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1、九年级中考英语语法知识梳理-介词表示时间的介词一、at, on, in(A) at表示“在某一时刻，某一时点”。如：I get up at 6:00 every day. 我每天6点起床。注：at daybreak在黎明；at noon在中午；at night在夜间；at Christmas在圣诞节期间；at the age of five在五岁时。(B) on表示“在具体某一天或某天的上、下午”。如：I heard a shot on (the morning of ) March 18. 三月十八日(早晨) 我听到一声枪响。We dont have classes on Sunday. 星
2、期天我们不上课。(C) in表示“在某世纪、年、季度、月、周”以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。如：in the 20th century在20世纪；in 1999在1999年；in winter在冬季；in September在九月；in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上。二、for, during, through(A) for后接“一段时间”，表示某事持续多久，多与完成时连用。如：She has been ill for several days. 她已经病了几天了。(B) during表示“在期间”。如：I went to France for t
3、wo weeks during the summer. 夏天我去了法国两个星期。(C) through表示“一直，自始至终”。如：They worked hard through the winter. 整个冬天他们都在努力工作。三、from, since(A) from表示“时间的起点”，可译作“从”，多用于“fromto/till”中。如：You can come anytime from Monday to Friday. 周一至周五你什么时间来都行。(B) since表示“自从以来（直到现在）”。如：He has been away from home since 1973. 他自从1
4、973年就离开了家乡。We have known each other since ten years ago. 我们十年前就认识了。注意：for和since都常与完成时连用，但for接时间段，since接时间点。如for two hours（持续）两小时；since last week从上周直到现在。四、before, by, till, until(A) before指“在之前”，与after相对。如：Please come before ten oclock. 请10点以前来。(B) by指“不迟于，到时为止，在以前”。如：We had learned over 1000 words b
5、y the end of last term. 到上学期末为止，我们已经学了1000多个单词了。We will have learned 2000 English words by the end of this term. 到本学期结束前，我们将学了两千英语单词了。注：by后接过去时间，常与过去完成时连用；by后接将来时间，常与将来完成时连用。(C) till (until) “直到为止”。如：You must wait for him till tomorrow. 你必须一直等到他明天。注：在肯定句中，till/until必须与延续动词连用；在否定句中，till/until常与非延续性动词
6、连用。如I didnt go to bed until 12 oclock. 直到12点我才睡。五、after, in, within(A) after表示“在之后”，是before的反义词。如：He got a cancer and died after a year. 他患了癌症，一年后去世了。The meeting will end after 3:00pm. 会议将在下午三点后结束。(B) within“在时间之内”。如：I can finish it within an hour. 我不需一小时就可把它做完。注：after与in都可表示“在之后”，但after后可跟时间段，也可跟时间
7、点；而in后必须跟时间段。after既可用于将来时，也可用于过去时，而in只能用于将来时。Ill arrive in an hour. 我一小时后到达。表示上下方位的介词1. above, over都可表示“在之上”。above一般表示“在上面，高于”，不一定垂直； over表示在正 上方,强调垂直在之上。A big apple hangs over me.在我的头顶上悬挂着一只大苹果。over表示垂直在之上There are many apples hanging above me.在我的上方悬挂着很多苹果。above，在之上，不一定垂直2. above只表示上下位置，而over则表示“越过
8、，通过”以及“笼罩，盖起来”或 “遍及全面”的意思。The sun rose above the horizon.太阳升过地平线上了。above，在之上，指上下位置The sun shone over the valley.阳光普照山谷。over，笼罩，遍及全面3. below, under, beneath皆可表示在之下。below表示非垂直并不与表面接触的下方；under表示垂直并不与表面接触的下方；beneath表示在某物之下，几乎接触或接近。There is a lake below the mountain.此山下有个湖。below，在之下（非垂直）I want to have a
9、rest under the tree.我想在树下休息一会儿。under表示（垂直）在之下I found an ant beneath the rock.我在岩石下找到了一只蚂蚁。beneath，在之下（几乎接触）4. 总结：above（在上）与below（在下）在意义上是相对的，相同点是，两者都表示物体位置上或下不垂直的关系； over（在上）与under（在下）在意义上是相对的，相同点是，两者都表示物体位置上或下垂直的关系。表示运动方向的介词表示运动方向的介词(1)into, inside , in 从外到内 如：He went quickly into / inside the room
10、.He went quickly into / inside the room.(2)out of 从里到外，相当于outside, 或从里向外,相当于fromShe went out of from the office in a hurry 她匆匆走出办公室.The boy watched the buses, cars and bikes out from the window .这男孩透过窗观看外面的公交车、小汽车和自行车。(3)on 在表面，onto 到上A boat is on the river. 一条小船在河上。He jumped onto a tree. 他跳上一棵树(4)a
