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1、状语从句状语从句在复合句中起状语的作用，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。状语从句由从属连词引导，从属连词在句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据意义上的不同，状语从句可分为下列几种：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、条件状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句。状语从句多位于句首或句尾。位于句首时，一般要用逗号同主句隔开，朗读时用升调；位于句尾时，一般不用逗号，朗读时用降调。When you go out,please close the window.你外出时请关窗户。Please close the window when you go o
2、ut.1 时间状语从句时间状语从句在句中起时间状语作用，可居句首、句中或句尾。常用于引导时间状语从句的连词有：when 当时before在之前after在之后while在期间since自从ever since自从as当时，一边till 直到until 直到as soon as一就the moment一就the minute一就instantly一就directly一就immediately一就the instant一就every time 每次each time每次once 一就next time 下次hardlywhen 刚就no soonerthan 刚就whenever不管任何时候sca
3、rcelywhen 刚就as long as 长达by the time 到1) whenwhen 引导时间状语时，表示主句谓语动词的动作与从句谓语动词的动作是同时发生的，或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。when从句可表示“一段”时间或“一点”时间。I was taking a walk when she called me.她叫我时，我正在散步。(两个动作同时发生，主句用过去进行时，表示动作当时正在进行)(when从句表示一个时间点：called)She did not feel well when she got up thismorning.她今天早上起床时感到不舒服。(两个动作同时
4、发生，均用一般过去时)When he opened the door, he saw a boy goingdownstairs.他打开门时，看见一个男孩在下楼去。(两个动作，一前一后发生，均用一般过去时)He went on working when he had rested for awhile.休息了一会儿后，他又继续工作了。(两个动作一前一后发生：先休息，用过去完成时，后工作，用一般过去时)(when从句表示一个时间段：hadrested for a while)When I receive the letter, I shall tell you.收到那封信时我将告诉你。(两个动作
5、均在将来发生，但主语用一般将来时，而从句要用一般现在时)提示when也可以用作并列连词，连接两个并列句，前一分句多用逗号同另一分句隔开，意为“那时，这时”，相当于and then, and (just) at that time;when有时表示“突然”。A meeting will be held tomorrow,when we shall discuss the matter.明天将要开会，那时我们要讨论这个问题。I stayed till noon, when I went home. 我待到中午，然后就回家了。I was walking down the street when I
6、came across an old friend. 我正在街上走着，这时碰见了一位老朋友。2) whilewhile 引导时间状语从句强调主句的动作和从句的动作在某一时间内同时发生，意为“在期间，在过程中”。while 引导的时间状语从句只能表示一段时间(同延续性动词连用)，不能表示一点时间(不可同非延续性动词连用)。While she was having supper,she heard the bellring.她正在吃晚饭时听到了门铃响。(在吃晚饭的过程中)Father looked after the children while mother was away. 母亲不在时，父亲
7、照看孩子们。(在离开的期间)We can learn while we work.我们可以边工作边学习。(强调在工作的过程中学习)I was watching TV while my mother was cooking.我母亲做饭时我在看电视。比较：听到那个坏消息，他失声痛哭。(i)he he gor the boad news, he bus ianto cosima.While he got the bad news, he burst into crying.(误)(get为非延续性动词，不可同while连用)提示while也可以用作并列连词，连接两个并列句，意为“而，另一方面”，有对
8、比意味，前面常用逗号同另一分句隔开，有时也不用。She likes music, while I prefer sports.她喜欢音乐，而我却爱好运动。He is diligent while his brother is idle.他勤勉，而他弟弟懒惰。2while可以表示“只要”。While there is life,there is hope.有生命就有希望。while可以表示“虽然，尽管”。While respected, she is not liked.她虽然受人尊敬，但是不讨人喜欢。3) asas引导的时间状语从句表示“当时，一边一边”，指主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，有时
9、表示随着短暂动作的发生，另一动作伴随发生。as 引导的时间状语从句既可以表示一段时间(同延续性动词连用)，也可以表示一时间点(同非延续性动词连用)。I saw her as she was getting on the bus.她上公共汽车时我看见了她。(两个动作同时发生，从句用过去进行时，强调当时正在进行)As I was going out,it began to rain.正当我外出时，天开始下雨了。(两个动作先后紧接着发生)As I walked along the street, I heard someone calling me.我在街上走着的时候，听见有人叫我。(如果强调从句的
