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1、Unit1InterculturalCommunication目录12ReadingSkillText AText BReadingPracticeText CIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionWordsandExpressionsWordsandExpressionsWordsandExpressionsNotesNotesNotesExercisesExercisesExercisesText AIntroductionDecisionmakingisveryimportantforbusinessmenandotherpeople.Itcanrefl
2、ectaparticularpatternofmanagementbehavior.However,itisinfluencedbydifferentcultures.WhatareculturaldifferencesinWesternandJapanesedecisionmaking?Whatarethe“youtoyou”approachand“Itoyou”approach?Youcanfindtheanswerinthefollowingtext.I.Reading PracticeCulturalDifferencesinWesternandJapaneseDecisionMaki
3、ngText ATotalkaboutproblemsolvingordecisionmakingwithinanationalenvironmentmeansexaminingmanycomplexculturalforces.Itmeanstryingtomeasuretheimpactoftheseforcesoncontemporarylife,andalsocomingtogripswithchangesnowtakingplace.I.Reading PracticeText AInJapan,themostimportantthingiswhatorganizationyouwo
4、rkfor.Thisisofextremeimportancewhentryingtoanalyzethedirectiontakingordecisionmakingprocess.Attheleast,itexplainsthegreaterjobstabilityinJapan,incontrasttothegreatjobmobilityinAmerica.Whilewedifferinmanyways,suchdifferencesareneithersuperiornorinferiortoeachother.Aparticularpatternofmanagementbehavi
5、ordevelopsfromacomplexmixtureofuniqueculturalfactorsandwillonlyworkwithinagivenculture.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text ALetmetrytodescribethreeorfourcharacteristicsoftheJapaneseenvironmentthatinsomewayaffectdecisionmakingandproblemsolving.Thesecharacteristicsarerelatedtoeachother.First,inanyapproacht
6、oaproblemandinanynegotiationsinJapan,thereisthe“youtoyou”approach,asdistinguishedfromtheWestern“Itoyou”approach.Thedifferenceisthis:In“Itoyou”,bothsidespresenttheirargumentsopenlyfromtheirownpointofviewtheystatewhattheywantandwhattheyexpecttoget.Aconfrontationsituationistherebysetup,andWesternersare
7、veryskillfulindealingwiththis.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text AThe“youtoyou”approachpracticedinJapanisbasedoneachsideautomaticallyandoftenunconsciouslytryingtounderstandtheotherpersonspointofview.Thus,thedirectionofthemeetingisamutualattempttoreduceconfrontationandachieveharmony.Asecondcharacteristic
8、isbasedon“consensusopinion”and“bottomupdirection”.InJapangreatconsiderationisgiventothethoughtsandopinionsofeveryoneatalllevels.Thisistrueofbothprivateenterprisesandgovernmentministries.InJapanthereisadriveforunitywithinthegroupwhetheritisfamily,company,orParliament.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text AT
9、hedifferenceisthatWesternstyledecisionmakingproceedsmostlyfromtopmanagementandoftendoesnotconsultmiddlemanagementortheworkerwhileinJapan,ideacanbecreatedatthelowestlevels,travelupwardthroughanorganizationandhaveanimpactontheeventualdecision.Thisis“bottomup”.Thereisalsoacharacteristicstyleofcommunica
10、tioninJapanthatisdifferentfromtheWesternway.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text ATheJapanesebusinesspersonworkstoachieveharmony,evenifthedealfallsthrough,andwillspendwhatevertimeisnecessarytodeterminea“youtoyou”approach,communicatingpersonalviewsonlyindirectlyanddelicately.Thisplacestimeinadifferentpersp
11、ective.InJapantheWesterndeadlineapproachissecondarytoathoroughjob.Owingtothisdifferenceinemphasis,theJapanesearethoroughintheirmeetingsaswellasintheirproduction.ThusAmericansareoftenfrustratedbythemanysuccessivemeetingsinmanyJapanesebusinesses.ButwheretheAmericanispressingforaspecificdecision,theJap
12、aneseistryingtodevisearatherbroaddirection.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text AOntheotherhand,onceagivenagreementismade,itistheJapanesewhosometimeswonderattheslowpaceinwhichWesternersimplementthedecision.TheJapaneseareeagertomoveforwardandWesterners,perhaps,lagbehindastheytakethetimeforindepthplanning.N
