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1、第 11 讲 阅读理解细节理解题（讲）【考纲考情】细节理解类在历年高考卷中占很大比例，几乎占据了阅读理解总题量的“半壁江山”。这类题考查对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解，要求在快速阅读文章的同时，能从中获取某些特定的信息。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该类题的关键。命题方式：1.特殊疑问句形式。以 when，where，what.which，who，how much/many 等疑问词开头引出问题。2.填空题形式。通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节。题型和考查角度：1.高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。2.低频考点：数字计算题；细节排序题。【考点梳理】细节理解题考查考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事
2、实和细节的理解,特点是题干针对原文提到的某事物、现象或理论进行发问。有些问题可以直接从文中找到明确的答案,有些则需要在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理,如计算、排序、判断、比较等。细节理解类题在高考试卷中占很大的比例,特别是在应用文、说明文和记叙文中,更是侧重对细节理解题的考查。解題步骤：采用寻读法，解题分三步：1.先读题干，抓住关键词；2.带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子；3.仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。正确选项特点：1.语言简化：把原文中复杂的语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。2.同义替换：对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。3.正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正
3、确选项。干扰项特点：1.扩缩范围；以偏概全或以全概偏。2.张冠李戴：为原文内容，但非题目要求或要点。3.无中生有：与原文不符或原文并未提及。4.偷梁换柱：符合常识但不符合原文内容。5.颠倒黑白：与原文意思大相径庭或完全相反。6.正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。解题原则：忠实于原文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。【解题方法】（一）、原文定位破解直接信息题【例】(2021新高考全国卷 I)Rome can be pricey for travelers,which is why many choose to stay in a hostel(旅社).The hostels in Rome offe
4、r a bed in a dorm room for around$25 a night,and for that,youll often get to stay in a central location(位置)with security and comfort.21.What is probably the major concern of travelers who choose to stay in a hostel?A.Comfort.B.Security.C.Price.D.Location.【答案】C 第一步 题干关键词:what,concern,stay in a hostel
5、 第二步 原文定位点:Rome can be pricey for travelers,which is why many choose to stay in a hostel(旅社).第三步 直接得答案:根据 pricey 可知“罗马对旅行的人来说可能很昂贵”,故选 C 项。（二）、同义互释破解间接信息题 审读题干，提取关键信息速读定位原文信息句，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换(同义或近义词语)逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。【例】(2021全国乙卷D 篇)So why do so many of us hate our open offices?The problem may be t
6、hat,in our offices,we cant stop ourselves from getting drawn into others conversations while were trying to focus.Indeed,the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process,and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise whi
7、le also providing freedom from interruptions.34What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?APersonal privacy unprotected.BLimited working space.CRestrictions on group discussion.DConstant interruptions.【答案】D 【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词“open office unwelcome to many people”可定位原文信息句为本段第一句“So why do so ma
8、ny of us hate our open offices？”其中 unwelcome 与 hate 为近义词转换。由此可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选 D。（三）、整合推算破解数字计算题 审读题干，提取关键信息速读定位原文中包含该信息的相关段落进行推算，得出答案。【例】(2018江苏高考A 篇).Admission$25.00 recommended for adults,$12.00 recommended for students,includes the Main Building and The Cloisters(回廊)on
9、the same day;free for children under 12 with an adult.56How much may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum?A$12.B$37.C$50.D$62.【答案】C 【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词How much和pay可迅速定位到原文信息“$25.00 recommended for adults,$12.00 recommended for students,includes the Main Building and
10、 The Cloisters(回廊)on the same day;free for children under 12 with an adult.”可知，成人票价 25 美元，12 岁以下儿童在大人的陪同下免费。因而11 岁的女孩和其父母只需支付两张成人票款即可。故选 C。（四）、首尾定位破解细节排序题 审读题干和四个选项的内容利用首尾，排除掉部分选项，缩小范围如排序内容较多，再查看剩余选项的异同处，进一步缩小范围；如排序内容较少，一般即可快速得出答案。【例】A schoolgirl saved her fathers life by kicking him in the chest af
11、ter he suffered a serious allergic(过敏的)reaction which stopped his heart.Izzy,nine,restarted father Colms heart by stamping(踩)on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.Izzys mother,Debbie,immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father,so
12、 decided to use CPR.However,she quickly discovered her arms werent strong enough,so she stamped on her fathers chest instead.Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions(按压)until the ambulance arrived.Izzy,who has been given a bravery award by her school,said,“I just kicked h