10、动作正在进行，也可以说As I was walking along the street)He will buy the book for you as he walks past thebookstore.他路过书店时将给你买那本书。(两个动作均表示将来，但从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时)My hat was blown away as I sat down.我坐下来时帽子被风吹走了。提示as常用于表述两个发展变化中的情况。As she talked on, she got more and moreexcited.她越谈越激动。As time passed, his condition
11、seemed to getbetter.随着时间的推移，他的健康状况似乎好转了。when，while和as均可表示一段时间。比较：When he was a child7While he was a child he lived in Nanjing.他小时候住在南京。As he was a child4) beforebefore引导的时间状语从句所表示的动作发生在主句动作之后。如果强调主句的动作先完成或先发生，主句谓语要用过去完成时，before引导的从句用一般过去时；如不强调动作的先后，主句和从句均用一般过去时。She worked in Shanghai before she came
12、 here.她来这里之前在上海工作。(主句动作在前，从句动作在后，不强调时间的先后，故均用一般过去时)He had studied English for six years before he went to college. 他上大学之前已经学了6年英语。(强调主句动作先完成)That happened/had happened before the war broke out.那件事发生在战争爆发之前。提示before引导的状语从句常表示“之后才”。如果主句中用一般将来时，before从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时，when,unless,if,after等也属同类用法。It will
13、 be half a year before I come back.要过半年后我才会回来。It wont be long before we meet again.不多久我们就会再见面了。5) afterafter引导的时间状语从句所表示的动作发生在主句动作之前。如果强调动作的先后，after 从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去式；如果不强调动作的先后，而表示连续的动作，主句和从句均用一般过去时。After he did his homework, he went to bed.他做完功课后就睡了。(表示连续的动作，均用一般过去时)After she had waited for him fo
14、r half an hour, she started for home.她等了他半个小时之后就动身回家了。(强调动作的先后，从句用过去完成时)I shall write to you after I finish/have finished thework.做完工作后我将给你写信。(表示将来的时间，after从句常用一般现在时或现在完成时代替将来完成时)6) sincesince引导的时间状语从句意为“自以来”，强调时前面可加ever。since从句中的动作表示动作的起点，用一般过去时；主句中的动词表示动作的延续情况，一般要用现在完成时。另外要注意两点：如果主句中的动词表示的是状态，而不是动
15、作，可用一般现在时；在有特定时间的上下文中，主句要用过去完成时，而不能用现在完成时。Three years have passed since he entered theuniversity.自从他进大学已经3年了。It is ten years since he joined the army.他参军已经10年了。(主句表示状态，用一般现在时)He said he had worked there for five years since he returned from England.他说自英国回来后他在那里已经工作5年了。(有He said这一过去时间，其后宾语从句的动作应是发生在H
16、e said之前的，为“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时，不可用现在完成时)since 从句中的谓语动词如果是延续性的，常表示状态、动作的中止。Its been two years since I lived here.我不在这里住已经两年了。Shes written three essays since she was ill.自病愈以来，她已经写了3篇杂文。it issince和it has beensince 可换用，口语中多用it issince。It is a long time since we parted.我们分手很长时间了。Its been years since I enjoy
17、ed myself so much lastnight.我已有很多年没有像昨晚那样痛快了。7) till/untiltill和until 都表示“直到”，两个词常可换用，有下列两种用法。(1)如果主句谓语动词为非延续性动词，如come, go, enter, return, start, reach,finish 等，主句用否定式，从句用肯定式，为“nottill/until”结构，表示“直到才，在之前不”。He wont go to bed till/until she returns. 直到她回来他才睡。(或：她回来之前他不睡。注意，till 或until从句指将来的动作时，要用一般现在时
18、代替一般将来时)He didnt come until he had gone over his lessons.他一直到复习完了功课才来。(until从句用过去完成时强调动作先完成，也可以用一般过去时：untilhe went over his lessons.)Until I found a secure job, I didnt even own acar.找到了一份可靠的工作，我才有车。(2)如果主句谓语动词为延续性动词，如 stay，remain 等，主句可用肯定式或否定式，意为“直到”。她来-remsined ther llshe arivcd.他在那里宣到You may stay
