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1、译林牛津版必修三第一单元备课材料Welcome to the unit My meaning simply is, that whatever I have tried to do in life, I have tried with all my heart to do well; that whatever I have devoted myself to, I have devoted myself to completely; that in great aims and in small, I have always been thoroughly in earnest.我的意思很简
2、单，无论我在生活中努力做什么，我都全心全意地努力做好;无论我献身于什么，我都全身心地献身于它;无论在大的目标还是在小的目标上，我总是非常认真的。 David Copperfield, by Charles Dickens大卫科波菲尔，查尔斯狄更斯著You can never have too much sky. You can fall asleep and wake up drunk on sky, and sky can keep you safe when you are sad. Here there is too much sadness and not enough sky. Bu
3、tterflies too are few and so are flowers and most things that are beautiful. Still, we take what we can get and make the best of it.你永远不会拥有太多的天空。你可以在天空下入睡，在天空下醒来，在你悲伤的时候，天空会给你安全感。这里有太多的悲伤，没有足够的天空。蝴蝶也太少了，花也太少了，大多数美丽的东西也太少了。尽管如此，我们还是会尽我们所能，好好利用它。 The House on Mango Street, by Sandra Cisneros芒果街的小屋，桑德拉
4、西斯内罗斯著 readingA child and a man were walking on the beach when the child found a shell and held it to his ear. Suddenly he heard strange, low, musical sounds. These sounds seemed to be from another world and the child listened to them with wonder.Then the man explained that the child heard nothing s
5、trange, and that the shell caught a range of sounds too faint for human ears. What amazed the child was not a new world, but the unnoticed music of the old.Some such experience as this lies in store for us when we begin the study of literature. Let a little song appeal to the ear, or a great book to
6、 the heart, and we discover a new world, a world of dreams and magic. To enter and enjoy this new world, we need to love literature, and make an effort to explain it. Behind every book is a man, behind the man is the race, and behind the race are the natural and social environments. We must know all
7、 these, if the book is to speak its whole message. In a word, we have now reached a point where we wish to enjoy and understand literature. The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities.The first quality of literature is its description of truth and beauty. Some truth and beauty r
8、emain unnoticed until a sensitive human soul brings them to our attention, just as the shell reflects the unnoticed sounds. A hundred men may pass a field and see only dead grass; but a poet stops, looks deeper, sees truth and beauty, and writes, Yesterdays flowers am I. One who reads it is capable
9、of seeing the beauty that was hidden from his eyes before.The second quality of literature is its appeal to our feelings and imagination. Its attraction lies more in what it awakens in us than what it says. When Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus asks in the presence of Helen, Was this the face tha
10、t launched a thousand ships? he opens a door through which our imagination enters a new world, a world of love, beauty and heroism.The third quality of literature, coming out of the other two, is its permanence. To achieve this, it should contain two elements: universal interest and personal style.G
11、ood literature reflects the most basic of human naturelove and hate, joy and sadness, fear and hope. It also takes on a personal styleno writer can describe human life without reflecting his own life and experiences.In summary, literature is the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty, the w
12、ritten record of mans thoughts and feelings, and the history of the human soul.(Adapted from William J. Longs English Literature: Its History and Its Significance for the Life of the English-Speaking World)文学的奇妙之处孩子和男人在海滩上散步、孩子发现了一校具壳、把它放到了耳边。突然，他听到了奇怪、低泥、悦手的声音。这声音仿佛表自另一个世界、孩了听后十分惊奇。随后男子解释说、孩子听到的声音没
13、有什么奇性的、只下过是贝壳捕捉到了种种对于人的耳朵来说过于微品的声音而已。让孩子为之惊奇的其实下是一个新世界、面是旧世界那被人忽视的乐音。当我们开始学习文学的时候、我们也会有如此这般的体验。让一首小山娱悦我们的耳朵，或者让一部巨著触动我们的心灵，这样我们就会发现一个全新的世界，一个充满梦想和魔力的世界。要进入这个新世界、并享受其中的乐趣、我们需要热爱文学，并尽力去解读它。每本书背后都有一个人，此人身后是一个族群、这个族群背后是自然和社会环境。如果要了解一本书所传递的全部信息，我们就必须了解所有这些内容。总之、我们现在已经到了想要欣首和理解义学的阶段。第一步是确定它的一些重要特质。文学的第一个特
14、质是它对真与美的描写。一些真与美一直被忽视，直到一个敏锐的人类灵魂让它们引起我们的注意，正如贝壳捕提到了我们未曾注意的声音一样。一百个人走过田野，眼中所见的可能都只是枯草，而诗人驻足、看得更深，他看到了真与美，遂写下：“昨日之花即是我。”读了这句诗的人便能看到以前隐匿在眼前的美。文学的第二个持质在于它能打动我们的情感，启发我们的想象力。文学的魅力更多在于它唤起丁我们什么，而不在于它说了什么。克里斯托弗马洛笔下的浮士德博士当着海伦的面问：“这就是那张让上千艘战舰为之起就的面庞吗？”此时他便打开了一扇门、通过这扇门、我们的想象力进入了一个充满爱、美和英雄主义的新世界。文学的第三个特质是其持久的生命
15、力，它源于前两个特质。要实现这一点，它须包含两个要素：广泛的关切和个人的风格。好的文学作品反映了人性最基本的内涵爱与恨、喜与悲、恐惧与希望。它也带有个人风格没有哪个作家能够在描写人类的生活时不反映其个人生活和经历。总之，文学是以真和美的形式对生命的表达，是人类思想和感情的写照，是人类灵魂的历史。（改编自威廉J.朗恩的英语文学：历史及其对英语世界生活的意义）语法一 用适当的情态动词或所给词的适当形式填空1I was ill that day, or I (take) part in the sports meet.2When you phoned me, I was having a meeti
16、ng; how I wish I (answer) your call.3It has been accepted that all the students put on masks before going to school in case they are infected with flu virus.4I rewired the house and lowered the light switches so that Paul reach things.5It is high time that you (consider) that if there were no stress
17、 in your life, you would achieve a little.6As the deadline is drawing near, no one leave with his own work uncompleted.7My room is a mess, but I not clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.8 (be) it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficul
18、ty.9If the new safety system (bring) into use, the accident would never have happened.10As Father and Mother thought it was a big occasion for me, they suggested I (hold) a birthday party at home to celebrate it.一 用适当的情态动词或所给词的适当形式填空1I was ill that day, or I would_have_taken(take) part in the sports
19、 meet.2When you phoned me, I was having a meeting; how I wish I had_answered(answer) your call.3It has been accepted that all the students shall put on masks before going to school in case they are infected with flu virus.4I rewired the house and lowered the light switches so that Paul could reach t
20、hings.5It is high time that you considered/should_consider(consider) that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little.6As the deadline is drawing near, no one shall leave with his own work uncompleted.7My room is a mess, but I need not clean it before I go out tonight. I can do
21、it in the morning.8Were(be) it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.9If the new safety system had_been_brought(bring) into use, the accident would never have happened.10As Father and Mother thought it was a big occasion for me, they suggested I (should)_
22、hold(hold) a birthday party at home to celebrate it.情态动词学案一情态动词的语法特征1. 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2. 情态动词 除ought to和have to外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3. 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4. 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式、分词、等形式。二情态动词的基本用法1. can (could)1) 表示能力，could主要指过去时间。例如： Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得
23、清。 Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗？2) 表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）。例如： He cant (couldnt) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。 You mustnt smoke while youre walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. 在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。3) 表示允许。例如： Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可
24、以看一看你的新钢笔吗？ He asked whether he could take the book out of the readingroom. 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。4) 表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。例如： Where can (could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢？ How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心？5) 比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。例如： Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗？ Im afraid we couldnt giv
25、e you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。2may (might) 1) 表允许，might可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。例如： You may take whatever you like.你喜欢什么就拿什么。 May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗？在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如：Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please dont. / Youd better not. / No, you mustnt.等，以免显
26、得太严峻或不客气。2) 表可能（事实上）。可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，但语气更加不肯定。例如： He may be at home. 他可能在家。 She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。3. must 1) 表示义务。意为“必须”（主观意志）。例如： We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。 -Must we hand in our exercise books now?我们现在就要交练习本吗？-No, you neednt. / No, you dont have to. 不必。2) 表示揣
27、测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。例如： He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。 Shes wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴着钻石项链，一定很有钱。3）must有“偏要、硬要”之意。 How old are you, madam? If you must know, Im twice my sons age. 4shall 1) 表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。例如： Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗
28、？ Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗？2) 表说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。例如： You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令） You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。（允诺） He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。（警告） Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项
29、计划。（决心）5will 1) 表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。例如： I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。 None is so blind as those who wont see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。 If you will read the book, Ill lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。2) 表请求，用于疑问句。例如： Will you close the window? 请你把窗户关上好吗？ Wont you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗？3) 表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。
30、例如： Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。 The door wont open. 这门打不开。6. should1) 表义务。意为“应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。例如： You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。 You shouldnt waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。2) 表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。例如： The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 这部新电影是
31、一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。 They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。3)（表示不确定）万一。例如： If I should see him, Ill tell him. 万一我见到他，我就告诉他。 If it should rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be postponed. 万一明天下雨,比赛就延期举行。7. would1) 表意愿。例如： They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。 I s
32、aid I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。2) 表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。例如： Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗？ They wouldnt have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。3) 表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。例如：Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。8. ought to 1) 表义务，意为“应该