13、ow,whileJapansindustryandtechnologyarehighlydeveloped,theyhavenotreplacedthefundamentalforceofhumanenergyandmotivation.BythatImeanthattheJapanesetakegreatprideindoingajobwellandgettingitdonenomatterhowmuchtimeisrequired.Thereisacommitmentandsenseofresponsibility,whichhavenotyetbeendiscardedinthisage
14、ofmachines.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text AInmyfieldfinanceandsecuritiesIamoftenaskedbyWesternershowNomuraSecuritieshasmanagedtoescapethepapertrafficjamthatAmericanfirmshavefaced.We,too,havehadthatproblem.TheTokyoStockExchangeoftenhasbetween200and300milliontransactionsaday.Thisvolumeismanytimesmoret
15、hanthatoftheNewYorkStockExchange.Howcanitbefeasibletohandlethisload?First,wehaveverysophisticatedcomputers.Second,andmostimportant,theoperationalpersonnelresponsibleforprocessingallthesetransactionsstayandstayuntilthejobisdone.Perhapsin20yearsorsoonertheywillbemorewesternizedandinsistongoinghomeatfi
16、veoclock.Buttoday,still,mostinsistonstayinguntilthejobisdone.Thereisasincereconcernforquality.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text AThiswillingnesstohelpinapinchisanimportantaspectofJapaneseproblemsolving,andyoufinditateverylevel.Someyearsago,theMatsushitaCompanywashavingaverybadtime.Amongthemanymeasurest
17、aken,Mr.Matsushita,thefounderandthenchairman,becamethemanagerofthesalesdepartment.Also,whenweatNomuraconvertedtocomputersaboutfiveyearsago,thenewsystemeliminatedthejobsof700people.Wedidnotdismissthesepeople;rather,weconvertedthemtosecuritiessalespeopleandsomeofthesearenowourleadingsalespeople.Provid
18、edthereisintelligenceandawillingnesstoexertyourself,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.InJapan,apersonscapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblearea.Andwefeelthecompanyowesaworkersomethingforloyaltyandcommitment.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text AWordsandExpressionsgripgripn.紧握，紧抓stabilityst
19、biltin.稳定，稳固mobilemubiladj.活动的，流动的superiorsju:piriadj.更好的，优秀的inferiorinfiriadj.次等的，较差的negotiationni,guieinn.谈判，洽谈I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text Athereby,ebaiadv.因此，从而harmonyha:mnin.和谐，融洽consensusknsenssn.一致同意，共同看法bottomup,btmpadj.由下而上的enterpriseentpraizn.企业，公司unityju:ntin.和睦，统一parliamentpa:lmntn.议会，
20、国会consultknsltvt.咨询，请教I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text Asuccessivesksesivadj.继续的，连续的laglgvi.落后indepthindepadj.深入的，彻底的fundamental,fndmentladj.基本的，主要的discarddiska:dvt.丢弃，抛弃transactiontrnzknn.交易，业务volumevlju:mn.数量，额；（书的）卷，册；音量feasiblefi:zbladj.可能的，行得通的I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text Asophisticatedsfistike
21、itidadj.复杂的，尖端的pinchpintn.捏，掐，拧convertknv:tv.（使）转化，（使）转变dismissdismisvt.解雇，开除providedprvaididconj.只要，如果exertigz:tvt.努力，尽力flexiblefleksbladj.灵活的，可变通的I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text Acome/gettogripswith开始并应付，开始处理distinguishfrom使区别于betrueof对来说也一样fallthrough失败，成为泡影pressfor反复请求，紧急要求lagbehind落后inapinch迫不得已
22、时，必要时I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text ANotesItmeanstryingtomeasuretheimpactoftheseforcesoncontemporarylife,andalsocomingtogripswithchangesnowtakingplace.它意味着设法评估这些因素对现代生活的影响，也意味着把握目前正在发生的变化。First,inanyapproachtoaproblemandinanynegotiationsinJapan,thereisthe“youtoyou”approach,asdistinguishedfromtheWest
23、ern“Itoyou”approach.首先，在日本，任何处理问题的方法或任何谈判都体现着“你对你”的方式，这有别于西方“我对你”的方式。I.Reading Practice单击此处添加备注Text ATheJapanesebusinesspersonworkstoachieveharmony,evenifthedealfallsthrough,andwillspendwhatevertimeisnecessarytodeterminea“youtoyou”approach,communicatingpersonalviewsonlyindirectlyanddelicately.即使生意没做
24、成，日本商人也力求和睦相处，愿意花费必要的时间来确立“你对你”的交流方式，仅仅间接而巧妙地表达个人意见。NomuraSecurities野村证券TokyoStockExchange东京证券交易所NewYorkStockExchange纽约证券交易所Matsushitama:tsuit(company)松下（公司）Matsushita松下幸之助（松下公司创始人）I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text AExercisesI.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothepassages.1.Wha
25、tisthemostimportantthingfordirectiontakingordecisionmakinginJapan?A.Howmuchyoucanearn.B.Whatorganizationyouworkfor.C.Whatresponsibilityyouhave.D.Whatpositionyouarein.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text A2.WhatisthedifferenceofpeoplesattitudetowardsjobbetweenJapanandAmerica?A.PeopleinJapanpaymoreattention