11、cross 穿过一平面、through 穿过一空间The boy kicked the ball hard and it moved across the grass.这男孩用力踢球，球飞过草地。The train moved fast through the tunnel. 火车飞驶隧道。(5)The train moved fast through the tunnel. 火车飞驶隧道。She walked to the bank 她步行到银行去She swam towards the shore 她朝岸边游去。from的用法一、基本用法归纳1. (表示起点)从He ran all the
12、 way home from school. 他从学校一路跑回家。Our prices start from 2.50 a bottle. 我们的售价从2.5英镑一瓶开始。2. (表出处、来源等)出自，来自，从而来This beer is imported from Mexico. 这种啤酒是从墨西哥进口的。3. (表原因)由于，因为They are tired out from planting the corn yesterday. 由于昨天种了一天玉米，今天他们都十分疲劳。4.(表距离、脱离，分离)离The house is five miles from the town. 这房子离市
13、镇有5英里路。5. (表原料、材料)用，由Paper is made from wood. 纸用木材做原料。6.(表避免、阻止、遮蔽)避免，防止，以免He covered his wife from the mans blows with his body. 他用身体挡住那人，从而使他妻子免遭打击。7.(表区别、差异)由，与(不同)I cant tell one twin from the other. 我分不出双胞胎中谁是谁。8.(表判断、观点)由(来看)，根据(来判断)From her looks you would say she was about twenty. 从她的模样看，你会说
14、她约摸20岁。9.(表根据、依据)凭，据：He played the music from memory. 他凭记忆演奏了那首曲子。二、用法搭配归纳1. fromon 从起He never spoke to her again from that day on. 从那天以后他再没有同她说过话。2. fromto 从到He flew from Beijing to Shanghai. 他坐飞机从北京到上海。三、语法说明与惯用法说明1. 有时其后可接介词短语Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。比较：I took it from the bed. 我从
15、床那儿(或床上)拿的。I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。注意，下面一句用了 from where(引导非限制性定语从句)，而未用from which，其中的where=in the tree，即 from where=from in the tree：He hid himself in a tree, from where he could see the enemy in the distance. 他躲在一棵树上，从那儿他可以看到远处的敌人。2. 有时其后可接when, where引导的宾语从句(可视为其前省略了the time, the place
16、)：He didnt speak to me from when we moved in. 从我们迁入之时起，他没和我说过话。From where I stood I could see everything clearly. 从我站的地方我一切都看得清清楚楚。3. 某些由fromto构成的习语通常不带冠词：from house to house 挨家挨户from time to time 不时地from day to day 一天天地from head to foot 从头至脚, 全身from beginning to end从头至尾from hand to mouth 赚一点吃一点, 仅能
17、糊口with的用法with是一个十分有用的介词，其用法也比较复杂，以下用法值得注意：1. 表示方式、手段或工具等时（=以，用），注意不要受汉语意思的影响而用错搭配，如“用英语”习惯上用in English，而不是with English。2. 与某些抽象名词连用时，其作用相当于一个副词。如：with care=carefully 认真地with kindness=kindly 亲切地with joy=joyfully 高兴地with anger=angrily 生气地with sorrow=sorrowfully 悲伤地with ease=easily 容易地with delight=deli
18、ghtedly 高兴地with great fluency =very fluently 很流利地3. 表示条件时，根据情况可与虚拟语气连用。如：With more money I would be able to buy it. 要是钱多一点，我就买得起了。With better equipment, we could have finished the job even sooner. 要是设备好些，我们完成这项工作还要快些。4. 比较with和as：两者均可表示“随着”，但前者是介词，后接名词或代词；后者是连词，用于引导一个句子。比较：He will improve as he grow
19、s older. 随着年龄的增长，他会进步的。Peoples ideas change with the change of the times. 时代变了，人们的观念也会变化。5. 复合结构“with+宾语+宾语补足语”是一个很有用的结构，它在句中主要用作状语，表示伴随、原因、时间、条件、方式等；其中的宾语补足语可以是名词、形容词、副词、现在分词、过去分词、不定式、介词短语等。如：(1) with+宾语+形容词He often sleeps with the windows open. 他常开着窗睡觉。Dont speak with your mouth full. 不要满嘴巴食物说话。(2
20、) with+宾语+ 副词He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头 站在老师面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣 躺在床上。(3) with +宾语+ 介词短语She said good-bye with tears in her eyes. 她含着眼泪说了声再见。The man was asleep with his head on his arms. 这个人头枕着胳膊睡着了。(4) with+宾语+现在分词He fell asleep with the