13、im really hard.My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasnt strong enough to use hands.I was quite scared.The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse.My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”“Shes a little star，”said Debbie,“I was really upset but Izzy just
14、 took over.I just cant believe what she did.I really think all children should be taught first aid.Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up.Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and weve got to see an expert.”Truck driver Colm,35,suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday an
15、d was taken to hospital,but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day.The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled,preventing him from breathing,his blood pressure dropped suddenly,and his heart stopped for a moment.He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.Whats th
16、e right order of the events?Izzy kicked Colm.Debbie called 999.Izzy learned CPR.Colms heart stopped.A B C D【答案】B 【解析】细节理解题。通过速读原文可知，第一件事是 Colms heart stopped，而最后一件事是 Izzy kicked Colm，故选 B。【解题技巧】1.掌握技巧,灵活运用(1)细心审题,直接就题找答案提取“带着问题找答案”的方法,先从问题中抓住关键性尚(题眼),然后以此为线索运用略读及查读的技巧快速:得在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句,仔细品味,对照比较
17、,确定答案。(2)变通理解,间接转述找答案 细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述,命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生,即对原句细微处做改动,摘取原文词语或结构进行改造,因果倒置,把 A 的观点说成 B 的观点等。(3)多点归纳,综合事实找答案 细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息,而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时,一定要全面捕捉相关信息,进行综合分析、归纳,切忌根据“一面之词”草率地得出结论。2.明确干扰,破除陷阱(1)扩大或缩小范围 文章为了表达准确严密,经常通过加上相应的词语限制如涉及数量时常用 many,almost all,
18、nearly,more than,over,only a few,normally 等限制。有些干扰项改变或去掉限定词语,甚至是扩大或缩小语言范围。(2)偷换概念 命题者设计试题时往往把原文的概念偷换成另一个不同的概念。望文生义是造成错误的主要原因。(3)正误并存 在干扰项中,某个句子或词语是正确的,其他分句或词语是错误的或表达不全面,正误并存,命题者常会借此以假乱真。【题型剖析】阅读理解 A Im May.high school seniors all around the U.S.scramble(争抢)to get ready for prom.Prom.short for promen
19、ade,is a formal dance held by a high school before graduation.Its an important aspect of American school culture because its the last high-school dance seniors will ever attend.Prom entails(牵涉)countless traditions.First a guy must ask a girl to go to prom with him.Most guys choose to do special prom
20、 proposals in hopes of winning the girls heart with their creativity.Then he will rent a tuxedo(燕尾服),and the girl will often get their hair,nails and makeup done professionally.That night couples will take pictures,and then they will often take a limousine(豪华轿车)to dinner and to the dance.Several rep
21、orts state that parents can spend upward of$2,000 to give their kids the perfect prom experience.The history of prom can be traced back to the last half of the 1800s.At that time,American universities and colleges organized dances each year for their graduating students.The purpose was not only to e
22、ntertain the students but also to prepare them for the wider world by teaching them proper manners for men and women.Later,high schools took over the prom tradition.In the 1950s,high schools began moving the dance from their gyms to beautiful hotels or country clubs to make the event even more speci
23、al.Perhaps the most amazing prom took place in 1975,when Susan Ford,the daughter of the countrys president,received permission to hold her high schools prom at the White House.So far,no other prom has managed to top that.1What does this article mainly explain about prom?AIts unusual atmosphere.BIts
24、present and future.CIts educational benefits.DIts customs and roots.2According to this article,what do the participants in prom mainly pay attention to?ATheir appearance.BTheir possessions.CTheir transportation.DTheir supervisors.3What were people supposed to learn from prom at one time?AWhat market
25、ing plan to use.BHow to behave around others.CWhich food was best to eat.DWhen to earn a great degree.4According to this article,where was a special event held more than four decades ago?AIn an official residence.BIn an international court.CIn a motion picture studio.DIn a modern gallery.B Future Ci