26、tojobstabilitythanpeopleinAmericadotojobmobility.B.PeopleinJapanpaymoreattentiontojobmobilitythanpeopleinAmericadotojobstability.C.PeopleinJapanpaymoreattentiontojobrewardsthanpeopleinAmericadotojobstability.D.PeopleinJapanpaymoreattentiontojobchallengethanpeopleinAmericadotojobstability.I.Reading P
27、ractice2/4/2023Text A3.Whatistheapproachtoaproblemforwesterners?A.“ItoI”approachB.“Itoyou”approachC.“youtoyou”approachD.“youtoI”approach4.The“youtoyou”approachpracticedinJapanisbasedon_.A.theleadersviewB.theotherpersonsviewC.theirownpointofviewD.eachsideI.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text AI.Reading Prac
28、tice5.InJapangreatconsiderationisgiventothethoughtsandopinionsof_.A.topmanagersB.middlemanagersC.everyoneatalllevelsD.workers6.TheJapanesebusinesspersonworkstoachieve_.A.harmonyB.powerC.moneyD.higherposition2/4/2023Text A7.Onceagivenagreementismade,Japaneseareeagerto_.A.takearestB.goaheadC.lagbehind
29、D.wait8._havenotyetbeendiscardedinJapaneseculture.A.responsibilityB.commitmentC.humanenergyandmotivationD.alloftheaboveI.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text A9.HowcanTokyoStockExchangehandlesomanytransactionsaday?A.Thecomputersareverysophisticated.B.Theoperationalpersonnelareveryresponsible.C.Therearemanyw
30、orkingstaffs.D.BothAandB.10.WhichsentenceiswrongforJapanese?A.Japanesecompanyowesaworkersomethingforloyaltyandcommitment.B.Japaneseinsistonstayinguntilthejobisdone.C.Japaneseinsistongoinghomeatfiveoclock.D.Thereisasincereconcernforquality.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text AII.Fillintheblankswiththeword
31、sgivenblow.Changetheformwherenecessary.delicate analyze feasible dismiss discard differ consult volume convert exert1.Themoreselfknowledgewehave,themorecontrolwecan_overourfeelingsandbehavior.2.IrealizedthatIhadaproblemanddecidedtohaveit_,andItraceditbacktowhenIwasinhospitalasachild.I.Reading Practi
32、ceexertanalyzed2/4/2023Text A3.Thisiswherewe_fromtheprofessionalstheystudyinordertoworkbetter;westudyinordertounderstandmore.4.Beforemakinganychanges,_yourfamilytofindoutwhataremostimportanttothem.5.She_allheroldclotheswhenshemovedtoanewcity.6.The_oftradebetweenthetwocountriescontinuestogrow,andsodo
33、estheculturalexchange.I.Reading Practicedifferconsultdiscardedvolume2/4/2023Text A7.Madelinewaswonderinghowtoapproachthe_questionofhersalarywithhernewboss.8.Ittakesthetechnician15minutesto_theplaneintoacarbyremovingthewingsandtail.9.Thecompany,whichhas_mostofitsstaff,saidithadlost$270millioninthelas
34、tyear.10.Weneeda_managementsystemtomeetthechangingneedsofourcustomers.I.Reading Practiceflexibledismissedconvertdelicate2/4/2023Text BIntroductionHerearefivemoreinventionsandsymbolsthataredefinitelyAmerican:theStatueofLiberty,which,thoughgivenasagiftfromtheFrench,hasalwayssymbolizedtheconceptoffreed
35、om;theBarbiedoll,whichhasbecomethequeenofalltoys;AmericanGothic,aportraitshowingafarmerandhiswife;theBuffalonickel,atributetothebuffaloandthenativeAmericanpeoplewhowerekilledanddisplacedtomakeroomforEuropeanexpansion;andfinally,theimageofUncleSam,whichrepresentsAmericanresolve,strength,andpatriotism
36、.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text BFiveFamousSymbolsofAmericanCultureTheStatueofLibertyInthemid1870s,Frenchartist2FredericAugusteBartholdiwasworkingonanenormousprojectcalledLibertyEnlighteningtheWorld,amonumentcelebratingUSindependenceandtheFranceAmericaalliance.Atthesametime,hewasinlovewithawomanwhom
37、hehadmetinCanada.Hismothercouldnotapproveofhersonsaffectionforawomanshehadnevermet,butBartholdiwentaheadandmarriedhislovein1876.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text BThatsameyearBartholdihadassembledthestatuesrightarmandtorch,anddisplayedtheminPhiladelphia.Itissaidthathehadusedhiswifesarmasthemodel,butfel