19、 here until the rain stops. 你可以在这里待到雨停。He waited until (it was) ten oclock.他一直等到10点钟。She wont stay here until you come.她不会在这里待到你来。I didnt wait until she returned. 我没有等她回来。8)as soon as, directly, the instant, the moment, the minute, immediately, once这几个词或短语引导时间状语从句表示“一就”，强调两个动作相继发生，间隔时间很短；如果表示过去发生的动作
20、，主句和从句均用一般过去时。She wept as soon as she heard the news.她一听到那个消息就哭了起来。Ill tell him once I see him.我一看见他就告诉他。I called him immediately I received his letter.接到他的来信我就给他打电话。Ill tell him the minute he gets here.他一来我就告诉他。Directly he heard someone crying for help, he rushed out into the street. 他一听见有人呼救，就飞奔来到
21、大街上。I recognized her the moment I saw her.我一眼就认出了她。I tried phoning her the instant I got home. 我一回家就试着跟她打电话。提示上面几个连词所引导的从句不可用进行时态。比较：她一听到敲门声就开了门。She opened the door as soon as she heard theknock.(正)She opened the door as soon as she was hearing the knock. (误)9) no soonerthan,hardlywhen,scarcelywhen,
22、 barelywhennosooner than,hardly/scarcely/barelywhen 引导的时间状语从句表示“刚就，一就”。在这些结构中，主句动作先发生，用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。主句常用倒装，把助动词had放在主语前面。She had no sooner arrived at the station than the train started to move.她一到达车站，火车就开动了。(=No sooner had she arrived)He had hardly entered the hotel when it began tosnow.他刚走进旅馆，天就开
23、始下雪了。(=Hardlyhad he entered)She had scarcely lain down when she fell asleep.她一躺下就睡着了。(=Scarcely had she lain down)提示no sooner 只能同 than 连用，而hardly/scarcely/barely则要同when连用，不可混淆。10) the day等短语有些表示时间的名词短语可以引导时间状语从句，含有“每次，每时，每天，每当”等的意思，如： the day, the time, the first time, the second time, the year, the
24、 hour, every time, next time, any time, each time等。Next time you come, I will have finished my college course. 你下次来的时候，我将会修完大学课程了。Every time I hear the birds song,I think of the countryside in early summer.每当听到这种鸟的叫声，我就会想起初夏的乡村。The day the explorers started out,it was raininghard.探险队员出发的那天，正下着大雨。11)
25、 by the timeby the time 常指到某一点时间为止，主句常用完成时态；若主句是表示“认知”的持续性动词(如know 等)，或主句谓语是“be+表语”形式，则常用一般时。By the time she was sixty, she had written fivenovels.到60岁时，她已经写了5部小说。By the time you receive this letter,I will be on my way home.在你接到这封信的时候，我已经在回家的路上了。12) wheneverwhenever 表示“每当，在任何的时候”。Whenever he went, h
26、e always took her with him.每当他走时，都带着她。(whenever=no matter when)13)时间状语从句中的省略如果主句主语和从句主语一致，可以把时间状语从句中的主语和be省略。I listened to the radio while (I was) taking abath.我洗澡时听收音机。Dont come in until (you are) asked. 不叫你就不要进来。as引导时间状语从句时，不可用省略形式。He saw her as he was getting off the bus.正当他下公共汽车的时候看见了她。He saw he
27、r while/when getting off the bus. (正)He saw her as getting off the bus. (误)as soon as it is possible, whenever it ispossible，whenever it is convenient 等结构中的it is常可省略。Ill tell you the result as soon as (it is) possible.我将尽快让你知道结果。Id like to see you whenever (it is) convenient.在方便的时候我想来看看你。2 地点状语从句地点状
28、语从句的引导词有：where(在地方)，wherever(无论哪儿)，anywhere(任何地方)，everywhere(每个地方)，nowhere(哪里都不)，相当于 in/to/from the place/the places/any placewhere。地点状语从句位于主句前时，常用逗号与主句隔开；位于主句后则不用逗号。Where there is no rain, farming is difficult.在不下雨的地方，耕作很困难。She follows him wherever he goes. 他无论到哪里她总是跟着。Where there is fire,there is
