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1、 Unit 8 Lesson 1 Roots And Shoots导学提纲班级: 姓名: 小组: . 语法动词ing和ed形式思维导图【挖教材语法示例】用括号内词的适当形式完成下面教材中的句子并体会它们的语法特征1. Well, say you leave the tap running (run) while you brush your teeth, leave a light on when you go out or you drop a piece of litter and cant be bothered to pick it up.2. But just think of al
2、l the millions of people saying (say) to themselves：“It doesnt matter.”3. One cheered-up person, one happy dog,one flowering (flower) plant, and you.4. Do you want to make roots Shoots rooted (root) everyones heart?分词的用法【考点一】分词的基本形式分词具有动词的特征，同时又有形容词和副词的特征，因而它在句中可以作定语、状语、宾语补足语和表语等。过去分词没有时态和语态的变化，但现在分
3、词有，具体见下表：现在分词形式主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been doneHearing the good news, they burst into cheers.听到这个好消息，他们欢呼了起来。Being talked to, you should look into the eyes of the person. 有人和你说话时，你应该看着那个人的眼睛。Having told him the answer several times, I didnt know whether he could understand.尽管
4、已经告诉他答案好几次了,但我不知道他是否能理解。Having been told the answer several times, he still couldnt answer the question.尽管已经告诉过他答案好几次了，但他仍然答不出这个问题。Seriously injured, she had to be sent to hospital at once.她受了重伤，必须立即送往医院。【考点二】分词作定语1.分词作定语的基本用法一般来说，若分词与被修饰词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，则用现在分词作定语；若分词与被修饰词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，则用过去分词作定语。分词作定语时可以转
5、换成定语从句。The man talking with our headmaster is Toms father. =The man who is talking with our headmaster is Toms father. 正在和我们的校长谈话的男人是汤姆的爸爸。情况形式意义现在分词作定语doing表示主动、动作正在进行或现在(当时)的状态。They lived in a room facing south. 他们住在一个朝南的房间里。being done表示被动且动作正在进行。The problem being discussed at the meeting is very
6、important.会上正在讨论的问题非常重要。过去分词作定语done表示被动、动作已完成。The problem discussed at the meeting is very important.会上讨论过的问题非常重要。特别提醒不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动意义；及物动词的过去分词作定语，表示被动意义或已完成的被动动作。1.只表示完成the fallen leaves落叶(=the leaves that have fallen落叶)the risen sun升起的太阳2.只表示被动an honoured guest一位贵宾a deeply respected
7、 teacher一位深受尊敬的老师3.表示被动和完成a broken glass碎了的玻璃杯the question discussed yesterday昨天讨论过的问题2.分词作定语的位置单个分词作定语时通常前置(也有后置的情况)，分词短语作定语时通常后置，可转化为定语从句。作前置定语的现在分词多数已经形容词化。A barking dog seldom bites.吠犬不咬人。Will the people sitting at the back (= Will the people who/that are sitting at the back) keep quiet, please?
8、坐在后面的人请保持安静，好吗?The building being built (= The building which is being built) now will be our dining hall.现在正在建的那栋建筑将会是我们的食堂。3.形容词化的分词英语中某些动词的分词形式已经形容词化。一般来说，形容词化的现在分词表示“令人的”，形容词化的过去分词表示“感到的”。exciting令人激动的 excited激动的frightening骇人的 frightened害怕的interesting有趣的 interested感兴趣的tiring令人困倦的 tired困倦的【考点三】分词
9、作状语一般情况下，作状语的分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。若分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，则用现在分词作状语；若分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，则用过去分词作状语。1.分词(短语)作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随等，也可以扩展为相应的状语从句或者改写为并列成分。可以置于句首、句中或句末，一般要用逗号同其他成分隔开。功能用法及例句时间状语可转换为when,while等引导的时间状语从句。Hearing the noise(When I heard the noise), I turned around.听到响声我转过身去。Seen from the top of
10、the hill (= When it is seen from the top of the hill), the city looks like a big garden.从山顶上看，这个城市像一个大花园。原因状语可转换为as, since, because等引导的原因状语从句Being poor(Because he was poor), he couldnt afford a TV set. 由于贫穷，他买不起电视机。Frightened by the noise in the night(= Because she was frightened by the noise in the
11、 night),the littlegirl didnt dare to sleep in her room.小姑娘被夜里的响声吓坏了，不敢在她的房间里睡觉。条件状语可转换为if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。Working hard(If you work hard), youll certainly succeed. 只要努力学习，你肯定会成功的。Given another chance(= If he is given another chance), he will do it better.如果再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。让步状语可转换为 although, though,