38、therfacewastoobeautifulforthestatue.Heneededsomeonewhosefacerepresentedsufferingyetstrength,someonemoreseverethanbeautiful.Hechosehismother.TheStatueofLibertywasdedicatedonanislandinUpper4NewYorkBayin1886.Ithadhismothersfaceandhiswifesbody,butBartholdicalledit“mydaughter,Liberty”.I.Reading Practice2
39、/4/2023Text BBarbieBeforeallthedifferenttypesofBarbiedollsforsalenow,therewasjustasingleBarbie.Actually,hernamewasBarbara.BarbaraHandlerwasthedaughterofElliotandRuthHandler,cofoundersofthe9MattelToyCompany.RuthcameupwiththeideaforBarbieafterwatchingherdaughterplaywithpaperdolls.Thethreedimensionalmo
40、delforBarbiewasaGermandollajokegiftforadultsdescribedashavingtheappearanceof“awomanwhosoldsex”.Mattelrefashionedthedollintodecent,allAmericanalthoughwithanexaggeratedbreastsizeversionandnameditafterBarbara,whowasthenateenager.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text BSinceherintroductionin1959,Barbiehasbecome
41、theuniversallyrecognizedQueenoftheDolls.MattelsaystheaverageAmericangirlownstenBarbiedolls,andtwoaresoldsomewhereintheworldeverysecond.Nowmorethansixtyyearsold,BarbarawhodeclinesinterviewsbutissaidtohavelovedthedollmaybethemostfamousunknownfigureontheplanetBarbiesboyfriend,Ken,wasintroducedin1961and
42、namedafterBarbarasbrother.TherealKen,whodiedin1994,wasdisgustedbythedollthatmadehisfamilyfamous.“Idontwantmychildrentoplaywithit,”hesaidin1993.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text BAmericanGothicGrantWoodinstantlyrosetofamein1930withhispaintingAmericanGothic,anoftencopiedinterpretationofthesolemnprideofAm
43、ericanfarmers.Thepaintingshowsaseriouslookingmanandawomanstandinginfrontofafarmhouse.HewasstronglyinfluencedbymedievalartistsandinspiredbytheGothicwindowofanoldfarmhouse,butthefacesinhiscompositionwerewhatcapturedtheworldsattention.Woodlikedtopaintfacesheknewwell.Forthegravefarmerheusedhisdentist,as
44、ourlookingman.Forthewomanstandingalongsidehim,theartistchosehissister,Nan.Hestretchedthemodelsnecksabit,buttherewasnodoubtwhoposedfortheportrait.NanlaterremarkedthatthefameshegainedfromAmericanGothicsavedherfromaveryboringlife.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text BTheBuffaloNickelToday,Americancoinshonorp
45、rominentfiguresoftheUSgovernmentmostlyfamousformerpresidents.ButtheBuffalonickel,producedfrom1913to1938,honoredapairofconnectedtragediesfromthesettlementoftheAmericanfrontierthedestructionofthebuffaloherdsandtheAmericanIndians.WhilewhitepeoplehadpreviouslybeenusedasmodelsformostAmericancoins,famedar
46、tistJamesEarleFraserwentagainsttraditionbyusingthreeactualAmericanIndiansasmodelsforhiscreation.Forthebuffaloontheotherside,sincebuffalonolongerwanderedaboutthegreatgrasslands,FraserwasforcedtosketchanagingbuffalofromNewYorkCitysCentralParkZoo.Twoyearslater,in1915,thisanimalwassoldfor$100andkilledfo
47、rmeat,ahide,andawalldecorationmadefromitshorns.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text BUncleSamFourteenyearold17SamWilsonranawayfromhometojoinhisfatherandolderbrothersinthefighttoliberatetheAmericancoloniesfromtheBritishduring18theAmericanRevolution.Atage23,hestartedameatpackingbusinessandearnedareputationf
48、orbeinghonestandhardworking.Duringalaterwarin1812,WilsongainedapositioninspectingmeatforUSArmyforces,workingwithamanwhohadsignedacontractwiththegovernmenttoprovidemeattothearmy.Barrelsofmeatsuppliedtothearmywerestamped“EAUS”,identifyingthecompany(EA)andthecountryoforigin(US).Accordingtoonestory,when
49、agovernmentofficialvisitedtheplantandaskedabouttheletters,acreativeemployeetoldhim“US”wasshortfor“UncleSam”Wilson.SoonsoldiersweresayingallArmysupplieswerefrom“UncleSam”.I.Reading Practice2/4/2023Text BAfterthewar,acharactercalledUncleSambeganappearinginpoliticalcartoons,hisformevolvingfromanearlier
50、cartooncharactercalled19BrotherJonathanthatwaspopularduringtheAmericanRevolution.UncleSamsoonreplacedBrotherJonathanasAmericansmostpopularsymbol.ThemostenduringportraitofUncleSamwascreatedbyartist20JamesMontgomeryFlagginhisfamousarmyrecruitingpostersofWorldWarsIandII.Thatversionatallmanwithwhitehair