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1、ARDS患者(hunzh)的肺复张第一页，共三十九页。ALI/ARDS的定义(dngy)ALI急性起病(q bn)胸片对称的侵润影PaO2/FiO2 300 mmHgPAWP 18 mmHg或没有左心衰的证据ARDS急性起病胸片对称(duchn)的侵润影PaO2/FiO2 200 mmHgPAWP 18 mmHg或没有左心衰的证据第二页，共三十九页。ARDS肺部形态学的改变(gibin)Puybasset L,et al.Regional distribution of gas and tissue in acute respiratory distress syndrome.I.Conseq
2、uences for lung morphology.Intensive Care Med 2000;26:857-69.第三页，共三十九页。ARDS肺部形态学的改变(gibin)ARDS患者健康对照CT平均密度(HU)-256 21-654 8组织容积(ml/m2 BSA)31.6 1.716.7 0.8气体容积(ml/m2 BSA)11.5 1.232.2 1.8胸腔内总容积(ml/m2 BSA)43.0 2.349.0 2.5Gattinoni L,et al.Relationships between lung computed tomographic density,gas exch
3、ange and PEEP in acute respiratory failure.Anesthesiology 1988;69:824-32.第四页，共三十九页。ARDS肺部形态学的改变(gibin)Patroniti N,Bellani G,Maggioni E,Manfio A,Marcora B,Pesenti A.Measurement of pulmonary edema in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.Crit Care Med 2005;33:2547-2554第五页，共三十九页。ARDS肺部形态学的改
4、变(gibin)GATTINONI -3 ZONES过度过度(gud)膨胀膨胀,“干干,“婴儿婴儿肺肺湿湿,PEEP可使其复张可使其复张塌陷或实变区域塌陷或实变区域Gattinoni L.J Thorac Imag 1986;1(3):25第六页，共三十九页。ARDS肺部形态学的改变(gibin)婴儿肺(BABY LUNG)的概念通气的肺仅相当于正常肺的20 30%ARDS患者肺容积的减少并非意味(ywi)胸腔内总容积的减少仅仅是实变组织替代了气体Gattinoni L,et al.Relationships between lung computed tomographic density,
5、gas exchange and PEEP in acute respiratory failure.Anesthesiology 1988;69:824-32.第七页，共三十九页。气压(qy)伤(barotrauma)机械(jxi)通气导致肺过度牵张所引起的肺损伤容积伤(volutrauma)Normal rat lungsPIP 45,5 minPIP 45,20 mins第八页，共三十九页。剪切力损伤(snshng)(atelectrauma)指由于肺泡反复塌陷和复张所造成(zo chn)的损伤第九页，共三十九页。肺泡塌陷(txin)时的剪切力损伤驱动(q dn)压力30 cmH2O时通
6、气肺泡与不通气肺泡交界处的剪切力可高达140 cmH2O(Mead 1970)F=PL x(V0/V)2/3第十页，共三十九页。ARDS保护性肺通气(tng q)策略机械通气时有两个肺损伤(snshng)区域肺容积过低可导致剪切力损伤肺容积过高可导致肺泡过度牵张，引起容积伤Froese AB,Crit Care Med 1997;25:906第十一页，共三十九页。肺开放(kifng)与ARDSEditorialOpen up the lung and keep the lung openB.LachmannB.LachmannDept.of Anesthesiology,Erasmus Uni
7、versity Rotterdam,The NetherlandsDept.of Anesthesiology,Erasmus University Rotterdam,The Netherlands(1992)18:319-321(1992)18:319-321第十二页，共三十九页。肺泡(fipo)通气与吹气球第十三页，共三十九页。肺复张与ARDS第十四页，共三十九页。ARDS的肺复张CPAPCPAP 30 45 cmH2OPCVPC15 cmH2OPEEP30 45 cmH2O叹气(tn q)(Sigh)第十五页，共三十九页。肺复张操作(cozu)肺复张前5 10分钟将FiO2提高到1.0
8、通常需要镇静(zhnjng)以保证肺复张过程中无自主呼吸首先用CPAP 30 cmH2O共30 40秒之后仔细评估效果第十六页，共三十九页。肺复张操作(cozu)如果效果不明显(mngxin)，但患者耐受较好应在15 20分钟后用更高水平的CPAP(35 40 cmH2O)进行肺复张如果第二次肺复张操作效果也不佳应当进行第三次肺复张操作CPAP 40 cmH2O第十七页，共三十九页。肺复张操作(cozu)局部患者可能需要进行屡次肺复张操作才能显示(xinsh)效果Fujino et al,AJRCCM 1999第十八页，共三十九页。肺复张操作(cozu)尚不清楚是否需要使用40 cmH2O以上
9、的压力动物试验说明高达60 cmH2O的压力是平安的尽管这样(zhyng)高的压力仍处于试验阶段，且需要在密切监测的条件下谨慎实施Fujino et al AJRCCM 1999第十九页，共三十九页。肺复张操作(cozu)如果CPAP 40 cmH2O 30 40秒缺乏以使肺复张PCV 20 cmH2O,PEEP 30 cmH2O,I:E 1:1,f 10 bpm for 2 min如果仍然无效PCV 20 cmH2O,PEEP 40 cmH2O,I:E 1:1,f 10 bpm for 2 min一些动物(dngw)可能出现CO轻度下降，PAP升高所有试验动物在10分钟内血流动力学均恢复到肺
10、复张前的状态Fujino et al AJRCCM 1999第二十页，共三十九页。如果判断(pndun)肺复张成功?PaO2/FiO2 300 mmHg或PaO2+PaCO2 400 mmHg第二十一页，共三十九页。肺复张能够(nnggu)改善ARDS氧合Lapinsky SE,Aubin M,Mehta S,Boiteau P,Slutsky AS:Safety and efficacy of a sustained inflation for alveolar recruitment in adults with respiratory failure.Intensive Care Med