33、”（因责任、义务等该做），口气比should稍重。例如： You are his father. You ought to take care of him.你是他父亲，应当管他。 You oughtnt to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。2) 表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。例如： Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。 Theres a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。9. used to表示过去的
34、习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。例如： There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。 I usednt (didnt use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。 Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗？10. 特殊情态动词need和dare的用法：need和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作
35、实义动词时，可用于各种句式。 1) 用作情态动词。例如： You neednt telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。 I dont think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。 She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。 How dare you say Im unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平？2) 用作实义动词。例如： You dont need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。 We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。 The
36、 table needs painting (to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。 We should dare to give our own opinion. 我们要敢于提出自己的观点。 He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。 I dare say hell come again. 我想他会再来的。【注意】（I dare say为固定习语） 难点突破1. 情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法1) 情态动词+动词完成式情态动词+动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + done分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。 must have
37、 done 表对过去某事的肯定猜测。否定或疑问形式用can(could) 来表示。 例如： Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night. He cant have missed the way. I drew him a map. The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?当然对现在发生或将来发生的事情,要用must do 表示猜测, 否定为cant do。例如： He must understand that we mean business. You mus
38、t be hungry after a long walk. may / might have done表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如： I cant find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday. could have done 在肯定句型中, 往往用作委婉的批评. 本应该做什么,而没做; 有时也用作猜测。例如： You could have told us earlier. Tom could have taken the dictionar
39、y. ought to / should have done和 ought not to / shouldnt have done用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”。例如： With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night. You ought not to have made fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from. neednt have done 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，
40、意为“本没必要”。例如： You neednt have waken me up; I dont have to go to work today.【注意】表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。例如： -I wonder how Tom knew about your past. -He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.2) 情态动词+动词进行式情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + doing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否
41、正在进行。例如： He must be playing basketball in the room. She may be staying at home.3) 情态动词+动词完成进行式情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如： They should have been meeting to discuss the problem. He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.三、几组词
42、的辨异1. can 和be able to1）情态动词can只有两种时态形式，现在式can和过去式could，而be able to有多种时态形式Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。2）用在过去时中，could经常表示能够做某事，事实上不一定去做，而was / were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”。在否定句中两者可通用。He could swim across the English Channel. But he didnt feel like
43、 it that day. 他能游过英吉利海峡，但那天他不想游。Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。2. must和 have tomust表示主观意志，而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式，除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间，在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用had to代替。I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。We had to get everything ready that night. 我们那晚
44、得把一切准备就绪。3. would和used to 1）used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同，而would只表过去情况。People used to think that the earth was flat.过去人们认为地球是平的。（现在人们不这么认为。）She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country. 在乡下时，她总是在早晨去散会儿步。（可能现在仍有散步的习惯。）2）used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。He used to woul
45、d smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。She used to be fat. 她过去很胖。4. can 和 maycan, could, may, might都可以表示可能性.can, could表示潜在的可能性或理论上或逻辑判断上存在的可能性；而may, might则表示事实上的可能性。此外，can还具有“有能力”的意思，而may与might则不具此意。例如： According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow. 据气象预报，明天可能下雨。 Any man with a little sense can
46、 see that he is wrong. 任何一位有头脑的人都能看出他错了。May I / we ？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please dont.或No, you mustnt. 例如： -May we leave now? 我们可以走了吗？-No, you mustnt. You havent finished your home work yet.不行，你们还没完成工作呢。5. used to +do, be used to +doing和be used to +doused to +v意为“过去常常”，“过去一直”；be used to +v-ing / n（名词）意为“习惯于”；be used to +v意为“被用来（做某事）”。used to只表示过去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。例如： He used to smoke. Now he doesnt. 他过去吸烟，现在不吸了。 Hes quite used to hard work / working hard. 他习惯于埋头苦干。 The knife is used to cut bread. 这把刀是用来切面包的。6. 用作情态动词的其他短语would rather, wo