12、even if, even though等引导的让步状语从句。Knowing where I live(=Though he knows where I live), he never comes to see me.尽管他知道我住在哪儿，但他从不来看我。Wounded (=Though he was wounded), the brave soldier continued to fight.尽管受了伤，但这名勇敢的战士继续作战。伴随状语、方式状语作伴随状语或方式状语的分词没有对应的状语从句，但常可改写为并列成分。Mary sat at the table, writing an artic
13、le in English (= and wrote an article in English).玛丽坐在桌子旁，用英语写文章。He walked slowly in the forest，followed by a dog.他在森林里慢慢地走着，后面跟着一条狗。(伴随状语)特别提醒当现在分词作结果状语时，其逻辑主语可以是句子的主语，也可以是前面的整个句子；若情况为后者时，现在分词可以转化为非限制性定语从句。The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning unnecessary (= wh
14、ich made air conditioning unnecessary).冷风吹过我们卧室的窗户，没有必要开空调。( making air conditioning unnecessary的逻辑主语是前面的句子)2.有时分词可以与连词连用，可看作状语从句的省略。常见的连词有 while, when, once, if, though, although, even if, even though, unless, than, as等。Even if invited, I wont attend the evening party.即使被邀请，我也不会去参加那个晚会。While waitin
15、g for the bus, he met Mary. 等公共汽车时，他遇到了玛丽。3.某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，这些过去分词作状语时，既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，如lost(迷路的), seated(坐着的), hidden(隐藏的), lost/absorbed in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿着的), tired of(对感到厌倦的)等。Absorbed in the book, he didnt notice me enter the room. 他全神贯注地看书，没有注意到我进了房间。4.分词作状语时，在少数情况下，其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，分词用
16、来修饰全句。如: considering.(鉴于,考虑到); generally speaking(一般说来); judging by/from.(从来看,依据来判断); supposing that.(假定); owing to(由于); speaking of.(谈及); providing/ provided that.(假定); given.(考虑到)等。Judging from her accent, she must come from Fuiian province.听她的口音，她肯定来自福建省。Given her interest in children, teaching s
17、eems the right job for her.考虑到她喜欢孩子，教书看来是适合她的工作。【考点四】分词作宾语补足语分词作宾补时，现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义，过去分词则表示已经完成的被动意义。现在分词表示主动、动作正在进行，宾语是现在分词所表示动作的执行者。I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天我经过她的房间时，听到她正在唱一首英语歌曲。过去分词表示被动、动作已完成，宾语是过去分词所表示动作的承受者。I heard the English song sung many tim
18、es.我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。分词作宾语补足语时常用于以下两种情况：1.位于感官动词后，如see，hear，feel，smell，watch，find，notice等。We saw the teacher doing the experiment.我们看到老师在做实验。I heard someone knocking at the door.我听到有人在敲门。He heard his name called.他听见有人叫他的名字。She saw the thief caught by policemen.她看见小偷被警察抓住了。2.位于使役动词后，如make，have，get，keep，l
19、eave等。They had the light burning all night. 他们整夜亮着灯。Im sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.很抱歉让你久等了。Many young people have their hair coloured.许多年轻人把他们的头发染了颜色。She still couldnt make herself understood in English.她依然不能用英语表达出自己的意思。特别提醒make后的宾补不能用现在分词。He raised his voice to make himself hear
20、d.他提高了嗓门，以便让别人听到他的声音。【考点五】分词作表语1.分词作表语时，现在分词往往表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词往往表示主语的状态或状况。The result of the accident is shocking.这一事故的后果令人震惊。The argument is very convincing.这一论据很有说服力。He seemed quite delighted at the news.听到这个消息他似乎很高兴。I am pleased with the result of the experiment.我对实验结果很满意。2.有些作表语的分词可看作形容词，比如 excit
21、ing, interesting, disappointing, discouraging, encouraging, inviting(吸引人的), charming(迷人的), delighted, disappointed, discouraged, amused, astonished, interested, tired, satisfied, excited, pleased, broken 等。What he said was encouraging.他说的话令人振奋。We were encouraged by what he said.他的话使我们深受鼓舞。3.过去分词作表语与
22、被动语态的区别区别过去分词作表语强调主语的特点或所处的状态。Dont touch the glass because it is broken.不要碰那个玻璃杯，因为它破了。(表示主语所处的状态)被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作本身，后面常跟by短语。The cup was broken by Jim.杯子是吉姆打破的。(强调“打破”的动作)总结 动词ing形式是非谓语动词的一种形式，包括现在分词和动名词两种。动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语；现在分词在句中作状语、宾语补足语、表语和定语。 动词ed形式是非谓语动词的一种形式，表示被动和完成，在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。 7 / 7学科网（北京）股份有限公司