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1、会计学1数字图像处理冈萨雷斯数字图像处理冈萨雷斯N第一页，共29页。BackgroundBackgroundApplications:Applications:Improvement of pictorial information for Improvement of pictorial information for human human interpretation.interpretation.Processing of scene data for storage,transmission,Processing of scene data for storage,transmiss
2、ion,and representation for and representation for autonomous machine autonomous machine perception.perception.n n Scope definition Scope definitionn nOrigins Origins n nState of the artState of the artn nPrincipalsPrincipalsn nOverview of systemOverview of systemChapter 1 no.2第2页/共29页第二页，共29页。What a
3、re DIP and scope?(read book)What are DIP and scope?(read book)n nDigital Image:discrete both in space(Digital Image:discrete both in space(x,yx,y)and amplitude)and amplitude f fn nProcessingProcessing by digital computerby digital computern nPicture elements,image element,pels,Picture elements,image
4、 element,pels,pixelspixels n nNot limited to visual band:wide&variety field of applicationsNot limited to visual band:wide&variety field of applicationsn nNo general agreement on the scope of processing,analysis,vision.Input&output,emulate human No general agreement on the scope of processing,analys
5、is,vision.Input&output,emulate human vision(AI).No clear-cut boundaries.vision(AI).No clear-cut boundaries.n n I/O images,extract attributes,recognizing objects.I/O images,extract attributes,recognizing objects.Such as analysis of Such as analysis of text.text.Chapter 1 no.3第3页/共29页第三页，共29页。HistoryH
6、istory Early 1920s,Bartlane cable picture transmission system.Early 1920s,Bartlane cable picture transmission system.(special character,515 gray level).(special character,515 gray level).Middle 1960s,space shuttle,aerial and satellite imagery.(Middle 1960s,space shuttle,aerial and satellite imagery.
7、(large-scale large-scale computer&space programDIPcomputer&space programDIP concepts).concepts).Others,medical image(x-ray,MRI,CT.),geography,archeology,Others,medical image(x-ray,MRI,CT.),geography,archeology,astronomy,physics(high-energy plasmas,electron microscope).astronomy,physics(high-energy p
8、lasmas,electron microscope).Machine perception:character recognition,industrial machine vision,Machine perception:character recognition,industrial machine vision,military recognizance,matching fingerprints,etc.military recognizance,matching fingerprints,etc.Chapter 1 no.4第4页/共29页第四页，共29页。History(con
9、t.1)History(cont.1)Chapter 1 no.5Digital images第5页/共29页第五页，共29页。History(cont.2)History(cont.2)Chapter 1 no.6Digital images第6页/共29页第六页，共29页。History(cont.3)History(cont.3)Chapter 1 no.7Digital image processed by computer第7页/共29页第七页，共29页。ExamplesExamplesChapter 1 no.8Gamma ray第8页/共29页第八页，共29页。Examples(
10、cont.1)Examples(cont.1)Chapter 1 no.8X ray第9页/共29页第九页，共29页。Example(cont.2)Example(cont.2)Chapter 1 no.9Visible&Infrared第10页/共29页第十页，共29页。Example(cont.4)Example(cont.4)Chapter 1 no.10Infrared第11页/共29页第十一页，共29页。Examples(cont.5)Examples(cont.5)Chapter 1 no.11Radio band第12页/共29页第十二页，共29页。Examples(cont.6
11、)Examples(cont.6)Chapter 1 no.12Ultrasound第13页/共29页第十三页，共29页。Examples(cont.7)Examples(cont.7)Chapter 1 no.13Visual spectrum第14页/共29页第十四页，共29页。Digital Image RepresentationDigital Image RepresentationDefinition:Definition:monochrome imagemonochrome image(image)image),a two-dimensional light intensity,
12、a two-dimensional light intensity function function f(x,y)f(x,y),point,point(x,y)(x,y)spatial coordinates,spatial coordinates,f f brightness value of the point.brightness value of the point.Digital Image:Digital Image:Discretized both in spatial coordinates and brightness(matrix,elements,Discretized
13、 both in spatial coordinates and brightness(matrix,elements,pixels).pixels).Image size and the number of gray level are advantages to be chosen as integer power Image size and the number of gray level are advantages to be chosen as integer power of 2.(512*512,128!)of 2.(512*512,128!)Chapter 1 no.14第