29、smoke.有火就有烟。Sit wherever you like.你想坐在哪里就坐在哪里。比较：他们在两条河的交汇处搭起了一个帐篷。They put up a tent where the two rivers met. (where 引导状语从句)They put a tent in a place where the two rivers met.(where 引导定语从句)3 条件状语从句引导条件状语的词或词组有：if(如果，假如)，unless(除非，如果不)，so long as(只要)，as long as (只要)，in case(如果，万一)，ifonly(只要)，only
30、if(如果)，provided (that)/providing (that)(假若)，on condition that(条件是)，given(that)(考虑到)等。If it is fine next Sunday, we shall have a springouting.如果下星期日天气好，我们就去春游。If I were you,I would buy the car.假如我是你，我就买这部车。(注意用虚拟语气)You will not pass the exam unless you study hard.如果你不努力学习，就会通不过考试。(=You will not pass
31、the exam if you dont study hard.)I will go there so long as he invites me.只要他邀请，我就去那里。Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.你带把伞，以防下雨。If only I had another chance, I would do it in a different way.我要是再有一次机会，就会用不同的方式做。(ifonly 常引导虚拟条件句)If only you hadnt lent the money to him, you wouldnt have got
32、 into debt. 要是你没把钱借给他，你就不会债务缠身了。Only if you study hard,you will pass the exam.只要你努力学习，就会通过考试的。(only if 常引导真实条件句)Suppose you fail, what will you do next?倘若你失败了，下一步你要做什么？Given that there was so little time, I think hes done a good job. 考虑到没有多少时间，我认为他算是做得不错了。You can go swimming on condition that you do
33、nt go too far from the river bank.你只有在不远离河岸的条件下才可以去游泳。Providing/Supposing/Provided (that) youpromise not to tell anyone else,Ill tell you the secret.只要你保证不告诉任何人，我就把这个秘密告诉你。Our profits will be good so/as long as the dollar remains strong.只要美元依然坚挺，我们的利润就很可观。ifonly也可引导真实条件句。If only he gets the job,it w
34、ill make a great deal ofdifference.要是他得到这份工作，情况就大为不同了。If only I have another chance, I will do it better.我要是再有一次机会，我会做得更好。条件状语从句也可用when，once引导。When he is operated,he will be well again.如果动手术的话，他会恢复健康的。Once you lose heart,you are lost.如果你失去了信心，你就完了。香条件状语也可用下面两种结构表示：祈使句+and+陈述句(得出肯定结果)祈使句+or+陈述句(得出负面结
35、果)Make another try,and you will succeed.再试一次，你就会成功的。(=If you make another try)Do it at once, or you will regret.立即就干吧，否则你会后悔的。(=If you dont do it at once)“祈使句+otherwise+句子”也可以表示条件，otherwise意为“要不然(if not)，否则(orelse)”。Make up your mind earlier, otherwise you will miss the opportunity.早点做决定吧，要不然你会失去良机。
36、(=If you dont make up your mind earlier)提示同时间状语从句一样，条件状语从句如果表示将来时间，要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。比较：除非他明天给我打电话，否则我不会等他。I wont wait for him unless he rings me tomorrow. (正)I wont wait for him unless he will ring metomorrow.(误)要注意 whether和if 不能误用。whether 可以引导主语从句放在句首，也可引导表语从句，if则不可；whether可以作介词宾语，if则不可；“whether+不定式”
37、结构为正确用法，不可用if代替。比较：Whether we shall go depends on the weather.我们是否去取决于天气。(不可用if)The problem is whether she has enough money.问题在于她是否有足够的钱。(不可用if)She was worried about whether he was out ofdanger.她担心他是否已经脱离危险。(不可用if)I cant decide if he is right or not.我不能断定他是否正确。(也可用whether)He hasnt decided whether to
38、 stay or to leave.他还没有决定是留下还是离开。(不可用if)3 ifnot相当于unless。比较：你要有门票才能进大厅。You cant enter the hall if you have no ticket. You cant enter the hall unless you have a ticket.如果你父亲不阻止，你就可以去那儿。You may go there if your father does not stop you.You may go there unless your father stops you.但如果是状语从句中的行为尚未发生，而主句中