21、lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病, 我无法去度假。(5) with +宾语+ 过去分词He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。(6) with +宾语+动词不定式I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服, 我无法出去了
22、。With such good cadres to carry out the Partys policy we feel safe. 有这样的好干部执行党的政策, 我们感到放心。(7) with +宾语+ 名词He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世时，女儿还是个小学生。介词of 与 from一. 介系词of, from 与be made连用,皆可表示,of用以说明质料,多接wood等物质名词;from用以说明所指质料从外观上已看不出原来样子。The table is made of marble.这桌子是大理石做的。That is bu
23、tter. It is made from milk.那是奶油，是用奶做的。The liquor is made from wheat.这酒是用小麦酿制的。二. Of, from可以与动词hear连用，但意义不同。Hear of 听说。可以是听别人说起，也可以是从书籍报刊上读到过的事或了解的情况。Hear from 收到来信，收到消息。它不是指具体接到信件，而是指得到音信、信息。I havent heard from you for ages.我很久没有你的消息了。Butter? I have never heard of this name.奶油？我从没听说过这个名字。Liquor made
24、 from wheat? I have never heard of this before.小麦酿制的酒？我还从未听说。介词 out of 和outside 的用法有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，前者叫作间接宾语；后者叫作直接宾语。用法如下：1、直接宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式充当。间接宾语是指动词的行为所指向的人。间接宾语由名词或宾格代词充当。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前，但有时当直接宾语比间接宾语短得多时，或当我们特别强调间接宾语时。E.g:Remember to write us a letter please. 请记着给我们写信。I will return the
25、 book to you tomorrow. 我明天还你书。Fetch a chair for me, will you? 给我取一把椅子好吗？2、当间接宾语为人称代词，同时直接宾语也是人称代词时，也将间接宾语放在直接宾语之后。E.g:I have found the book and give it to her.我找到了那本书，并给了她。3、间接宾语只能用在某些动词的后面，常见的这类动词有：give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return,write, pay, point, play,
26、save, spare, order, sing, find等。E.g:The teacher gave us a lot of homework.= The teacher gave a lot of homework to us.老师留给我们很多作业。He bought flowers for his girlfriend.out of 和outside 的用法1. out of:l)从(出来):He got out of his car.他走下车来。Is she out of hospital yet?她出院了吗?She brought something out of her bag.
27、她从口袋里拿出一样东西。2)向外面，在外面：Bedelia looked out of the window.贝迪丽亚向窗外望望。We like to eat out of doors in summer.夏天我们喜欢在户外吃饭。It was good just to be out of doors.单是在户外就很愉快。3)从(接近from):He watched the country out of the window.他从窗口眺望田野。They couldnt get a word out of her.他们从她口里一句话也得不到。It was made out of ivory.这是用
28、象牙做的。4)出于，由于:They have done that out of concern for us.出于关心我们他们才这样做。We did that out of gratitude to you.我们由于感激你才这样做。He did it out of curiosity.他这样做是出于好奇。5)离开，不在里面：She is already out of danger.她己脱离危险。Put that out of your mind.不要想它了。Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见，心不烦。(谚)6)(out of作表语)用完，没有：She was out o
29、f funds.她的钱用完了。He quickly realized he was out of ammunition.他很快明白他的子弹用完了。Clementine is out of work.克列门苔现在失业了。2. outside 在外面：They left the car outside the main entrance.他们把车停在大门外边了。Outside the window it was a charming morning.窗外是迷人的早晨。She has never been outside the city.她从未出过城。= He bought his girlfriend flowers. 他给女友买花。He threw the ball to me, and I caught it.= He threw me the ball, and I caught it.他把球扔给我，我接住了。学科网（北京）股份有限公司