14、15页/共29页第十五页，共29页。Digital Image Representation(cont.)Digital Image Representation(cont.)Chapter 1 no.15第16页/共29页第十六页，共29页。Digital Image Representation(cont.)Digital Image Representation(cont.)Chapter 1 no.15第17页/共29页第十七页，共29页。Fundamental Steps In Image Processing SystemFundamental Steps In Image Pro
15、cessing System Image acquisition Image acquisition(image sensor&AD converter)(image sensor&AD converter)camera,scanner.camera,scanner.Preprocessing Preprocessing(improve image)(improve image)enhancing contrast,removing noise enhancing contrast,removing noise SegmentationSegmentation partition an inp
16、ut image into its constituent part,partition an input image into its constituent part,output raw pixel data either of boundary or region.output raw pixel data either of boundary or region.Representation and description Representation and description(descriptors,feature selection)(descriptors,feature
17、 selection)Recognition and interpretationRecognition and interpretation assign a label to an object,assign meaning to recognized objects.assign a label to an object,assign meaning to recognized objects.an example:an example:automatic reading of the address on piece of mail.automatic reading of the a
18、ddress on piece of mail.Chapter 1 no.16第18页/共29页第十八页，共29页。Elements of Digital Image Processing SystemElements of Digital Image Processing SystemChapter 1 no.17第19页/共29页第十九页，共29页。Further ReadingFurther Reading Slides available as pdf filesSlides available as pdf files R.C.Gonzalez,R.E.Woods,“Digital
19、Image Processing”,2nd edition,R.C.Gonzalez,R.E.Woods,“Digital Image Processing”,2nd edition,Prentice-Hall,2002,Prentice-Hall,2002,Pratt,W.K.,Digital Image Processing,3Pratt,W.K.,Digital Image Processing,3rd rd ed.,John Wiley&Sons,NY.,2001.ed.,John Wiley&Sons,NY.,2001.IEEE Transactions on Image Proce
20、ssing.IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.Computer Vision and Image Understanding.Computer Vision and Image Understanding.IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.IEEE Transa
21、ctions on Signal Processing.IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.Chapter 1 no.18第20页/共29页第二十页，共29页。Elements of Visual PerceptionElements of Visual PerceptionStructure of Human EyeStructure of Human EyeChapter 2 Elements of visual perception no.1第21页/共29页第二十一页，共29
22、页。Image Formation in the EyeImage Formation in the Eye 2.55mmElements of visual perception no.2第22页/共29页第二十二页，共29页。Brightness AdaptationBrightness Adaptation Cannot operate such a range simultaneously.Rather,by changes in its overall sensitivity.Elements of visual perception no.3第23页/共29页第二十三页，共29页。
23、Brightness Discrimination ExperimentBrightness Discrimination ExperimentBrightness discrimination is poor at low levels of illumination.Elements of visual perception no.4第24页/共29页第二十四页，共29页。Mach Band PatternMach Band PatternVisual system tends to undershoot or overshoot around the Visual system tend
24、s to undershoot or overshoot around the boundary of regions of different intensities.boundary of regions of different intensities.Elements of visual perception no.5第25页/共29页第二十五页，共29页。Simultaneous Contrast Simultaneous Contrast A regions perceived brightness does not depend simply on its intensity.A
25、 regions perceived brightness does not depend simply on its intensity.Elements of visual perception no.6第26页/共29页第二十六页，共29页。Optical IllusionsOptical IllusionsFill in non_existence/wrongly perceive geometry.Elements of visual p erception no.7第27页/共29页第二十七页，共29页。Reading Questionsn n What is Sampling?W
26、hat is Sampling?n nWhat is Quantization?What is Quantization?n nHow many samples are required for a good approximation?How many samples are required for a good approximation?n nHow many gray levels are required for a good approximation?How many gray levels are required for a good approximation?第28页/共29页第二十八页，共29页。感谢您的观看感谢您的观看(gunkn)！第29页/共29页第二十九页，共29页。