26、ty Competition Future City starts with a questionhow can we make the world a better place?To answer it,10th,11th,and 12th grade students imagine,research,design,and build cities of the future that showcase their solution to a citywide sustainability issue.Past topics include Urban Agriculture,Public
27、 spaces,and Green energy while the topic of this year is Living on the Moon.Teams will design a futuristic lunar city and provide examples of how the city uses Moon resources to keep its residents safe and healthy.Participants complete five deliverables:a 1,500-word city essay:a scale model;a projec
28、t plan;a presentation video;and a virtual/online Q&A session with/judges.Regional winners represent their region at the international Finals.After completing Future City,student participants are not only prepared to be citizens of todays complex and technical world,but also ready to become the drive
29、rs of tomorrow.What you can learn This flexible,cross-curricular(跨课程的)educational program gives students an opportunity to do the things that engineers do-identify problems:brainstorm ideas;design solutions;test,retest and build;and share their results.With this at its center,Future City is an engag
30、ing way to build students 21st century skills.Students participating in Future City also learn how their communities work and become better citizens and develop strong time management and project management skills.What you need Future City costs just$25 per organizationand you can register I team or
31、 100.The price always stays the same.We keep the price affordable so everyone can participate.Not only that,we limit the budget for materials for the City Model and City Presentation to$100 and encourage teams to use recycled materials.You dont need expensive equipment to excel.Creativity,hard work,
32、and commitment are all you need to get ahead.Please note:Some regions limit the number of teams an organization can bring to the Regional Competition.Please check with your Regional Coordinator to find out the guidelines in your region.5In Future City Competition 2021,students need to _.Acomplete mo
33、re than five tasks Bdesign a city with green energy Caddress problems on the moon Dmake use of lunar resources 6What lies at the core of Future City Competition?ADesigning cities.BIdentifying problems.CTraining better citizens DEngineering design process 7If you want to succeed in the competition,yo
34、u need _.Ato be creative and devoted.Bto use the recycled materials.Cto buy some expensive equipment.Dto ask more people to join in your team.C（2020海南高考真题）Pali Overnight Adventures offers children and teens exciting experiences this summer.From broadcasting to street art,these are just 4 of the 17 h
35、ighly unique camps being offered.Broadcasting Camp Become the next star reporter,news writer,director or producer.While running every aspect of our own news station,kids and their fellow campers will create and host a broadcast airing each night at dinner for the entire camp.Every night it goes on t
36、he web,keeping parents and the world informed of the happenings at Pali.Secret Agent Camp In the movie Mission Impossible,Tom Cruise made being a secret agent seem like the coolest job ever.Campers who sign up for the 2-week secret agent camp can get to know about the life of real secret agents by l
37、earning strategies and military skills on the paintball field.Culinary Camp If your child enjoys being in the kitchen,then the culinary camp is definitely the right fit.Campers learn technical skills of roasting,frying and cutting,as well as some recipes that they can take home and share with their
38、families.Street Art Camp This camp takes creative license to an entirely new level.Campers will share their colorful ideas and imagination with each other and work together to visualize,sketch and paint with non-traditional techniques to create the coolest mural which will be displayed in public for
39、 all to see.8How many camps does Pali Overnight Adventures offer this summer?A2.B4.C17.D21.9What will campers do at the Broadcasting Camp?ACreate a website.BRun a news station.CMeet a star reporter.DHold a dinner party.10Which camp will attract children who are interested in cooking?ABroadcasting Camp.BSecret Agent Camp.CCulinary Camp DStreet Art Camp.