39、的主语就已显示了某种感觉，就不可用unless替换ifnot。Ill be quite pleased if he didnt hurt his leg.要是他的腿没受伤，我会非常高兴。(不可用unless)Ill be surprised if he doesnt end up in prison.要是他不坐牢，我才感到奇怪呢。(不可用unless)It would be a nice place to live if it wasnt too far away from the city.要不是离城太远，这儿会是一个居住的好地方。(不可用unless)if从句表示某事发生后才去做某事，in
40、 case从句表示为了提防以后会发生某事而预先做某事。比较：I shall take an umbrella if it rains.如果下雨，我就带把伞。(after it begins to rain)I shall take an umbrella with me in case it rains.我要带把伞，以防下雨。(It might rain later)if从句表示可能会发生，when 从句表示某事将肯定会发生。比较：If you come,I shall lend you the money.如果你来，我就把钱借给你。(可能来也可能不来)When you come, I sha
41、ll lend you the money.你来时，我就会把钱借给你。(肯定会来)条件状语从句有时可用省略形式，如ifnecessary, if possible, if true, if asked 等，unless, once, as long as等后也有省略的情况。The discussion can be continued tomorrow if (itis)necessary.如有必要，讨论会可在明天继续进行。Do not leave the building unless (you are) instructed to do so.除非接到通知，不要离开这幢大楼。7如果条件状语
42、从句是if there be 或as long as there be结构，常可省略there be。例如：Very few people, if (there are) any, still support this idea.支持这种观点的人就算有也寥寥无几了。We shouldnt lose heart as long as (there is)any hope with us.我们只要有一线希望就不要灰心。4 原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的词或词组有：because(因为)，since(既然)，as(由于)，now that(既然)，in that (因为，由于某种原因)，seeing
43、 that(既然)，for the reason that(因为)等。Because he was ill,he was absent yesterday.因为病了，他昨天没有来。Since she has no time,she cant go with you.因为没有时间，她不能同你一起去。As you are busy,I wont waste your time.你既然很忙，我就不浪费你的时间了。We could have a joint party, seeing that your birthday is the same day as mine.既然你和我的生日在同一天，我们可
44、以一起开个生日聚会。We shall tour the island in the autumn in that it is always full of tourists in the summer. 我们将在秋天去那座岛上游览，因为该岛在夏季总是挤满了游客。He sold the house and left the city for the reason that he found a better job in Shanghai. 他卖了房子离开了这座城市，因为他在上海找到了更好的工作。Now that you have finished your work,you may go no
45、w.你既然已经完成了工作，可以走了。提示for可以用作并列连词，意为“因为”，连接两个并列分词，中间有逗号，表示某种推断出来的附加原因，通常不放在句首。He must be still studying now, for the light in his room is still on. 他想必仍在学习，因为他房间里的灯还亮着。(从“房间里的灯还亮着”进行推断) because, as, since, now that, in that和seeing that 表示“原因”时的区别如下：because的语气最强，表示直接原因，在回答why引起的问句时，必须用because。as和since语
46、气较轻，一般位于句首，表示的是明显的原因或已知的事实。now that 较口语化，that有时可省略，引导的从句只能放在句首。in that和seeing that 常用于书面语中。As it is too late,youd better stay here.因为天太晚了，你最好留在这里吧。Since the town is far from here, you may go there by train.既然那座小城离这里很远，你可以乘火车去。Seeing (that) shes old enough to get married, you cant stop her.鉴于她已到了结婚年龄
47、，你不能阻止她。Now (that) the rain stops, you can leave.雨既然停了，你们可以走了。Now (that)you know how she feels about it, what do you plan to do?你既然已知道她对此的态度，你打算怎么办？because用于否定句时，否定词 not可以修饰动词，也可以修饰because 所引导的从句，这样，由于所修饰的对象不同，句意也就不同。当主句为肯定句时，句末 because 所引导的从句不须用逗号与主句隔开；但若主句为否定句，句末because 引导的从句须用逗号与主句隔开，才能明确表示该从句修饰主句的整个谓语，否则，在书面语中易引起歧义。I did not leave because I was afraid.词我设有离开，因为我害怕。(这时 not修饰动我不是因为害怕而离开的。(这时not修饰because引导的从句)在书面语中该句可有两种含义：I didnt leave and the reason was fear.I left and the reason was not fear.