11、 1999,25:1297-1301.第二十二页，共三十九页。肺复张能够(nnggu)改善氧合Schreiter D,Reske A,Stichert B,Seiwerts M,Bohm SH,Kloeppel R,Josten C.Alveolar recruitment in combination with sufficient positive endexpiratory pressure increases oxygenation and lung aeration in patients with severe chest trauma.Crit Care Med 2004;32:
12、968-975第二十三页，共三十九页。肺复张能够维持(wich)肺泡稳定Schreiter D,Reske A,Stichert B,Seiwerts M,Bohm SH,Kloeppel R,Josten C.Alveolar recruitment in combination with sufficient positive endexpiratory pressure increases oxygenation and lung aeration in patients with severe chest trauma.Crit Care Med 2004;32:968-975第二十四
13、页，共三十九页。PEEP能够有效(yuxio)维持氧合Lapinsky SE,Aubin M,Mehta S,Boiteau P,Slutsky AS:Safety and efficacy of a sustained inflation for alveolar recruitment in adults with respiratory failure.Intensive Care Med 1999,25:1297-1301.第二十五页，共三十九页。反复(fnf)肺复张的作用Fujino Y,Goddon S,Dolhnikoff M,Hess D,Amato MBP;Kacmarek
14、RM.Repetitive high-pressure recruitment maneuvers required to maximally recruit lung in a sheep model of acute respiratory distress syndrome.Crit Care Med 2001;29:1579-1586第二十六页，共三十九页。肺复张对脑氧代谢(dixi)的影响Bein T,Kuhr LP,Bele S,Ploner F,Keyl C,Taeger K.Lung recruitment maneuver in patients with cerebral
15、injury:effects on intracranial pressure and cerebral metabolism.Intensive Care Med 2002;28:554-558第二十七页，共三十九页。肺复张对内脏(nizng)血流的影响Nunes S,Rothen HU,Brander L,Takala J,Jakob SM.Changes in Splanchnic Circulation During an Alveolar Recruitment Maneuver in Healthy Porcine Lungs.Anesth Analg 2004;98:1432-8
16、第二十八页，共三十九页。肺复张的副作用血流动力学紊乱延迟到血流动力学稳定后再进行发生气压伤需对以下患者(hunzh)评估利弊既往肺部囊性或大泡性疾病既往肺部漏气第二十九页，共三十九页。肺复张期间对患者(hunzh)的监测动脉血压脉搏和心律SpO2如果出现(chxin)并发症立即终止肺复张操作第三十页，共三十九页。肺复张对护士(h shi)的要求了解肺复张的目的密切监测生命体征的变化(binhu)肺复张后不要轻易脱开呼吸机吸痰第三十一页，共三十九页。吸痰对氧合及肺容积(rngj)的影响Dyhr T,Bonde J,Larsson A:Lung recruitment maneuvers are
17、effective to regain lung volume and oxygenation after open endotracheal suctioning in acute respiratory distress syndrome.Crit Care 2003,7:55-62第三十二页，共三十九页。吸痰管大小(dxio)与压力改变Morrow BM,Futter MJ,Argent AC.Endotracheal suctioning:from principles to practice.Intensive Care Med 2004;30:1167-1174第三十三页，共三十九
18、页。吸痰导致(dozh)氧合下降Lasocki S,Lu Q,Sartorius A,Fouillat D,Remerand F,Rouby J-J.Open and Closed-circuit Endotracheal Suctioning in Acute Lung Injury:Efficiency and Effects on Gas Exchange.Anesthesiology 2006;104:39-47第三十四页，共三十九页。吸痰对氧合的影响(yngxing)Lindgren S,Almgren B,Hgman M,Lethvall S,Houltz E,Lundin S,S
19、tenqvist O.Effectiveness and side effects of closed and open suctioning:an experimental evaluation.Intensive Care Med 2004;30:1630-1637第三十五页，共三十九页。肺复张防止吸痰导致的肺容积(rngj)减少SWIVELpsvCLOSEDpsvCLOSEDSWIVELDISCONNECTIONPrevention of Endotracheal Suctioning-induced Alveolar Derecruitment in Acute Lung Injury
20、 Maggiore SM,Lellouche F,Pigeot J,Taille S,Deye N,Durrmeyer X,Richard J-C,Mancebo J,Lemaire F,Brochard L.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:1215-1224第三十六页，共三十九页。肺复张能够防止吸痰导致(dozh)的氧合下降Lasocki S,Lu Q,Sartorius A,Fouillat D,Remerand F,Rouby J-J.Open and Closed-circuit Endotracheal Suctioning in Acute L
21、ung Injury:Efficiency and Effects on Gas Exchange.Anesthesiology 2006;104:39-47第三十七页，共三十九页。肺复张:总结(zngji)ARDS患者有效肺容积缩小肺泡反复塌陷与开放导致剪切力损伤肺复张是保护性通气策略的重要(zhngyo)组成肺复张的成功取决于足够的压力与时间适宜的PEEP医务人员的理解第三十八页，共三十九页。内容(nirng)总结ARDS患者(hunzh)的肺复张。-654 8。Normal rat lungs。肺容积过高可导致肺泡过度牵张，引起容积伤。肺复张前5 10分钟将FiO2提高到1.0。CPAP 40 cmH2O。医务人员的理解第三十九页，共三十九页。