.第20页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex The movement of these special transport vesicles is an energy requiring process.If one blocks production of ATP,the tra
12、nsport will not happen.第21页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexTransportofmaterialinandoutoftheGolgicomplexinvolvesbuddingandfusionofvesicles.Thiscartoonshowsthatthemembranesofeachjoinandalignthemselvesduringtheprocesssothattheinsidefaceremainsinthelumenandtheoutsidefaceremainstowardsthecytoplasm.第22页，本讲稿共58页2.Go
13、lgiComplex第23页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexWhat types of secretion are controlled by the Golgi complex?TheGolgicomplexcontrolstraffickingofdifferenttypesofproteins.第24页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexSomearedestinedforsecretion.Othersaredestinedfortheextracellularmatrix.Finally,otherproteins,suchaslysosomalenzymes,m
14、ayneedtobesortedandsequesteredfromtheremainingconstituentsbecauseoftheirpotentialdestructiveeffects.第25页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexTwo types of secretory pathways.Theregulatedsecretorypathway,asitsnameimplies,isapathwayforproteinsthatrequiresastimulusortriggertoelicitsecretion.Somestimuliregulatesynthesi
15、softheproteinaswellasitsrelease.Theconstitutivepathwayallowsforsecretionofproteinsthatareneededoutsidethecell,likeintheextracellularmatrix.Itdoesnotrequirestimuli,althoughgrowthfactorsmayenhancetheprocess.第26页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex第27页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexHow does the Golgi complex regulate the ins
16、ertion of plasma membrane proteins?TheimportantroleoftheGolgiComplexistomakecertaintheplasmamembraneproteinsreachtheirdestination.Thisfigureshowstheroute.Notethattheorientationoftheproteinismaintainedsothattheregiondestinedtoprojectoutsidethecell(areceptorbindingsite,forexample),endsupinthatplace.In
17、ordertodothis,itmustbeplacedsothatitfacesinsidethevesicle.第28页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex第29页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexHow does the Golgi complex add carbohydrate groups to a glycoprotein?TheGolgicomplexiscompartmentalized.PhosphorylationoccursintheCisregion.Inotherregions,differenttypesofcarbohydratesareadd
18、edasaglycoproteinpassesthroughthecisternae.ThefinalsortingisdoneintheTransGolgicomplex.第30页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex第31页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexCan proteins be transported back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?Sometimes vital proteins needed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported along with
19、 the other proteins in the Golgi complex.The Golgi complex has a mechanism for trapping them and sending them back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum第32页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplex第33页，本讲稿共58页2.GolgiComplexQ-link第34页，本讲稿共58页3.Lysosome3.1DescriptionDiscoveredin1950byRenedeDuve,alysosomeisatinyorganellefou
20、ndinalleucaryoticcells.Thelysosomesaremoreorlessthewreckingcrewofacell.Theydigestmacromoleculessuchasmonosaccharidesandbreakdowndamagedoroldcellpartsaswellasbacteria.第35页，本讲稿共58页3.LysosomeLysosomescontainhydrolyticenzymesnecessaryforintracellulardigestion.Inwhitebloodcellsthateatbacteria,lysosomecon
21、tentsarecarefullyreleasedintothevacuolearoundthebacteriaandservetokillanddigestthosebacteria.Uncontrolledreleaseoflysosomecontentsintothecytoplasmcanalsocausecelldeath(necrosis).第36页，本讲稿共58页3.Lysosome第37页，本讲稿共58页3.Lysosome3.2structureoflysosomeEachlysosomeissurroundedbyitsownmembraneduetotheacidicco
22、nditionswithinit.Lysosomesareformedoffofthemembraneofthetrans-golgi.第38页，本讲稿共58页3.Lysosome第39页，本讲稿共58页3.Lysosome第40页，本讲稿共58页3.Lysosome第41页，本讲稿共58页3.Lysosome第42页，本讲稿共58页3.Lysosome第43页，本讲稿共58页3.Lysosome3.3functionoflysosomeThelysosomesformwhatisknownastheacid vesicle system.Withinthehumanacidvesiclesy
23、stemtherearemorethan30definedacidhydrolasespresentinvarioustypesoflysosome.第44页，本讲稿共58页3.Lysosome第45页，本讲稿共58页3.Lysosome第46页，本讲稿共58页3.LysosomeLysosomesalsoplayakeyroleindestroyingoldorganelleswithinthecellandthusallowthemtobereplacedwithfresher,moreeffectiveones.Thisprocessisknownasautophagyandisacco
24、mplishedintwostages.Firstlyamembraneisdonatedbytheendoplasmicreticulum.Thismembranethensurroundstheoldorganelle.Secondlyalysosomefuseswiththismembranetoformanautophagic vacuole.Thelysosomecansafelyenteritsdeadlyenzymecontentsintothisvacuoleanddestroytheoldorganelle.第47页，本讲稿共58页3.LysosomeAnotherfunct
25、ionoflysosomeinthehumanoccursduringfertilizationoftheeggbythesperm.Theheadofthespermcellcontainsapackageoflysosomalmaterialcalledtheacrosome.Theenzymesfromthisarereleasedwhenthespermmakescontactwithaneggandtheyeffectivelyboreaholethroughthecellmembraneoftheeggallowingthespermtoenter.第48页，本讲稿共58页3.Ly
26、sosome第49页，本讲稿共58页3.Lysosome3.4lysosomediseaseLysosomalstoragediseasesusuallyinvolvedefectsinacidhydrolaseactivity.Thesedefectscanrangefrommistargetingofthehydrolasessuchthattheyneverreachthelysosometonon-functionalcatalyticactivity.第50页，本讲稿共58页3.Lysosome第51页，本讲稿共58页4.VesiculartransportVesiclesconti
27、nuallybudofffromonemembraneandfusewithanother,carryingmembranecomponentsandsolublemoleculesreferredtoascargo.第52页，本讲稿共58页4.VesiculartransportThismembranetrafficflowsalonghighlyorganized,directionalroutes,whichallowsthecelltosecreteandeat.Thebiosynthetic-secretorypathwayleadsoutwardfromtheERtowardthe
28、GCandcellsurface,withasiderouteleadingtolysosomes,whiletheendocyticpathwayleadsinwardfromtheplasmamembrane.第53页，本讲稿共58页4.VesiculartransportIneachcase,theflowofmembranebetweencompartmentsisbalanced,withretrievalpathwaysbalancingtheflowintheoppositedirection,bringingmembraneandselectedproteinsbacktothecompartmentoforigin.第54页，本讲稿共58页4.Vesiculartransport第55页，本讲稿共58页4.Vesiculartransport第56页，本讲稿共58页4.Vesiculartransport第57页，本讲稿共58页4.Vesiculartransport第58页，本讲稿共58页